Effects of Terminalia catappa seeds on sexual behaviour and fertility of male rats

Aim: To evaluate the aphrodisiac potential of Terminalia catappa Linn. seeds using a suspension of its kernel (SS)in 1% methyl cellulose in rats. Methods: Male rots were orally treated with 1500 mg/kg or 3000 mg/kg SS or ve-hicle, and their sexual behaviour was monitored 3 h later using a receptive female. Another group of rats was orallytreated with either 3000 mg/kg SS or vehicle for 7 consecutive days. Their sexual behaviour and fertility were evaluatedon days 1, 4 and 7 of treatment and day 7 post-treatment by pairing overnight with a pro-oestrous female. Results:The 1500 mg/kg dose, had a marked aphrodisiac action (prolongation of ejaculation latency) but no effect on libido(% mounting, % intromission and % ejaculation), sexual vigour (mounting-and-intromission frequency), or sexualperformance (intercopulatory interval). In contrast, the higher dose (3000 mg/kg) reversibly inhibited all the para?e-ten of sexual behaviour other than mounting-and-intromission frequency and copulatory efficiency. The effects of highdose SS were not due to general toxicity, liver toxicity, haemotoxicity, stress, muscle deficiency, muscle incoordina-fion, analgesia, hypoglycaemia or reduction in blood testosterone level. They were due to marked sedation. Conclu-sion: The kernel of T. catappa seeds has aphrodisiac activity and may be useful in the treatment of certain forms ofsexual inadequacies, such as premature ejaculation.

Effects of Boesenbergia rotunda （L.） Mansf. on sexual behaviour of male rats

Aim： To study the effects of Boesenbergia rotunda （Krachai） on sexual behaviour in male albino rats. Methods： Thirty-two male Wistar rats were equally divided into four groups： experimental groups were gavaged with the ethanolic extract of the rhizome of B. rotunda at doses of 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg and a control group received distilled water, for 60 days. Sexual behaviour, reproductive organs, diameter of seminiferous tubule, epididymal sperm density, and androgenic hormones were evaluated. Results： Within 30-min observation, there was no significant difference of courtship behaviour, mount frequency （MF）, intromission frequency （IF）, mount latency （ML）, intromission latency （IL）, copulatory efficiency or intercopulatory interval in male rats. In three 10-min intervals over a 30-min period, courtship behaviour and MF during the first 10-min were significantly higher than those in the second and third i0-min observation in all groups, whereas IF had no significant difference. All doses of B. rotunda extract significantly increased the relative testicular weight and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. The dose of 60 mg/kg also significantly increased the relative weight of the seminal vesicle. Nevertheless, the sperm density, serum testosterone and androstenedione levels were not affected by the B. rotunda extract. Conclusion： B. rotunda does not affect sexual behaviour nor serum androgenic levels.

Effect of Withania somnifera root extract on the sexual behaviour of male rats

Aim: To determine the effect of a methanolic extract of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal roots on sexual competence of male rats. Methods: Male rats were orally administered 3000 mg'kg^1.day^1 of root extract for 7 days. Their sexual behaviour was evaluated 7 days prior to treatment, day 3 and 7 of treatment, and day 7, 14 and 30 posttreatment by pairing each male with a receptive female. Results: The root extract induced a marked impairment in libido, sexual performance, sexual vigour, and penile erectile dysfunction. These effects were partly reversible on cessation of treatment. These antimasculine effects are not due to changes in testosterone levels or toxicity but may be attributed to hyperprolactinemic, GABAergic, serotonergic or sedative activities of the extract. Conclusion: Use of W. somnifera roots may be detrimental to male sexual competence. (Asian J Androl 2002 Dec;4: 295-298)

Sexual Behaviour of Rural College Youth in Maharashtra, India: An Intervention Study

