Evaluation of the Functionality of the Networking of Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights Services in the Event of Gender-Based Violence in the Commune of Kpomasse in 2022

Introduction: In developing countries, gender-based violence (GBV) is a real public health problem. In Benin, GBV affects the majority of women and girls (69%). Benin has implemented strategies and set up integrated centers for the management of violence in order to reduce cases of violence and ensure the holistic management of victims. The objective of our study was to assess the functionality of the network of sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR) in case of GBV in the commune of Kpomasse in 2022. Method: This descriptive and evaluative study was conducted from March 21 to April 11, 2022. The sampling method used was non-probabilistic. Reasoned choice and convenience were the techniques used for the different targets of the study. The functionality of the SRHR service network was assessed first by calculating scores at the structure, process and outcome levels, and then by analysis using the human rights-based approach. Results: Out of the 34 GBV victims identified, only one had received a full response and 54% of the victims had no knowledge of SRHR. The lack of knowledge about health care facilities was 41% for victims and 80% for non-victims in the community who participated in the study. In the case of gender-based violence, the community preferred to settle out of court rather than report it. The functionality of the networking of sexual and reproductive health rights services in the event of the occurrence of gender-based violence in the commune of Kpomassè is insufficient. Lack of knowledge of the roles of rights holders (DD) and duty bearers (DO) explains the insufficient functionality of networking. Conclusion: Training of SRHR service agents and community sensitization are essential to improve the functionality of SRHR service networking in the commune of Kpomasse.

Setting Regional Research Priorities for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Services in Humanitarian Settings

Background: Despite increased recognition of the need for sexual and reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings, evidence focusing on mainstreaming reproductive health services such as maternal, neonatal mortality, human immunodeficiency virus transmission and unsafe abortion still remains inadequate. The ability to understand the magnitude of the needs and highlight existing gaps is supported by improved data which is critical to informing effective policies, programming and funding decisions. The purpose of this report is to present the results of a research prioritization exercise on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings for the WHO Africa region for the next three years. Methods: We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method in three phases. Experts from the region participated in an online survey to identify key areas for research in sexual and reproductive health and rights. To identify potential areas for research, the experts ensured answerability, effectiveness, deliverability, equity and potential impact of the questions. The research areas they identified were reviewed by World Health Organization technical team from headquarters. In a meeting of 67 participants, the questions were subjected to further review and analysis. Using a modified for scoring criteria, the questions were scored and ranked to provide the top ten priority questions to address sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings. Results: A list of 21 priority research questions on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings were scored and ranked. Top ten priorities research questions were identified. Those that scored highly by scoring 30 points out of the possible maximum of 30 include: “determining the prevalence and associated factors of unwanted pregnancies and abortions performed in emergency and humanitarian settings”, “evidence on gender-based violence in humanitarian situations and its associated factors” and “defining an optimal model for coordinating sexual and reproductive health and rights interventions and responses in crisis situations”. Conclusions: Top ten research priorities in sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings were identified. The priority research areas have the potential to identify the best areas for programming of services in humanitarian settings. It is our hope that the identified research areas will be prioritized to support programming of services in humanitarian settings based on scientific evidence.

Research Priorities for mHealth and Innovative Strategies in Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the WHO Africa Region

Background: The use of mobile phones continues to rise rapidly in the provision of health related services. Many countries have adopted the use of mobiles to provide sexual and reproductive health and rights and especially among the adolescents where specific messages are tailored for various audiences with specific messages. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a research priority setting exercise on mHealth and innovative strategies. Methods: We adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative methodology to identify and set research priorities on mHealth and innovative strategies that respond to sexual and reproductive health and rights services. General potential research questions were gathered online from multiple stakeholders in the region and sent for consolidation consolidated to technical experts in World Health Organization headquarters. The second phase involved a meeting with experts to review and thematically analyze the questions list of 33 questions producing a list of 22 research questions. The questions were scored against a six point criteria and ranked accordingly. Ten top priority research questions were identified. Results: Lists of 33 priority research questions for mHealth and innovative strategies were proposed for discussions by 67 stakeholders. The questions were reviewed, scored and ranked in a technical meeting by experts. The highest ranking questions at 87% include evaluation of mHealth for data management and sexual and reproductive health and rights decision making, assessment of innovative local financing techniques to support community based sexual reproductive health and rights and evaluation of the role of mobile technologies in referral and counter referral. Conclusions: Information and communication technology is developing drastically and has a great potential in improving health especially in sexual and reproductive health and rights service delivery. This potential must be demonstrated with more relevant and quality research on mHealth and innovative strategies priorities identified.

