Settlement Area of Cr Content Decided by Source and Topographic Features

Based on the investigation data of Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1981,change range,horizontal distribution and vertical change of Cr content in surface and bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay were studied. The results showed that at change scale,Cr contents from surface and bottom layers had same change range in Jiaozhou Bay waters of August; at space scale,Cr contents from surface and bottom layers had converse change trend;at vertical scale,Cr contents from surface and bottom layers had similar change. At regional scale,Cr content from surface layer was more than that from bottom layer in Jiaozhou Bay waters except stations A3 and A6; at stations A6 and A3,Cr content from surface layer was less than that from bottom layer. It illustrated that high settlement area of bottom Cr content was in estuary of Haibo River and sunken waters of bay mouth.Therefore,the source and special topographic features decided high settlement area of Cr content in Jiaozhou Bay waters.

The Generalised Settlement Area:mapping the Earth surface in the vicinity of built-up areas

Geo-information on settlements from Earth Observation offers a base for objective and scalable monitoring of the evolution of cities and settlements,including their location,extent and other attributes.In this work,we deploy the best available global knowledge on the presence of human settlements and built-up structures derived from Earth Observation to advance the understanding of the human presence on Earth.We start from a concept of Generalised Settlement Area to identify the Earth surface within which any built-up structure is present.We further characterise the resulted map by using an agreement map among the state of the art of remote sensing products mapping built-up areas or other strictly related semantic abstractions as urban areas or artificial surfaces.The agreement map is formed by a grid of 1 km2,where each cell is classified according to the number of EO-derived products reporting any positive occurrence of the abstractions related to the presence of built-up structures.The paper describes the characteristics of the Generalised Settlement Area,the differences in the agreement map across geographic regions of the world,and outlines the implications for potential users of the EO-derived products used in this study.

Function of Rural Settlement Complex Ecosystem in Mountain Area:A Case Study of Raosi Village of Zuogong County,Tibet

Using energy analysis,the quantifying evaluation and study method on production, living and ecology functions and their sustainability of rural settlement ecosystem in mountain area is established with these energy index such as export of labor and products, export of water resource, internal energy reserve, energy consumption for human living, net energy of ecosystem function and net internal reserve. Taking rural settlement Raosi Village in Hengduan Mountains as a case study, and on the basis of the synthetic research into the ecological process of the complex ecosystem, the study shows that energy costs of production, human living and ecology functions are separately taking 1.36%, 13.59% and 85. 05% of the gross ecosystem functions, and the exertions of production and human living functions are close to a high-point state on the present using level of energy in the settlement. The study also shows that the most important function of a rural settlement in mountain area is its ecological rather productive function.

The Research on Determinants of Moving Labors’ Settlement in Urban Area

Based on the analysis of the factors affecting the migration of moving labor and the explanation of becoming permanent urban residents,this research takes migration mode(migration) as the dependent variable,sex(sex) ,age(age) ,monthly income(income) ,education degree(edu) ,working experiences(exp) ,social relation(relation) ,and social security(security) as the independent variables.According to the investigation of China Agricultural University in the year 2009,Logistic Binary Choice Model is used to construct the corresponding econometric model and to measure the effects of influencing factors on the selection of migration mode.Result shows that education degree,personal ability,social relation,and social security are the major influencing factors determining the peasant households becoming permanent urban residents;and human capital and social security construction are of great significance to the improvement of farmers’ income and life quality.

Relations between Mountain Settlements and Geographic Factors in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Compared with previous studies,the research attempted to establish the appropriate quantitative models to explain the relations between settlement density Diand geographic factors,which could make a scientific guidance to the mountain settlements planning. Five factors,including slope,relief amplitude,distance to river, distance to cultivated land, and distance to road, were identified through principal component analysis( PCA). The inherent relations between five factors and Di( settlement density)were modeled by regression analysis. The results are as follows.( 1) The associations among Diand slope,relief amplitude,river,road are better modeled by the exponential decay line; with the buffer distance of slope, relief amplitude, distance to river and distance to road increasing, Didecreases.( 2) The associations between Diand cultivated land are better modeled by the quadratic polynomial line; with the buffer distance of cultivated land increasing,Diincreases first, and then dramatically decreases.( 3) The area within 500 m from the road,within 500 m from the cultivated land,within 1 600 m from the river,within the relief amplitude of 30-200 m,and the area within the slope of 0°-10° are the fitting land for settlements,and it is very important to lay the mountain settlements on those optimized regions.