Objective To promote healthy sexual behaviour among rural college youth. Methods The intervention study consisted a sample of 1 500 （800 male and 700female） in baseline and 1 953 （1 022 male and 931 female） college going students in post intervention, in the age groups 15-24 years from 8 colleges in Thane district of Maharashtra. The interventions included dissemination of lEC （Information, Education and Communication）, counselling in colleges and provision of health care services at rural health centers in the experimental area. Male and female teachers and peer leaders were trained to provide IEC. Chi-square test was carried out to find out the association between contributing factors and sexual behaviour. Results Post intervention results showed that overall any sexual experience （coital/ non-coital） increased by 2.6% and 1.0% among male students and 4.6% and 0.8% among female students in control and experimental groups respectively which suggests that in the control area physical closeness and sexual relationship has increased between sexes. A significant improvement was noted in the usage of condom during their sexual intercourse in experimental group. The provision of IEC in college settings, peer leader training and orientation to teachers helped students and teachers to initiate a dialogue on reproductive health issues. Intervention programs helped college youth to develop the skills, make informed decisions about engaging in sexual intercourse and using contraceptives in a social context that sometimes encourages risky sexual behaviour. The study found that peer interaction was exposure to erotic material; habits and working status among boys and peer interaction and place of study among girls were closely associated with their coital and non-coital sex experience. Conclusion A scientifically developed, need based and demand driven reproductive health service package for male and female students in colleges can help them to develop their knowledge, skills and attitudes for critical thinking and responsible decision making and for achieving healthy sexual life. Therefore, programs aimed at promotion of safer sex practice should be promoted at such vulnerable group.

Risky Sexual Behaviour among Students of Tertiary Institutions in South-South, Nigeria: A Qualitative Study

Background: The prevalence and global trend of risky sexual behaviours are of concern due to its attendant health implications. Apparently, the social activities of teens and young adults predispose them to risky sexual behaviour than adults, as a result of peer pressure or influence. The prevalence and global trend of risky sexual behaviours are of concern due to its attendant health implications. The study was conducted in two tertiary institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria among sixteen (16) medical and nursing students of 100 and 200 levels within the ages of 16 and 22 years;eight (8) from each institution in September 2019. The two institutions are PAMO University of Medical Sciences and University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Aim: The study is aimed at eliciting information on awareness, knowledge, attitude and involvement in risky sexual behaviours amongst the students in tertiary institutions, South of Nigeria. Information is needed for a goal and result oriented intervention programme to curb the menace of risky sexual bebaviour. This motivated the researchers to adopt a qualitative study through which in-depth information on the matter could be harvested for an effective intervention. Materials and method: A Focus Group Discussion design was adopted for the study and consists of thirteen (13) open ended questions that guided the discussion. This was designed by the chief investigator and reviewed by experts in the field for the purpose of extracting relevant information from the participants. Purposeful sampling method was adopted to make sure age criteria and both sexes were equally represented. In-depth interview method was adopted to extract information from participants over two days. Information gathered was transcribed daily and summarized in themes based on objectives of the study. Result: The study revealed that the participants have good knowledge of what risky sexual behaviours mean as well as its consequences. Majority, especially the females condemned the act even though there was carefree attitude towards risky sexual behavior as deduced from the study as participants affirm that the “pleasure in sexual relationship whether risky or not overrides the consequences”. Majority of the participants affirmed to have been involved in a risky sexual behavior at one time or the other. Conclusion: Participants expressed thirst for information and remedies to reduce the incidence of risky sexual behaviours among young adults. The information gathered would guide an intervention programme to prevent and control risky sexual behavior which is considered of a public health importance.

Sexual Behaviour of Congolese Teenagers

Introduction: Sexual risk behaviour among adolescents is a public health problem worldwide. Widely studied in the Western countries, this problem has only been addressed partially in Brazzaville. Thus, 12 years later, we conducted this study with the aim of analysing the sexual behaviour of adolescents in Congo. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional and analytical study from January to August 2019 (8 months). It involved 2000 adolescents residing in the departments of Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire constituting the urban population, and those of Cuvette and Bouenza, the rural population. Results: A total of 1167 adolescents reported being sexually active. The mean age at first sexual intercourse differed between the two sexes (p < 0.0005). Of the adolescents surveyed 96.1% (n = 1122) claimed to have ever heard of HIV/AIDS infection and 8.7% (n = 101) to have ever contracted sexually transmitted infections. The main channel of information was school in 57.7%. Condoms were the only means of protection (85.5%). The factors associated with risky sexual behaviour were, on the one hand, those related to the adolescent (lack of schooling, orphan status, alcohol and tobacco consumption, paid employment and possession of a mobile phone). On the other hand, those related to parents (low level of education, mother’s employment status and single-parent household structure). The frequency of sexually active adolescents was similar in both settings (p < 0.05). The rates of adolescents having ever heard of HIV/AIDS were almost similar with a slight predominance in urban areas (p < 0.09). Early sexual intercourse (72.6%) and/or multiple partners (24.9%) were more frequent in rural areas (p > 0.05). Homosexuality was found in 4.6% in urban areas and 3.8% in rural areas (p > 0.05). Extra-vaginal sex accounted for 16.4% in urban areas and 7.9% in rural areas (p = 0.001). Non-consensual sex was more common in urban areas (17.4%) than in rural areas (5.8%) (p = 0.001). Incestuous sex was reported in 6.2% of cases (urban) and 4.2% (rural) (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Sexual risk behaviour is real among adolescents in the Congo. The advanced modernization marked by the abundance of mass media in urban areas favours the predominance of these behaviours in the city. The consequences are serious and can compromise the future of adolescents;hence the importance of prevention.

