Inhomogeneous Shadowing Effect in High-Energy p-A Drell-Yan Process:

Having studied the initial state energy loss versus nuclear shadowing for the Drell-Yan dimuon pairproduction in the color string model,the inhomogeneous shadowing effect is considered in this paper.We find thatthe inhomogeneous shadowing effect does amend the rate of energy loss per unit path length,-dE/dz.Finally,thetheoretical results for the Drell-Yan differential cross-section ratios are compared with the E772 and E866 data.It isfound that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Speckle characteristics of simulated deep Fresnel region under shadowing effect

After the three-dimensional self-affine fractal random surface simulation, we use the optical scattering theory to calculate the deep Fresnel region speckle(DFRS) under consideration of the more strict shadowing effect. The evolution of DFRS with the scattering distance and the intensity probability distribution are studied. It is found that the morphology of the scatterer has an antisymmetric relationship with the intensity distribution of DFRS, and the effect of micro-lenses on the scattering surface causes the intensity probability distribution of DFRS to deviate from the Gaussian speckle in the high light intensity area.

Charm structure functions and gluon shadowing effects with the AdS/CFT model

By means of the UGD function extracted from an AdS/CFT inspired saturation model, the charm and bottom structure functions are studied in fixed-order perturbation theory. It is shown that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the recent HERA data. Then, this UGD function is also used to investigate net-kaon rapidity distribution in Au＋Au collisions at RHIC energies and the theoretical results fit well to the BRAHMS data. In the end of this paper, we give the predicted results for nuclear charm structure function at very small x where the popular shadowing parameterizations are invalid.

Shape of Compact Toroidal Dimensions T_θ~d and Casimir Effect on M^D×T_θ~d Spacetime

We study the influence of the shape of compact a scalar field. We examine both the massive and the massless dimensions to the Casimir energy and Casimir force of scalar field. The total spacetime topology is M^D × Tθ2, where M^D） is the D-dimensional Minkowski spacetime and Tθ2 the twisted torus described by R1, R2, and 8. For the case R1 = R2 we found that the massive bulk scalar field Casimir energy is singular for D=even and this singularity is R-dependent and remains even when the force is calculated. Also the massless Casimir energy and force is regular only for D = 4 （!）. This is very interesting phenomenologically. We examine the energy and force as a function of 8. Also we address the stabilization problem of the compact space. We also briefly discuss some phenomenological implications.

Fixed-length roof cutting with vertical hydraulic fracture based on the stress shadow effect:A case study

Pre-driven longwall retracement roadway(PLRR)is commonly used in large mine shaft.The support crushing disasters occur frequently during the retracement,and roof management is necessary.Taking the 31107 panel as research background,the roof breaking structure of PLRR is analyzed.It is concluded that the roof cutting with vertical hydraulic fracture(HF)at a specified position,that is,fixed-length roof cutting,can reduce support load and keep immediate roof intact.The extended finite element method(XFEM)is applied to simulate hydraulic fracturing.The results show that both the axial and transverse hydraulic fracturing cannot effectively create vertical HFs.Therefore,a novel construction method of vertical HF based on the stress shadow effect(SSE)is proposed.The stress reversal region and HF orientation caused by the prefabricated hydraulic fracture(PF)are verified in simulation.The sub-vertical HFs are obtained between two PFs,the vertical extension range of which is much larger than that of directional hydraulic fracturing.The new construction method was used to determine the field plan for fixed-length roof cutting.The roof formed a stable suspended structure and deformation of the main PLRR was improved after hydraulic fracturing.

New correction method for controlled-source electromagnetics source effects

A novel method for source effect correction based on integral equation method is proposed.By taking the electrical horizontal field Ex of current source as an example,the correction method is validated using both simulated data and field data.The results show that the correction method is feasible and effective for isotropic media.When the field data are processed,the correction method normalizes the sources with different geological structures,which eliminates the geological difference among sources,and retains the geological difference among receivers.The correction results are in line with the expectation in whole.

Influence of Wind Turbine Structural Parameters on Wind Shear and Tower Shadow Effect

To overcome the problems of natural decreases in power quality,and to eliminate wind speed fluctuation due to wind shear and tower shadow effect arising from wind turbine structural parameters,an improved prediction model accounting for the dual effect of wind shear and tower shadow is,in this paper,built.Compared to the conventional prediction model,the proposed model contains a new constraint condition,which makes the disturbance term caused by the tower shadow effect always negative so that the prediction result is closer to the actual situation.Furthermore,wind turbine structural parameters such as hub height,rotor diameter,the diameter of the tower top,and rotor overhang on wind shear and tower shadow effect are also explored in detail.The results show that the wind shear effect became weaker with the increase in hub height.The hub height is independent of the tower shadow effect.The rotor diameter is positively correlated with the wind shear and tower shadow effect.The tower shadow effect is positively correlated with the diameter of the tower top and negatively correlated with the rotor overhang.

