A hybrid ventilation scheme applied to bidirectional excavation tunnel construction with a long inclined shaft

The breakage and bending of ducts result in a difficulty to cope with ventilation issues in bidirectional excavation tunnels with a long inclined shaft using a single ventilation method based on ducts.To discuss the hybrid ventilation system applied in bidirectional excavation tunnels with a long inclined shaft,this study has established a full-scale computational fluid dynamics model based on field tests,the Poly-Hexcore method,and the sliding mesh technique.The distribution of wind speed,temperature field,and CO in the tunnel are taken as indices to compare the ventilation efficiency of three ventilation systems(duct,duct-ventilation shaft,duct–ventilated shaft-axial fan).The results show that the hybrid ventilation scheme based on duct-ventilation shaft–axial fan performs the best among the three ventilation systems.Compared to the duct,the wind speed and cooling rate in the tunnel are enhanced by 7.5%–30.6%and 14.1%–17.7%,respectively,for the duct-vent shaft-axial fan condition,and the volume fractions of CO are reduced by 26.9%–73.9%.This contributes to the effective design of combined ventilation for bidirectional excavation tunnels with an inclined shaft,ultimately improving the air quality within the tunnel.

Evaluation of excavation damaged zones(EDZs)in Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory(URL)

Excavation of underground caverns,such as mountain tunnels and energy-storage caverns,may cause the damages to the surrounding rock as a result of the stress redistribution.In this influenced zone,new cracks and discontinuities are created or propagate in the rock mass.Therefore,it is effective to measure and evaluate the acoustic emission(AE)events generated by the rocks,which is a small elastic vibration,and permeability change.The authors have developed a long-term measurement device that incorporates an optical AE(O-AE)sensor,an optical pore pressure sensor,and an optical temperature sensor in a single multi-optical measurement probe(MOP).Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been conducting R&D activities to enhance the reliability of high-level radioactive waste(HLW)deep geological disposal technology.In a high-level radioactive disposal project,one of the challenges is the development of methods for long-term monitoring of rock mass behavior.Therefore,in January 2014,the long-term measurements of the hydro-mechanical behavior of the rock mass were launched using the developed MOP in the vicinity of 350 m below the surface at the Horonobe Underground Research Center.The measurement results show that AEs occur frequently up to 1.5 m from the wall during excavation.In addition,hydraulic conductivity increased by 2e4 orders of magnitude.Elastoplastic analysis revealed that the hydraulic behavior of the rock mass affected the pore pressure fluctuations and caused micro-fractures.Based on this,a conceptual model is developed to represent the excavation damaged zone(EDZ),which contributes to the safe geological disposal of radioactive waste.

Cutting parameter optimization for one-step shaft excavation technique based on parallel cutting method

The outcome of the cutting blasting in a one-step shaft excavation is heavily related to the cutting parameters used for parallel cutting method. In this study, the relationships between the cutting parameters（such as the hole spacing L and the empty hole diameter D） and damage zones were investigated by numerical simulation. A damage state index γ was introduced and used to characterize the crushing and crack damage zones through a user-defined subroutine. Two indices, i.e., η1 and η2 that can reflect the cutting performance, were also introduced. The simulation results indicate that an optimal value of L can be obtained so that the η1 and η2 can reach their optimal states for the best cutting performance. A larger D results in better cutting performance when the L value maintains its best. In addition, the influences of the loading rate and the in-situ stress on the cutting performance were investigated. It is found that an explosive with a high loading rate is suit for cutting blasting. The propagation direction and the length of the tensile cracks are affected by the direction and the magnitude of the maximum principal stress.

Ground Subsidence Following Groundwater Drawdown by Excavating of 500 m Deep Investigation Shafts in Granite Body in Mizunami, Central Japan in 2004-2012

Two 500 m deep investigation shafts were excavating in the granite body in Mizunami, central Japan by JAEA (Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute) in 2004-2012. Groundwater with volume of 700 m3 was generally pumping a day to prevent the shafts from submerging in 2012 following the excavating. As a result of pumping the groundwater, the ground water level lowered to 60 m in the borehole with the distance of 200 m from the excavating shafts in 2012. Leveling network extending 2 km × 2 km around the shafts was established to detect the vertical deformation around the shafts in 2004, and precise leveling was done every year. An 18 mm ground subsidence was detected in the benchmark close to the shafts for 8 years in 2004-2012, and time series of subsidence at benchmark was consistent with the groundwater drawdown. The groundwater drawdown and ground subsidence were caused by the pumping ground water in excavating shafts.