Attitude to cervical cancer screening and sexual behaviour among HPV vaccinated young women—A qualitative pilot study

Objectives: To explore attitudes to cervical cancer screening and sexual behaviour among human papillomavirus (HPV)-vaccinated young women in southern Sweden. Methods: Sixteen women aged 17-26 years who had received the HPV vaccine were submitted to an individual semi-structured interview. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed qualitatively by means of latent content analysis. Results: The interviewees had a poor understanding of cervical cancer screening. After it was explained to them, they stated that they were willing to participate in the screening. The young women thought their future sexual behaviour would not be affected by the vaccination. They considered themselves to be more aware of it and less likely to engage in risky behaviour than their peers. They knew little about the relation among HPV, sexual transmission and cervical cancer, and they expressed a desire for more information. Conclusions: These young women who recently had been administered HPV vaccine had a limited understanding of the importance of participating in future cervical cancer screening. It is necessary that more and more appropriate information of cervical cancer screening be given on the occasion of the HPV vaccination.

Association between Family Environment and Sexual Behaviour of Adolescents in Burkina Faso

Studies conducted in Africa have demonstrated the existence of a significant association between family environment and the sexual behaviour of adolescents. Generally, empirical studies of this topic are based on parental control, and family or conjugal instability and socialization approaches. The objective of this study is to assess the association between family environment and the sexual behaviour of adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. The 2004 National Survey of Adolescents (NSA) in Burkina Faso provides data for studying operationalization. Analyses were bivariate and multivariate. The former were conducted using cross tabulations while the latter used three logistic regression models. Results indicate a significant but low association among family environment variables. Absence of both parents, or a number of individuals under 20 years old higher than the number of adults in a household is not systematically associated with risky sexual behaviour. Parental control was shown to be more discriminating of sexual behaviour of adolescents from Burkina Faso, compared with communication with family members regarding sexuality. Despite current ongoing economic crises and sociocultural mutations in Burkinabe societies, household members and family still play major roles in adolescents’ education. Results reinforce sexual and reproductive health programs where parents and household members are central to strategies.

Risky Sexual Behaviour among Big Construction Enterprise Workers;Bahir Dar City, Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia

Background: Risky sexual behaviors are the major factors in rising sexually transmitted infections among adolescents and young adults. In Ethiopia construction industry is on increasing and deriving young people from rural area to the cities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of risky sexual behaviour and factors associated with among construction workers. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in March 2012 among construction workers in Bahir Dar city. The analysis was carried out using SPSS version 16. The data were analyzed in bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Result: The prevalence of risky sexual behavior among construction workers was 44.9%. Female workers were about four times more likely to have had risky sexual practices than males (AOR = 3.86, 95% CI: 2.34 - 6.37). Respondents whose educational level less than fourth grade were 12 times more likely to be engaged in risky sex than whose educational level tenth grade or more (AOR = 12.13, 95% CI: 1.84 - 79.78). Divorced individuals were about five times more likely to have had risky sexual activities than married individuals (AOR = 4.63, 95% CI: 1.32 - 16.12). Respondents whose first sexual commencement from 15 - 19 years were about three times more likely to have had risky sexual behavior than from 20 - 24 years (AOR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.70 - 4.91). Besides, the odds of having risky sexual behaviour among construction workers who had sexual partner at the time of the study were about 0.6 times less likely to have had risky sexual behaviours than workers who did not have (AOR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.96). Conclusion: The prevalence of risky sexual behavior among construction workers was 44.9%. Variables such as sex, educational level, marital status, age at first sexual intercourse, presence of current sexual partner and casual sex were found to be independent predictors of risky sexual behaviour. Therefore, interventions targeting on these factors were recommended.

