Variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism（SSD） can have important consequences for animal ecology, behavior, population dynamics and the evolution of life-history traits. Organisms are expected to be larger ...Variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism（SSD） can have important consequences for animal ecology, behavior, population dynamics and the evolution of life-history traits. Organisms are expected to be larger in colder climate（i.e., Bergmann＇s rule） and SSD varies with body size（i.e., Rensch＇s rule）. However, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The plateau brown frog（Rana kukunoris）, a medium-sized anuran species with femalebiased SSD, is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau（QTP）. From 1797 m（Maoxiang＇ping） to 3453 m（Heihe＇qiao） in the eastern margin of the QTP, we surveyed 10 populations of R. kukunoris and collected phalanges and snout vent length（SVL） data for 258 adult individuals（199 males versus 59 females）. Based on these data, we explored how body size and SSD varying along the altitudinal gradient and examined the corresponding effects of temperature. We found body size to be larger at higher altitude for males but not for females, with likely effects from the temperature on the variation in male body size. Sex differences in growth rates may be the main cause of the variation in SSD. Our results suggested that only males follow the Bergmann＇s rule and variation in SSD of R. kukunoris do not support the Rensch＇s rule and its inverse. Therefore, the variations of body size can be different between sexes and the applicability of both Bergmann＇s rule and Rensch＇s rule should depend on species and environment where they live.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.3127056831572290)+1 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2015304)the Sichuan Province Distinguished Youth Fund(2014JQ0056)
文摘Variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism（SSD） can have important consequences for animal ecology, behavior, population dynamics and the evolution of life-history traits. Organisms are expected to be larger in colder climate（i.e., Bergmann＇s rule） and SSD varies with body size（i.e., Rensch＇s rule）. However, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The plateau brown frog（Rana kukunoris）, a medium-sized anuran species with femalebiased SSD, is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau（QTP）. From 1797 m（Maoxiang＇ping） to 3453 m（Heihe＇qiao） in the eastern margin of the QTP, we surveyed 10 populations of R. kukunoris and collected phalanges and snout vent length（SVL） data for 258 adult individuals（199 males versus 59 females）. Based on these data, we explored how body size and SSD varying along the altitudinal gradient and examined the corresponding effects of temperature. We found body size to be larger at higher altitude for males but not for females, with likely effects from the temperature on the variation in male body size. Sex differences in growth rates may be the main cause of the variation in SSD. Our results suggested that only males follow the Bergmann＇s rule and variation in SSD of R. kukunoris do not support the Rensch＇s rule and its inverse. Therefore, the variations of body size can be different between sexes and the applicability of both Bergmann＇s rule and Rensch＇s rule should depend on species and environment where they live.
文摘目的:总结近10年针灸治疗女性盆底功能障碍性疾病的选穴规律。方法:检索中国知网数据库(CNKI)、维普数据库(VIP)和万方数据库(Wanfang)中近10年针灸治疗女性盆底功能障碍性疾病(pelvic floor dysfunction,PFD)的相关临床文献,检索时间段为2009年1月至2019年12月。PFD包括压力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence,SUI)、盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)以及产后性功能障碍(postpartum female sexual disfunction,PSD)。结果:针灸治疗SUI文献126篇,涉及48个穴位,总频次580次,选穴以关元、中极、三阴交、肾俞、气海、足三里、会阳、次髎、中髎、膀胱俞、百会最多。针灸治疗POP文献45篇,共使用39个穴位,总频次323次,选穴以关元、气海、百会、三阴交、足三里、子宫、中极、维道、肾俞、大赫最多。针灸治疗PSD文献3篇。针灸治疗PFD选穴频率最高为关元,经脉以任脉、足太阳膀胱经为主,选穴主要分布在腹部,特定穴以交会穴使用最多。结论:针灸治疗PFD注重远近配合、循经取穴,对于PFD不同的症状表现,选穴侧重点略有不同。