Rapid excavation with a newly developed retaining system: Spiral assembly steel structure

The spiral assembly steel structure, a newly developed retaining wall for the rapid excavation of small-sized foundation pits in unsaturated soil, is presented. This new type of retaining structure is prefabricated in the factory and is assembled on site in the excavation of a pit. This retaining structure is composed of several prefabricated steel structural units, in which the adjacent steel structural units are joined with connectors. Each steel structural unit has one steel pipe in the radial direction and is welded to a single piece of steel plate. After full installation in situ, the retaining structure becomes a cylindrical steel structure. With the protection afforded by this new type of retaining structure, excavation work can be completed within 24 h to a depth up to 5 m. In order to verify the reliability and effectiveness of this new retaining structure, field construction tests were conducted in Beijing, China. The test construction was monitored. The monitoring program included measuring stress in the structure, lateral earth pressure, and lateral deformation of the surrounding soil. The monitoring data from the field test were compared with the theoretical results. The results show that the proposed new structure is reliable and effective.

竖井巷道掘进超前地质探测研究进展与展望

以掘进机为代表的机械破岩是未来竖井巷道掘进技术发展的方向,为保障竖井巷道快速机械智能化掘进的安全,超前地质探测是不可或缺的工序。从探测范围、适用条件以及优势不足等方面对常规超前地质探测技术和随掘超前探测技术的发展现状与特点进行了分类总结,常规超前探测技术各有一定的适用范围,在钻爆法施工环境中得到了较好地应用。在面对掘进机复杂的施工环境时,常规超前探测技术难以适用。而随掘超前探测可以实现掘进与超前地质探测同步进行,实时预测工作面前方的不良地质,是井巷机械智能化掘进超前地质探测技术研究的重点。其中,竖井全断面掘进机是综合机械化凿井的发展方向和趋势,但其施工环境非常复杂,基于掘进机破岩震源地震波的超前地质探测是有效的预测方法。针对全断面竖井掘进机破岩震源超前探测方法的难点,即施工环境和破岩震源地震波场的双重复杂性,从多个方面提出了解决思路:针对震源先导信号,采用多种方法联合去噪,压制破岩震源干扰波;对于地震记录信号,采用以互相关为核心的地震记录重构方法恢复有效波场;开展竖井全空间三维立体探测和高精度成像的研究等。此外,开展多种随掘物探方法联合反演能够提高地质判识的可靠性和解释精度。研发竖井掘进机的掘探一体化装备是未来深入研究的方向。

门式抗浮框架作用下上方开挖既有盾构隧道响应解析解

上方开挖卸载导致既有盾构隧道结构产生上浮,易引发结构渗漏水、开裂等病害。竖井开挖联合门式框架技术是限制上方开挖引起既有隧道上浮的一种有效控制措施,但是目前仍缺少相应的理论方法用于指导门式抗浮框架的设计。为此,提出了既有隧道结构响应的解析解,可以实现竖井和基坑开挖阶段既有隧道结构纵向和横截面变形计算,并给出了相关的计算流程。通过与工程实例和三维数值模拟结果进行对比,验证了解析解的可靠性。通过典型算例计算和参数敏感性分析讨论了门式抗浮框架的作用机理以及既有隧道埋深和竖井开挖尺寸等因素的影响规律。结果表明:门式抗浮框架在基坑开挖阶段可以有效控制上方开挖引起的既有隧道变形,控制效果与既有隧道上方剩余覆土厚度密切相关,剩余覆土越小控制效果越明显;门式抗浮框架的作用效果主要取决于抗浮板与土体之间的作用力,抗拔桩与土体的作用力对既有隧道变形影响较小。

超深竖井爆破掘进围岩损伤规律数值模拟研究

为了分析爆破荷载作用下超深竖井围岩损伤演化规律,基于三山岛金矿西岭副井爆破施工实践,采用数值模拟的方法,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA重启动技术,根据爆破设计方案,利用等效爆炸荷载方法,分别对四种地应力(15 MPa、30 MPa、45 MPa和60 MPa)和四种侧压系数(1.0、1.25、1.5和2.0)条件下超深竖井爆破掘进围岩损伤进行数值计算;分析竖井围岩损伤效应,研究地应力与侧压系数对竖井围岩损伤范围的影响。数值计算结果表明:随着地应力的增大,损伤区域受到明显抑制作用,地应力从15 MPa增加到60 MPa,损伤区域的半径从5.75 m减小到3.4 m;随着侧压系数的增大,爆破损伤区域体现出各向异性,损伤区域向较大地应力方向集中。研究成果为控制竖井围岩爆破损伤提供理论基础。