Improving Sexual and Contraceptive Behaviours of Unmarried Female Youth with First Trimester Induced Abortion in Sichuan,China

Objectives To understand the changes on sexual and contraceptive behaviours of unmarried induced abortion（IA） youth by intervention in Sichuan, China; and to find a way to improve sexual and contraceptive behaviours of unmarried IA youth. Methods Intervention epidemiological surveys （baseline and evaluation） plus qualitative interview were used. During July 2002 and July 2003, 2 484 unmarried female volunteers who aged 15-29 years and come to clinics seeking abortion were recruited by cluster random sampling from the four selected regions of Sichuan, 48 volunteers were interviewed for 8 focusgroup discussions （FGDs） and 16 in-depth interviews equally for each survey. Information, education anol communication（IEC） materials, education sessions, trainings and counseling were given to subjects and service providers during the project implementation. Questionnaires for surveys and guidelines for qualitative interviews were used. Results Comparison of the after with the before intervention. 1） the proportion of respondents having knowledge about sexuality was increased by 13%. Among them, the proportion of respondents got part and most of the knowledge was increased by 43%. Maximum number of sex partners the respondents have decreased from 9 to 4. Respondents＇partnerships have gradually changed from more acquaintances/school mates/boyfriends to fianés mainly; 2） respondents＇ contraceptive use rate was increased by 20%. Among them, the condom use rate increased rapidly to 80%. Purposes of condom use were changed from only for contraception to for prevention of HIV/AIDS/STDs and pregnancy. And most of respondents stabilised their method use - condoms. Most of respondents suggested condoms was the method most suitable for unmarried IA youth, this proportion was increased by 44%; 3） proportion of respondents knowing more about consequences of induced abortion was increased by 24%; and 4） proportions of respondents having depression and anxiety symptoms were decreased by 66% and by 61%, respectively. Conclusion The intervention including IEC materials, education, training and counseling was effective in improving sexual and contraceptive behaviours of unmarried IA youth.

艾滋病夫妻性行为特征对配偶间性传播的影响因素分析

目的探讨宁夏艾滋病夫妻性行为特征对配偶间性传播的影响因素。方法对截至2022年5月31日,现住址在宁夏5个市19个县区的现存活艾滋病病人和感染者及其配偶,采用病例对照的方法进行回顾性问卷调查。问卷调查的内容包括艾滋病夫妻性行为特征、安全套使用情况及生育愿望等。结果2类家庭中,夫妻关系好相对于一般及差是艾滋病家庭配偶间性传播的危险因素(OR=3.501,95%CI:1.742~7.037);使用安全套和每次用是艾滋病家庭配偶间性传播的保护因素(OR=0.513,95%CI:0.243~1.085;OR=0.208,95%CI:0.070~0.620);职业中的公务员或事业单位、退休人员及其他,相对于农民、长卡司机、工人、家务及待业是艾滋病家庭配偶间性传播的保护因素(OR=0.318,95%CI:0.148~0.684)。结论职业是农民、长卡司机、工人、家务及待业的夫妻关系好的家庭中,并且在夫妻性生活中不使用安全套或者不是每次都用的对照组家庭,是预防艾滋病配偶间性传播的重点人群。

Casual sex and concurrent sexual partnerships among young people from an Yi community with a high prevalence of HIV in China

Liangshan Prefecture in Sichuan province, China, has a high prevalence of HIV infection, which is reflective of a change in the mode of transmission from injection drug use （IDU） to heterosexual intercourse. However, few studies focus on HIV-related heterosexual risk behaviours among the majority Yi population. The objectives of this study were to explore the characteristics of an egocentric sexual network and estimate the prevalence of casual sexual behaviour. Yi villagers （n= 108）, aged 15-35 years, who reported having had sex within the previous year were interviewed as to their sexual behaviours and networks. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions provided supplementary information on sexual norms. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate unadjusted odds ratios （ORs） and 95% confidence intervals （CIs）. Most of the respondents reported having had casual sex at some time in their life, and 66.7% reported multiple sexual partnerships. Only 21.3% reported ever having used a condom. During the study year, a total of 137 partners were involved in 153 sexual partnerships. Among the reported sexual partnerships, 67.3% originated from a casual sexual relationship. For network members in components of size ≥3, 56,9% were involved in concurrent sexual partnerships. Having never been married （OR： 2.11; 95% CI： 1.03-4.33） and younger age （OR： 0.89; 95% CI： 0.83-0.95） were both associated with being in a component of size ≥3. Size （OR： 2.99; 95% Ch 1.17-7.66）, pair （OR： 0.54; 95% Ch 0.039-0.74）, the number of weak components of the egocentric sexual network （OR- 30.04; 95% Ch 6.47-139.46） and gender （OR. 0. 19; 95% Ch. 0.06-0.67） were all associated with being in concurrent sexual partnerships. HIV-related interventions for the Yi ethnic minority in Sichuan province must therefore address concurrent sexual partnerships and promote condom use.