Effect of chimney shadow on the performance of wind supercharged solar chimney power plants:A numerical case study for the Spanish prototype

Three-dimensional numerical simulations for a solar chimney power plant(SCPP)and wind supercharged solar chimney power plant(WSSCPP)based on the Spanish prototype using the solar ray-tracing algorithm were performed to study the shadow effect of the chimney.The area of the shadow region increases with an increase in the incident angle of the solar rays.A parametric study was performed by varying the incident angle from 0°to 30°.The temperature and velocity distributions at different incident angles were analyzed.In addition,we investigated the chimney shadow effect in several comprehensive SCPP systems.The findings show that the turbine shaft powers of the SCPP and WSSCPP were reduced by 22.4%and 13.7%,respectively,when the incident angle increased from 0°to 30°.In conclusion,it is important to consider the chimney shadow effect when estimating the performance in the design and cost analysis of SCPP systems.

Numerical Study on the Aerodynamic and Fluid−Structure Interaction of An NREL-5MW Wind Turbine

A 5-MW wind turbine has been modeled and analyzed for fluid-structure interaction and aerodynamic performance.In this study, a full-scale model of a 5-MW wind turbine is first developed based on a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach, in which the unsteady, noncompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) method is used. The main focus of the study is to analyze the tower shadow effect on the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine under different inlet flow conditions. Subsequently, the finite element model is established by considering fluid/structure interactions to study the structural stress, displacement, strain distributions and flow field information of the structure under the uniform wind speed. Finally, the fluid-structure interaction model is established by considering turbulent wind and the tower shadow effect. The variation rules of the dynamic response of the one-way and two-way fluid-structure interaction(FSI) models under different wind speeds are analyzed, and the numerical calculation results are compared with those of the centralized mass model. The results show that the tower shadow effect and structural deformation are the main factors affecting the aerodynamic load fluctuation of the wind turbine, which in turn affects the aerodynamic performance and structural stability of the blades. The structural dynamic response of the coupled model shows significant similarity, while the structural displacement response of the former exhibits less fluctuation compared with the conventional centralized mass model. The one-way fluid-structure interaction(FSI)model shows a higher frequency of stress-strain and displacement oscillations on the blade compared with the two-way FSI model.

Inter-Row Spacing of PV Power Plant

When designing a solar power plant, it is much more important to avoid the shadow on the PV Panels. As the shadow falls on the PV Panels;it significantly reduces the generation of required power as planned and designed. This research paper and case study will help a lot to avoid shadow, especially when selecting inter-row spacing between the strings of solar power plants.

A Simulation Study for Typical Design Rule Patterns in 5 nm Logic Process with EUV Photolithographic Process

5 nm logic technology node is believed to be the first node that will adopt Extremely Ultra-Violet(EUV)lithography on a large scale.We have done a simulation study for typical 5 nm logic design rule patterns.In a 5 nm logic photo process,the most appropriate layers for the EUV lithography are the cut layers,metal layers,and via layers.Generally speaking,critical structures in a lithography process are semi-dense patterns,also known as the“forbidden pitch”patterns,the array edge structures,tip-to-tip structures,tip-to-line structures(under 2D design rules),the minimum area structures,the bi-lines,tri-lines,…,etc.Compared to that from the 193 nm immersion process,the behaviors for the above structures are different.For example,in the 193 nm immersion process,the minimum area is about 2~3 times that of minimum pixel squared,while in EUV photolithographic process,the minimum achievable area is found to be significantly larger.In the simulation,we have kept aware of the stochastics impact due to drastically reduced number of photons absorbed compared to the DUV process,the criteria used for various structures of image contrast are tightened.For example,in 193 nm immersion lithography,we have usually set the minimum Exposure Latitude(EL)for the poly layer,the metal layer,and tip-to-tip pattern,respectively,at 18%,13%,and 10%.However,in EUV lithography,reasonable targets for the minima are,respectively,>18%,18%,and 13%.We have also studied the aberration and shadowing impact to the above design rule structures.We will present the results of our work and our explanations.

Influence of Boron doping on microcrystalline silicon growth

Microcrystalline silicon （μc-Si：H） thin films with and without boron doping are deposited using the radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition method. The surface roughness evolutions of the silicon thin films are investigated using ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and an atomic force microscope. It is shown that the growth exponentβ and the roughness exponent cχ are about 0.369 and 0.95 for the undoped thin film, respectively. Whereas, for the boron-doped μc-Si：H thin film, t3 increases to 0.534 and cχ decreases to 0.46 due to the shadowing effect.