Analysis on the Space and Architecture of the Bai Settlement in Erhai Area Under the Influence of Han Culture

The influence of the Han culture on the Bai culture in Dali is the greatest and the most profound during the course of the historical development of China for thousands of years. The blending of the Han culture and the Bai culture is a distinctive feature the Bai culture, which is obviously seen in the location and layout as well as the composition and structure of the settlement and architecture of the Bai nationality in the Erhai area of Dali. Additionally, the Bai nationality in Erhai area conformed to nature and adopted nature to create the unique culture and settlement landscape based on the absorption of the cultural thoughts such as the golden mean, respect for seniority and the harmony between man and nature, as well as the advanced skills of the Han nationality. This paper further emphasized the characteristics and laws of Bai culture through the analysis of the Han culture elements in the space and architecture of the Bai settlement in the Erhai area of Dali. It is hoped that this study can provide references for the protection and development of the Bai settlement.

Analyzing land use characteristics of rural settlements on the urban fringe of Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, China

The objective of this paper is to analyze land use characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe so as to provide references for optimizing the regional distribution of rural settlements, consolidating rural settlements, and coordinating urban-rural integrated development. The methods of spatial statistical analysis, buffer analysis, Ripley's K function, kernel density analysis based on GIS(Geographic Information System) were used to analyze the characteristics of scale, spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of the rural settlements in Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing Municipality of China. The fractal dimension formula was also developed to reflect fractal feature of the rural settlements. The results show that, the scale of rural settlements in Liangjang New Area takes on distinct characteristics of spatial differentiation along with changes in elevation, gradient, location, geohazards distribution, and the like. The fractal characteristic of rural settlements has obvious regional variations subject to the 6 factors of location in the Liangjiang New Area. Overall, the worse the terrain conditions are, the larger the fractal dimension values become. The better the locationconditions, the larger the fractal dimension values are. The spatial pattern in the township scale presents three kinds of distribution as being aggregated, uniform and random. In contract, the spatial pattern in the plaque scale displays a banding distribution from a general view with several aggregation zones centering on each town center. From the results, we can see that the characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe are more complicated. For such kind of rural settlements in special regions, in the rural land consolidation more attention should be paid to improve the rural living environments and public services, as well as to promote the harmonious relationship between the urban and rural areas.

Urban Settlement Spatial Analysis in Permanent Preservation Area of M’boicy Watershed River, Foz do Iguaçu City in Brazil

Irregular urban settlement increases environmental impacts, especially when these occupations occur in fragile location, as the environmental preservation areas. In these areas, also defined as Permanent Preservation Area (PPA), the presence of watersheds is common, which is the factor that increases the need of protecting them from anthropic actions. Those actions deteriorate the environment and mainly the watercourses. This research objective is to identify and estimate the environmental risks of M’Boyci watershed River PPA occupied areas by urban population. The risk analysis approach, at this PPA in Foz do Iguacu City in Brazil, is able to support public interventions in order to reestablish the PPA natural conditions. To reach this goal, it was necessary to use cartographical representation images, generated from digital orthophotos analyzed through free geographical information systems. The overlap and the contrast of geographical data related to preservation in urban areas show that urban occupation reaches almost 40% of the permanent preservation area. Complementarily, it is evidenced that the development of a risk map identifies PPA areas characterized by a greater concentration of irregular settlement, contributing to the planning process of residents, relocation actions and recovery of degraded areas.

风险认知、生计资本与农户宅基地退出意愿研究——以兰州市八里镇移民安置区农户为例

农户自愿有偿退出宅基地对深化农村改革影响深远。研究风险认知对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响,以及生计资本在风险认知影响农户宅基地退出意愿中的调节作用,引导农户自愿有偿退出宅基地,提高农村土地资源利用效率,对促进城乡融合发展、推动乡村振兴战略实施具有重要现实意义。本研究基于兰州市八里镇移民安置区农户调研数据,利用二元Logit模型和调节效应模型,理论分析并实证检验了风险认知与生计资本对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响,进而分析生计资本在其中发挥的调节作用。研究结果表明,农户在宅基地退出决策中具有显著的规避风险的意识,农户在宅基地退出中产生的风险认知对退出意愿有负向作用,而生计资本则对农户宅基地退出意愿有正向作用;此外,生计资本还可以缓解农户宅基地退出意愿中的风险认知。基于此,加快推进农户宅基地自愿有偿退出,应完善农户宅基地退出后的各项保障政策、引导农户树立正确科学的风险意识以及构建差别化的宅基地退出机制。