Long-term sexual activity status and influencing factors in men after surgery for hypospadias

The aim of this study was to compare the long-term postoperative status of hypospadiac patients by analysing their sexual psychology, sexual behaviour, sexual function and influencing factors. A total of 130 hypospadiac patients hospitalized between January 1988 and December 2007 were followed up with questionnaires using Zung＇s Self-rating Depression Scale （SDS）, Self-rating Anxiety Scale （SAS）, a self-designed sexual function questionnaire and a 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function （IIEF-5）. The surveys served to evaluate the effects of hypospadias type, number of operations and surgical procedures on sexual psychology, sexual behaviour and sexual function. The control group consisted of 50 healthy adults. The postoperative SDS / SAS scores and occurrences of depression/anxiety in hypospadiac patients were significantly higher than those of normal controls （P 〈 0.001）. Patients with proximal hypospadias and multiple procedures differed from those with distal hypospadias and a single procedure in all parameters of sexual psychology （P 〈 0.05）. The average penile lengths and circumferences ofhypospadiac patients under either erect or flaccid conditions were significantly shorter than those of normal controls （P 〈 0.001）. A similar difference existed between patients with distal and proximal hypospadias （P 〈 0.01）. There was no significant difference in any parameter of sexual function between patients with different numbers of operations and surgical procedures. Hypospadiac patients were clearly impaired in sexual psychology and penile development. The severity of hypospadias and number of operations were key factors that influenced the sexual psychology of patients. This finding indicated the importance of long-term follow-up and psychological counselling for hypospadiac patients postoperatively.

基于行为转变理论的护理干预对宫颈癌手术患者的影响

目的探讨基于行为转变理论的护理干预模式在宫颈癌手术治疗患者中的应用效果。方法选择2019年6月—2022年6月医院收治的宫颈癌手术患者60例为研究对象,按照组间基本特征具有可比性的原则分为对照组与观察组,各30例。对照组进行常规护理,观察组采用基于行为转变理论的护理干预模式。比较两组患者护理干预前和护理干预3个月后认知行为、性生活质量、癌因性疲乏程度(CFS)、自我效能水平评分和满意度及依从性。结果护理干预前,两组患者认知行为、性生活质量、CFS、自我效能水平评分的比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。护理干预3个月后,观察组患者认知行为、性欲望、性高潮、性行为及性满意度得分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组CFS评分低于对照组(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义;自我责任感、自我概念、健康知识及自我护理技能评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者对护理方法、服务态度、护理效果的满意率及在遵医治疗、并发症预防、康复锻炼方面的依从率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论基于行为转变理论的护理干预模式用于宫颈癌手术治疗患者中,能改善患者认知行为,提升性生活质量和自我效能水平,降低癌因性疲乏程度,提高患者护理满意度和依从性。

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Risky Sexual Behaviors among Patients with Severe Mental Illness in Uganda: A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study

Background: Persons living with severe mental illness (SMI) which includes schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder and recurrent major depressive disorder are predisposed to risky sexual behavior (RSB). There is a paucity of data on this problem in sub-Saharan Africa and where research has been undertaken, only a limited range of risk factors have been considered and most of it was undertaken before antiretroviral therapy was universally available, hence the need for this study. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behavior among individuals with SMI attending care in central and south western Uganda. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 393 persons with SMI attending two psychiatric out-patient facilities in Uganda. Psychiatric disorder was confirmed using MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview version 7.2. RSB was defined as engaging in at least one of four risky sexual behaviours that have been associated with HIV infection in the Ugandan psychosocial environment in the last three months using an 8 item RSB questionnaire used for assessment of RSB. Prevalence of RSB and associated correlates were determined using multiple logistic regression. Results: The Prevalence of RSB in last 3 months’ periods was 24.2% (95% CI: 20.2% - 28.7%). The factors that were independently significantly associated with RSB were: trauma related (history of childhood trauma, past and current sexual abuse, past and current physical abuse) current psychosocial challenges (mental health stigma) and psychiatric illness factors (history of a past manic episode, current psychotic episode, severity of depressive symptoms and severity of manic symptoms). Conclusions: One quarter of clinic attending respondents with severe mental illness in Uganda practice risky sexual behaviour. Factors associated with risky sexual behaviour fall under the domains of past and present trauma, current psychosocial challenges and psychiatric illness factors. This calls for a multi-sectoral approach that includes community awareness about the nature of SMI and the rights of persons with SMI and measures to improve Psychiatric symptom management.