“影视制作”液体金属文字特效AE CS4制作流程

在后期制作领域中,对于立体的金属质感效果字,曾经一直都是3D类软件称霸的领土,常常在AE中制作出的文字效果中立体感和质感都不是非常理想,为了追求先行的脚步和迎合后期领域的潮流,随着ADOBE公司的软件日益强大,而今ADOBE旗下的After Effect软件也可以独立的实现立体的金属质感的文字效果,并且可以使用After Effect CS4软件制作出金属质感的液体汇聚出文字,同时文字还可以带有跟踪的星光动画。

Fluid-structure interaction simulation of dynamic response and wake of floating offshore wind turbine considering tower shadow effect

The comprehensive numerical simulation of the tower shadow effect on floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs),an area less explored compared to fixed-bottom wind turbines,is presented in this study.The atmospheric boundary layer inflow and the joint north sea wave project random wave are used as the operating conditions for FOWT.The combination of computational fluid dynamics(CFD)software simulator for wind farm applications and turbine simulation tool OpenFAST is used to implement fluid-structure interaction calculations.The output power,platform motion,wake velocity deficit and vortex structures are analyzed to reveal the influence of the tower shadow effect on the FOWT.The results indicate that due to the fluctuation caused by the turbulent wind and the floating platform motion,the tower shadow effect of FOWT is less significant for its periodic power decay than that of fixed-bottom wind turbines.And according to the velocity deficit analysis,the influence area of the tower shadow effect on the wake is mainly in the near wake region.

Cold nuclear matter effects on J/ψ production in d-Au collisions

The medium modifications of J/ψ production in d-Au collisions at SNN = 200 GeV are studied in the Glauber model. By means of the c.m. energy loss parameter per collision studied in Drell-Yan process, taking account of the inhomogeneous shadowing effect, we find that the initial-state energy loss effect can be ignored in d-Au collisions at mid-rapidity. Then, the final-state J/ψ absorption effect is also considered and the theoretical results are in good agreement with the recent experimental data given by PHENIX. Finally, the experimental results of J/ψ production in d-Pb collisions are also predicted at RHIC and LHC energies respectively.

A shadow- eliminated vegetation index (SEVI) for removal of self and cast shadow effects on vegetation in rugged terrains

The effect of terrain shadow, including the self and cast shadows, is one ofthe main obstacles for accurate retrieval of vegetation parameters byremote sensing in rugged terrains. A shadow- eliminated vegetation index(SEVI) was developed, which was computed from only red and nearinfrared top-of-atmosphere reflectance without other heterogeneous dataand topographic correction. After introduction of the conceptual modeland feature analysis of conventional wavebands, the SEVI was constructedby ratio vegetation index (RVI), shadow vegetation index (SVI) andadjustment factor (f (Δ)). Then three methods were used to validate theSEVI accuracy in elimination of terrain shadow effects, including relativeerror analysis, correlation analysis between the cosine of solar incidenceangle (cosi) and vegetation indices, and comparison analysis between SEVIand conventional vegetation indices with topographic correction. Thevalidation results based on 532 samples showed that the SEVI relativeerrors for self and cast shadows were 4.32% and 1.51% respectively. Thecoefficient of determination between cosi and SEVI was only 0.032 and thecoefficient of variation (std/mean) for SEVI was 12.59%. The results indicatethat the proposed SEVI effectively eliminated the effect of terrain shadowsand achieved similar or better results than conventional vegetation indiceswith topographic correction.

Tracing the impact of stack configuration on interface resistances in reverse electrodialysis by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Reverse electrodialysis(RED)is an emerging membrane-based technology for the production of renewable energy from mixing waters with different salinities.Herein,the impact of the stack configuration on the Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances as well as the performance of RED were systematically studied by using in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).Three different parameters(membrane type,number of cell pairs and spacer design)were controlled.The Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances were evaluated for RED stacks equipped with two types of commercial membranes(Type I and Type II)supplied by Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V:Type I Fuji membranes displayed higher Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances than Type II membranes,which was mainly attributed to the difference in fixed charge density.The output power of the stack was observed to decrease with the increasing number of cell pairs mainly due to the increase in ionic shortcut currents.With the reduction in spacer thickness from 750 to 200μm,the permselectivity of membranes in the stack decreased from 0.86 to 0.79 whereas the energy efificiency losses increased from 31%to 49%.Overall,the output of the present study provides a basis for understanding the impact of stack design on internal losses during the scaling-up of RED.