The WHO African Region: Research Priorities on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights

Background: Many policy makers deliberating on comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and rights services need reliable evidence to make choices that benefit women, adolescents, children and the wider society. While universal health coverage discourse provides an opportunity to expand access through evidence based interventions, many gaps exist. Research prioritization has proved to be very helpful in identifying relevant areas especially in constrained resource settings. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the World Health Organization Africa Region research prioritization for sexual and reproductive health and rights. These priorities hope to guide the region for the next three years. Methods: We used the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative approach to identify priority questions among many potential areas for research prioritization on sexual and reproductive health and rights. The implementation process was organized in three phases. The first phase involved sending out an online survey to various experts with experience in sexual and reproductive health rights. These questions were received by a technical team from World Health Organization headquarters for review. 634 questions were identified for potential research and grouped into 12 themes. The second phase involved experts who reviewed the questions. The team merged questions with duplications, removed the questions that were out of scope and finally refined the wordings. In the final phase, experts worked in groups to score and rank top ten priority questions for each of the 12 thematic areas. Results: A list of 120 priority questions for sexual and reproductive health and rights were prioritized by 67 participants drawn from 16 organizations. Most of the priority research questions (45%) focused on the theme of gender-based violence, 35% prioritized services in sexual and reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings while 15% prioritized preventing unsafe abortion. 5% of the participants prioritized cervical cancer prevalence, prevention and treatment as a thematic area out of the questions in the top 20 research priority questions. Conclusions: Key priority research questions in sexual and reproductive health and rights were identified around five themes. The priority list will be of significance to World Health Organization regional Office for Africa and her stakeholders for the next three years.

未成年男性性权益的刑法保护——对我国《刑法》第236条之一的立法论思考

我国刑事立法对未成年男性的性权益保护存在不均衡、不完整情况。并且学界对于性侵未成年人犯罪的法益尚未达成共识,致使对未成年男性性权益的保护并不完整。基于未成年人的特殊身份以及以性别不同为基础的心理差异,家长主义应当介入未成年男性性权益的保护。根据平等原则以及儿童利益最大化原则的要求,加强未成年男性性权益的保护具有必要性。为实现对未成年男性性权益的周延保护,首先,应将身心健康作为被性侵未成年男性的首要法益;其次,应扩充负有照护职责人员性侵罪的犯罪对象,将男性也纳入本罪保护范围,并将年龄保护区间扩大至14周岁到18周岁;再次,还需增设负有照护职责人员猥亵罪,以完善对未成年男性的保护;最后,应强化未成年男性保护行政、刑事衔接,凝聚法治保护合力。

精神病患者与智障者性权利保护的基本问题

精神病患者与智障者因在认识能力和防卫能力方面的缺陷,其性权利受到侵犯的事件屡有发生。性权利是一项天赋的权利,精神病患者与智障者当然享有性权利,但因为生理上的特殊性,其性权利的实现和保护存在着一些现实难题。加强对精神病患者与智障者性权利的保护,应当完善支持精神病患者与智障者婚育权实现的制度体系,推动对性防卫能力鉴定以及性同意能力判断的个案化,对符合条件的适用推定同意理论,建立精神病患者与智障者遭受性侵后的救助补偿制度,为精神病患者与智障者的性权利保护打造一个从法律到社会、从教育到救助的全方位的制度体系。

Case of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome in male without presentation of sexually transmitted disease

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is a type of perihepatitis that causes liver capsular infection without infecting the hepatic parenchyma or pelvis. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is known to occur commonly in women of childbearing age who do not use oral contraceptives and have sexual partners older than 25 years of age. However, the syndrome has been reported to occur rarely in males. The clinical symptoms are right upper quadrant pain and tenderness, and pleuritic right sided chest pain. The clinical presentation is similar in male and female. We experienced a case of Fitz-HughCurtis syndrome in a 60-year-old man with the chief complaint of right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Despite a previous history of gonorrhea, we have also described our experiences of improved symptoms and recovery with allopathic medicines and have thereby reported the present case with a literature review.