Endorphins, oxytocin, sexuality and romantic relationships: An understudied area

Endorphins are the body's natural opioids that are created and released by the central nervous system, hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Endorphins have a reputation for pain reduction, enhancing excitement or satisfaction, boosting confidence, enabling control of emotions and generating feelings of euphoria, and are involved in the natural reward cycle. There is also evidence in the literature suggesting the role of endorphins in sexuality(including sexual function and sexual behaviours), as they may regulate the release of sex hormones, prolactin and growth hormone, which are involved in sexual function and love. Endogenous oxytocin is another intrinsic hormone whose role in inducing labour contractions, the delivery of the baby and stimulating lactation has been well studied. However, the potential impact of endorphins and oxytocin on sexuality and romantic relationships is not well understood. This article reviews the research on endorphins and endogenous oxytocin and how they relate to human sexuality and romantic relationships. Some animal studies report the effect of endorphin and oxytocin on sex hormones and mating behaviours, but these findings have not been supported by research into human behaviour, indicating many gaps in knowledge relating to the association between these hormones and human sexuality.

Alcohol on drinking experience and attitudes towards sexual behaviors among female students in a Guangzhou technical secondary school

Objectives: To study the prevalence of alcohol drinking experience and attitudes towards sex behaviors among female students in a technical secondary school in Guangzhou, China. Methods: Cluster random sampling and a self-administered questionnaire survey. Results: 653 female students aged more than 18 years in a technical secondary school were surveyed. 112 (17.2%) of them had not drunk alcohol. From the group with no alcohol experience to those who drank low level alcoholic drinks, and high level alcoholic drinks, or had got drunk (3 groups), there was an increasing trend of agreeing to love (33.9%, 56.9% and 63.3% respectively,

金沙江上游2种近缘龙蜥物种逃逸行为比较研究

逃逸行为是野生动物反捕食策略的重要组成部分,开展逃逸行为研究对评估人类干扰对野生动物的影响具有重要意义。雌雄两性由于生理和繁殖角色的差异,逃逸行为可能表现出差异性。本研究选择金沙江上游2种近缘龙蜥物种(巴塘龙蜥Diploderma batangense和丽喉龙蜥D.formosgulae)为研究对象,从种内(两性)和种间2个层次对其逃逸行为进行对比研究。结果显示:2种龙蜥的逃逸行为模式表现出一致性,均为“探视-姿势变化-逃逸”;丽喉龙蜥雄性的逃逸距离显著大于雌性,而逃逸起始距离和避难所使用比例未表现出差异性;巴塘龙蜥雌雄两性的逃逸起始距离、逃逸距离和避难所使用比例均未表现出差异性;从种间比较来看,2种龙蜥逃逸行为也未表现出差异性,表明近缘物种的逃逸行为可能具有较大的相似性;此外,2种龙蜥社会交流过程中频繁使用的动作信号均不具有反捕食功能。本研究可为横断山区龙蜥物种的保护提供一定的依据。

4769名女大学生性行为调查

目的:了解中国女大学生性行为状况。方法:在中国武汉地区,按学校类型、专业类型(文、理、医、艺术等)、年级等特征进行随机整群抽样。共发放5 076份问卷,回收有效问卷4 769份,有效问卷回收率为93.95%。对调查对象以无记名的自填式问卷调查表进行问卷调查。调查数据录入计算机,以SPSS 13.0进行分析。结果:女大学生中有接吻拥抱行为者2 535人(占53.16%),性行为(性交)863人(占18.10%);不同专业和不同年级的女大学生性行为率有统计学差异,以艺术类(性行为率为35.10%)和高年级(性行为率27.56%)的发生率为高。女大学生初次性行为的原因以一时感情冲动、好奇、为了加强与男友的关系为主,还有迫于暴力等原因;而近一年内性行为的原因以为了加强与男友的关系和生理需要为主。无论是初次性行为还是近一年内的性行为,其性伴侣以自己的男朋友为主(分别占93.28%和95.28%),但也有一般熟人、一夜情对象和性交易对象;另有多性伴现象存在,最多的有11个以上的性伴。结论:女大学生中的性行为率较高,她们中存在性暴力和性滥等问题。

植物雌激素对动物生殖及生殖内分泌的影响

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