改进的分层总和法在黄土地区高填方地基沉降变形中的应用研究

黄土高填方沉降变形控制是工程建设的重点和难点。通过室内侧限压缩试验和加湿试验,总结了重塑黄土在自重应力和含水率变化下的变形特征。基于分层总和法的思想,引入了Gunary模型和割线模量法,将黄土高填方地基的沉降分为荷载引起的施工沉降和含水率变化引起的施工后沉降,并提出了黄土高填方地基沉降变形的计算方法。结合实际工程背景,预测了高填方工程的沉降变形。结果表明:黄土高填方沉降的主要来源是施工期荷载引起的沉降;随着填土高度的增加,工后沉降占总沉降的比例逐渐增大;在最优含水率条件下,当施工期压实度达到95%以上时即可完成土的排气固结,施工后期为土的排水固结;压实度的控制对高填方工程至关重要;该研究成果丰富了黄土高填方地基沉降变形的计算理论,为黄土高填方工后沉降和湿陷性沉降的研究提供了理论依据,并对黄土高填方工程的施工及工后沉降控制具有一定的参考价值。

人居环境视野下城市更新片区开发模式探究

城市更新片区开发是我国目前城市化进程转型的重要举措。研究从人居环境的理论层面出发,思考了城市更新片区开发的相关因素,分析了片区开发规划设计的“点、线、面”的具体操作,探讨了其运作模式及城市更新政策层面的一些具体模式,进而结合我院承揽的西安灞桥区及河北沧州城市更新项目,对城市更新片区开发模式进行了相关研究,对TOD模式、POR公共资源导向型模式、产城融合型模式以及旅游资源型模式进行总结,对同类项目有一定借鉴意义。

浙江省农村居民点与乡村人口耦合关系及时空特征

土地是农村最重要的资源与资产,农村的人地关系是土地节约集约利用、城乡融合、乡村振兴与共同富裕的重要影响因素。该研究以浙江省为例,运用土地利用动态度、地学图谱法、人地协调模型和Tapio脱钩模型对2000—2020年浙江省农村居民点时空演变进行分析,并识别县域尺度农村居民点-乡村人口脱钩类型与人地耦合关系演进过程。结果表明:1)浙江省农村居民点时间上呈现减速上升的趋势,耕地是主要转入源,城镇用地与耕地是主要转出源;空间上呈现多区域集中,全域分散增加的趋势。2)人均农村居民点面积在时间序列上呈现持续上升的趋势,空间格局上呈现显著集聚特征,高值区聚集于浙北平原区,而低值区集聚于浙西南山地区。3)浙江省县域乡村人口-农村居民点脱钩关系以强负脱钩为主,即区域乡村人口下降,而农村居民点面积保持上升趋势,乡村人地耦合关系失调现象严重。研究结果对调节人地关系、促进农村土地资源的有效配置与高效利用具有重要意义。

采空影响区高层建筑抗变形设计方法及应用案例

在煤炭资源型城市转型期,对土地资源的需求日益紧张,煤炭采空区不再只是进行城市绿化,而是越来越细分,在可利用的场地上进行工程建设。重点研究煤炭资源型城市采空影响区域内,基于数值沉降抗变形分析,高层建筑在保证安全的前提下,采用更加经济合理的地基基础方案及抗变形措施,这一设计方法的实施可以解决很多采空影响区内建筑活动因为过高抗变形措施费而停滞的项目,缓解了煤炭资源型城市发展用地需求。基于目前国内外采空影响区域内砌体结构及高层建筑抗变形设计分析方法,提出采用岩土有限元软件精细化模拟正常施工沉降变形及残余变形影响下的沉降变形;基于典型项目案例计算分析,提出抗变形设计的量化分析结果。分析方法及量化结果为后续煤炭资源型城市高层建筑的抗变形设计提供了可借鉴的经验。

民族地区孝庄河博物馆聚落的公共艺术化

以民族地区博物馆建筑的公共艺术化为重点进行阐述,通过对“通辽市孝庄河博物馆聚落”的研究,梳理民族地区博物馆建筑公共艺术化的具体表现形式,并分析其现实意义与发展道路。

闽东丘陵山区乡村聚落空间格局演变及其影响因素——以福建省屏南县为例

[目的]研究闽东丘陵山区乡村聚落空间格局演变及其影响因素,为其乡村聚落空间布局优化与重构提供科学依据。[方法]以闽东地区的屏南县为例,综合运用核密度分析、景观格局指数和GIS空间分析方法,分析2009—2019年屏南县乡村聚落空间格局的时空演变特征,并运用地理探测器揭示其演变影响因素。[结果](1) 10年间屏南县乡村聚落数量与规模仅有小幅增加,不同等级聚落中以大型聚落的面积占比最大,但数量增加与规模扩张均以小型聚落为主,聚落空间整体上变化不大。(2)乡村聚落整体形态演变由规则趋向复杂和破碎化,但在县城周边地区存在聚落连片的趋势;乡村聚落单体形态以点状为主,数量占67.84%。(3)乡村聚落空间呈弱集聚分布,整体为中部集中,四周稀疏的分布格局,但10年间县域中南部聚落分布日趋集中;受地形控制,乡村聚落多分布在山间盆地,并具有低缓坡度指向性。(4)地形起伏是控制屏南县乡村聚落空间格局与规模演化的主要自然因素,但近10年来县域经济的发展与交通通达度的提高成为新时期驱动屏南县乡村聚落规模扩张的重要因素。[结论]屏南的自然因素塑造了乡村聚落基本空间格局,区位与社会经济因素是推动乡村聚落规模持续扩张的动力,自然、区位、经济因素相互作用推动乡村聚落的进一步演化。