负有照护职责人员性侵罪的保护法益及其认定

《刑法修正案(十一)》增设负有照护职责人员性侵罪,以回应社会中滥用照护职责形成的信赖关系来攫取性利益的行为。学界关于该罪保护法益的争鸣观点主要有性自主权说、身心健康说和折中说,性自主权并不能完全涵盖负有照护职责人员性侵罪的保护法益,身心健康说和折中说亦有各自的不足。负有照护职责人员性侵罪的立法源自于应对惩治性侵未成年人行为的实践需要和保护未成年人合法权益的迫切需求,该罪保护的法益是多重的、复杂的,包括性自主权和未成年人身心健康权。

性自主权的民法保护路径问题研究

性自主权的概念由来已久,是权利人为实现其性利益而在法律保护范围内自我决定的权利,属于人格权的一种,呈现出专属性、可克减性和普遍性特征,主要内容包括选择权、拒绝权和承诺权。侵害性自主权的主要表现形式有性侵害、欺诈型性侵害和性骚扰等。当前,民法典在保护性自主权方面存在缺乏独立性、性骚扰之规定体系违和等问题,其解决路径在于:(一)性自主权独立成权;(二)统一裁判标准,避免同案不同判。

儿童色情制品单纯持有行为入罪化之检视

通过刑事立法规制儿童色情制品犯罪责任链“顶端”的制作行为和“中间”的传播行为,基本已获共识,但处于责任链“底端”的单纯持有行为的可罚性则存在疑问。主张单纯持有行为入罪的可罚性根据包括市场理论、引诱理论、倾向理论和隐私理论,通过对入罪理由的检视和反思,可以发现单纯持有行为与儿童性虐待之间的规范性因果关系模糊且不确定,将其入罪可能导致刑法面临“越界”风险和“过载”风险。通过行政处罚及相关配套措施规制单纯持有行为,可在坚守刑法谦抑性和最后手段性的同时,预防和阻止儿童性虐待行为的发生。

性侵未成年人精神损害赔偿制度的建构研究

在保护未成年人合法权益路径之下,未成年人受到性侵是否应当以及如何获得精神损害赔偿的问题面临法律层面规定欠缺、认定标准模糊不清、赔偿金额难以确定等困境。从精神损害赔偿与侵权责任理论的内在一致性、与未成年人特殊优先保护原则的高度契合性出发,结合性侵未成年人犯罪发生后,未成年人普遍受到严重精神损害的事实,未成年人遭受性侵获得精神损害赔偿具有理论根基与实践需求。基于此,应当构建和完善性侵未成年人精神损害赔偿制度。在立法层面上,赋予遭受性侵的未成年被害人精神损害赔偿请求权;在制度构建上,参照我国民事纠纷中的精神损害赔偿制度和相关司法实践,建立以精神损害事实为主、社会评价为辅的精神损害赔偿认定标准,同时规范性侵未成年被害人精神损害赔偿程序。

性权的法理学分析

性权的法律属性应是“性存在”的“人”的自然的、初始的权利和自由,人类进入文明社会以后,性规范经历了性宽松—性禁锢—性解放的历史演变,其价值取向是自由、平等、正义与秩序。性权的法律规制主要表现为公权力对性自由的约控,性权在我国法学界存在明显的理论准备的不足和司法实践的回避,性权作为一种人权应予以法律保护。

现代西方国家性犯罪立法的特点与趋向——关于完善我国当前性犯罪立法的一点思考

受女权运动和性革命的影响,现代西方国家性犯罪立法正经历着重要的变革,从而在性犯罪的定位、性犯罪的主体和犯罪对象、“性交”的内涵、犯罪处理机制等方面呈现出新的特点,同时通奸为罪的传统日益弱化,乱伦有罪传统获得保留,对未成年人的权利保护正在加强。面对我国当前性立法落后的现实,我们必须立足中国实际,借鉴西方立法经验,全面完善我国的性犯罪立法。