水系影响下的浙江萧山地区乡村聚落空间形态与生成机制研究

文章将水系作为线索,以浙江萧山地区乡村聚落为研究对象,采用GIS空间分析获取聚落选址与水系的相关性,结合自然地貌和水文特征将萧山地区乡村聚落空间形态划分为4种典型模式:丘陵畈田型聚落、湖荡畈田型聚落、泾浜圩田型聚落和标准圩田型聚落,并选取4个典型聚落样本图解其空间形态特征,分析自然环境、农田水利和水运交通对聚落形态生成的影响机制,为水网地区乡村聚落空间形态和景观特征的保护更新提供思路与参考。

山区乡村多功能发展与乡村聚落演变的耦合机理

探究山区乡村功能多元化与乡村聚落演变的耦合关系,对山区乡村振兴和乡村可持续发展具有重要意义。通过构建二者的耦合协调综合评价指标体系,利用耦合协调度模型和地理探测器等方法,以三峡库区腹地奉节县为研究区,定量探究了乡村功能多元化与乡村聚落演变的耦合关系及驱动机制,进而提出了相关建议。结果表明:1)研究区乡村功能多元化和乡村聚落演变综合指数呈上升趋势;两系统耦合协调度逐年增长,失调乡镇数量减少,在空间上呈现“西低东高,南低北高”的发展态势。2)乡村功能多元化与乡村聚落演变耦合协调度具有明显的空间集聚特征,高高集聚区域主要集中在永安街道等中心城镇的郊区。3)基于功能多元化综合指数与聚落演变综合指数的增减关系,该文将各乡镇归纳为活力型、衰退型、转型型和传统型4种耦合模式。4)人口密度、人均GDP、人类活动强度等社会经济因素是主要驱动因子,各因子间的交互作用大部分为非线性增强和双因子增强。该文的研究方法和研究结果可为其他地区进行相关研究以及制定差异化的村落振兴方案提供参考。

某高速公路深厚软基路桥过渡段跳车病害处治研究

结合某在役高速公路路堤深厚软基桥头跳车实测累计沉降量40.60 cm病害处治工程,开展室内土工试验、理论计算及GEO5模型计算分析。结果表明:15年内的累计剩余沉降量均超规范中桥头路基容许工后剩余沉降量不大于10.00 cm要求;提出“CFG桩+路面重铺”等处治方案,进行检算校核,计算得剩余总沉降量9.76cm,表明处治设计方案较为可靠。结合工点需保通及基底存在前期已施工CFG桩特点,制定通车条件下的施工顺序及工艺,确保方案可行。

岩溶区PST管桩复合地基的工程应用

经对某场地高层建筑地基素填土厚度大、下伏基岩岩溶发育、以多层串珠状溶洞为主的地层条件研究,提出一种PST管桩刚性复合地基。采用试验和监测等方法来指导复合地基处理设计与施工,根据场地试桩数据来验证设计的合理性。施工完成后,采用静载荷试验对复合地基进行质量验收检测,并连续进行沉降监测。结果表明:岩溶区PST管桩复合地基是一种处理高层建筑地基很可行的方法,处理后可以满足高层建筑物对地基强度、变形及稳定性的要求。

三峡库区农村生活污水一体化处理设施效果评价

为科学评价水处理设施运行效果,从经济、技术、管理、环境4个角度建立了包含12个指标的一体化水处理设施运行效果评价指标体系,结合熵权法和层次分析法,确定指标的权重,并利用模糊综合评价模型对三峡库区农村移民安置区一体化污水处理设施运行效果开展综合评价。结果表明:从设施工艺角度评价,活性污泥法在经济方面优势明显,生物膜法在管理方面优势较大;从运维管理方角度评价,第三方运维单位在经济、技术、管理方面优势显著。运行成本、水质达标稳定性、单位投资这几个二级指标对运行效果评价的影响较大,建议一体化污水处理设施在设计和管理中对这些方面做出积极响应。研究成果可为三峡库区水污染治理和农村人居环境提升提供重要支撑。