“回应性”立法的技术性超越——《刑法修正案(十一)》与未成年人性权利刑法保护体系更新

《刑法修正案(十一)》对未成年人性权利保护体系进行了以特殊主体入罪、行为方式分化与加重行为类型化的"组合式"修正。作为回应性立法模式主导的一次修正,此次修正显现出了"技术回应式"的特征,对未成年人性权利侵犯案件实践结构的考察,印证了其正当性根据。在积极预防刑法观下,"技术回应式"立法有助于克服立法的象征性和情绪化弊端,实现立法的精细化校正。基于"技术回应式"立法的要求,猥亵儿童罪量刑情节应当进一步优化,增设加重处罚情节;进一步优化对14—16周岁未成年女性性权利的刑法保护,在强奸罪、强制猥亵、侮辱罪等罪中增设负有照护职责者的从重情节。

婚内强奸的刑法学分析

能否在强奸罪中评价婚内强奸是目前刑事司法实践中最富争议的问题 ,刑法理论对此存肯定论与否定论的对立。强奸罪的法益应该是双重的 ,包括妇女的性权利及社会的性秩序 ,婚内强奸虽然侵犯妇女性权利 ,但并不侵犯社会的性秩序。婚内强奸因缺失强奸罪客体要件而不成立强奸罪 ,对此行为应在伤害罪或虐待罪中加以评价。

非婚同居行为法律规制研究

随着社会的发展和国内外文化的相互渗透,非婚同居作为一种新的两性结合方式悄然兴起。虽然基于道德评判标准非婚同居行为具有不合理性,但从法律视角来看该行为具有合法性与存在的现实性。通过对非婚同居行为的理论研究和法律性质界定,参考国外的立法情况与法律规制,结合我国法律现状和社会实际,明确我国相关立法保障与政策规定,以期为完善我国法律体系、以法律手段规制非婚同居行为、防止损害进一步扩大提供借鉴。

论性教育权的确立

性教育权是和教育权、性权利、人权教育权、人权既有紧密联系,又有基本区别的独特权利,人们正在逐步认识到它的重要性,但依然未能全面、深入地把握这一概念,更未能在法律层面真正地确立这一权利。性教育权是指公民依法享有的以适当方式接受一定标准的性科学、性权利和性文化教育的特殊教育权利。确立性教育权将有利于改善落后的性教育现状,根除普遍的性无知现象,并最终促进性权利体系的形成、发展和相关人权的进步。确立性教育权需要遵守“客观、多元和批评的性教育”原则,以保证性教育权的适当性。确立性教育权这一工作也需要每个国家的努力和国际合作来共同推进。

《人格权编》应增设性自主权

我国正在制定民法典分则,其人格权编应明确增设“性自主权”,以克服我国现行立法对于性利益保护模糊、矛盾和不足的缺陷,而且不宜通过一般人格权概括地或通过其他人格权迂回地来进行保护。“性自主权”是指权利人为实现其性利益而在受法律保护的范围内自我决定的权利。在性利益的保护上,中外各国都经历了从“贞操权”到“性自主权”的转变,实现了从歧视女性到坚持男女平等的转变,我国学者现也多在“性自主权”的意义上使用“贞操权”的术语。我国司法实践中存在着强奸行为、欺诈型性侵行为、性骚扰行为、猥亵侮辱型性侵行为、强迫卖淫等类型的侵害性自主权的行为。在我国人格权立法中增设“性自主权”,有利于维护人格尊严和人格自由,也有利于我国司法实践中此类案件得到合法合理的解决。

论性的私法调整

私法对性保护的缺失导致对性权利保护的不足,性权利本质上是私权,私法应该对性权利加以调整并创设性人格权。性人格权由性自主权、生育权构成。创设了性人格权后,可以解决实践中许多问题如:婚内强奸问题、强奸后精神损害赔偿问题等。

性骚扰侵害客体的民法分析

文章从社会性别视角出发,结合民法人格权原理,分析已有关于性骚扰侵害客体的认识,指出所谓“贞操权”概念本身是男性对女性性压迫的传统社会性别意识的体现,它与当今社会人格平等的精神相悖,无存在之必要;“性骚扰侵害名誉权”的认识会导致对被搔扰者人格的贬低和被“污名化”;用人格尊严权解释性骚扰侵害客体,难以有效救济被骚扰者受到侵害的权利。而从性骚扰行为的基本特征出发,自然人的性自主权是它侵害的直接客体。文章还指出,职场性骚扰侵害的客体不限于受害人的民事权利,它还会侵害到其作为劳动者的工作环境权和就业平等权。