裂隙型类岩竖井注浆帷幕试样开挖卸荷响应试验研究

为研究竖井注浆帷幕围岩开挖卸荷响应,利用裂隙型类岩竖井注浆帷幕试样进行三轴开挖卸荷模拟试验,测试了开挖卸荷过程中试样的应变响应,并采用CT扫描对开挖卸荷后试样的破裂模式和破坏范围进行分析。结果表明:开挖卸荷后试样应变响应随半径的增大而迅速衰减,且卸荷阶段的应变占主体;开挖卸荷后试样中浆液结石体和基质岩块的变形不连续,液结石体的变形大于基质岩块的变形;单液水泥浆充填的注浆帷幕试样抗变形能力强,试样中相同半径处的切向应变与径向应变都明显小于黏土水泥浆充填的注浆帷幕试样;应力水平对试样开挖卸荷响应具有重要影响,应力水平越高,卸荷阶段的变形越剧烈,卸荷阶段的应变占比更高。开挖卸荷后,单液水泥浆充填试样易沿着浆液结石体与预制裂隙的接触面发生开裂,破裂半径为开挖半径的1.2~1.5倍;黏土水泥浆充填试样破坏模式复杂,破裂半径为开挖半径的1.5~2.0倍。研究成果可为井筒水害防治中竖井注浆帷幕设计提供参考。

明挖隧道下穿桥梁工程中既有桩注浆加固方法与应用

[目的]明挖法新建隧道下穿桥梁时,需重点保护坑内既有桥梁桩基体系。基于湖滨南路隧道下穿广清高速公路桥梁工程中基坑开挖导致既有桥梁桩暴露,影响桥梁整体刚度及造成桥墩沉降的问题,拟采用注浆加固方式进行坑底及桩周加固。需研究注浆加固范围(加固宽度及厚度)变化对桥梁变形的影响。[方法]通过有限元软件Midas GTS进行三维建模,对比不同注浆加固范围下桥梁墩顶位移及桩身轴力分布情况,分析桩周注浆加固宽度和注浆加固厚度变化对桥梁变形的影响及对桩承载力的提高效果。结合数值计算结果及变形控制需求,制定施工加固方案,并对隧道施工过程中墩台沉降现场进行监测。[结果及结论]桩周注浆加固可有效补偿摩擦桩侧摩阻力损失,提高加固区段荷载传递效率,从而更好地分担上部结构荷载;增加桩周加固厚度可有效改善墩顶沉降及邻墩差异沉降。隧道注浆加固施工现场监测结果表明,桥梁沉降变形及差异沉降均满足控制需求。

富水砂层大直径深竖井开挖稳定性有限元分析

某输水隧洞盾构接收竖井具有开挖直径大、深度深、砂层水位高的特点,对开挖过程中竖井结构受力和变形提出更高的要求。笔者以该竖井工程为研究对象,采用有限元分析方法模拟了竖井的施工过程,研究了竖井地下连续墙及地层在开挖过程中的位移、应力规律。分析结果表明:竖井开挖完成后,地表最大隆起为39.50 mm,出现在井口附近;地层最大隆起为41.60 mm,出现在井底地层。地下连续墙最大水平位移为2.79 mm,出现在竖井顶部,地下连续墙顶部水平位移计算值与实测值吻合较好。地下连续墙最大拉应力为1.13 MPa,未超过混凝土标准抗拉强度,表明盾构接收竖井开挖稳定性良好。笔者分析方法及结果可供类似工程参考。

基于FLAC^(3D)原理模拟斜井支护效果研究

【目的】斜井介于平港和竖井之间,结构受力具有一定的复杂性,因此研究斜井硐室开挖和支护的有效性和可行性尤为重要,有必要对斜井支护效果展开研究。【方法】采用FLAC^(3D)对斜井围岩变形及支护技术方案的应力场、位移场和塑性区的分布变化情况进行数值模拟分析。【结果】在斜井开挖过程中,未支护工况下城门型斜井拱腰、拱顶、拱脚及底板等三处是开挖围岩最不稳定区域。支护后的围岩应力场、位移场和塑性区的分布减少了较多,其中,拱顶下沉位移量从57 mm降至5.3 mm;拱腰处水平位移量从26.7 mm降至15.7 mm;底板水平位移量从11.3 mm降至7.14 mm。【结论】在支护工况下的围岩应力场、位移场和塑性区的分布得到了较好改善,对斜井围岩的位移变形、塑性区范围起到了显著的控制作用。

复合地层沉井式竖井机械法掘进施工技术

竖井建井技术快速发展,但随之也带来了一系列的技术难题,尤其是施工地点在中心城区,建筑密度大,空间有限。针对于该问题,本文介绍了一种新型竖井施工工艺,复合地层下采用沉井式竖井机械法掘进,采用预制管片拼装成井的方法,重点探讨机械法竖井的施工工艺和原理,预制管片的设计和拼装方法等。通过收集施工过程中的各种记录,进行总结分析,找出影响复合地层中施工效率的因素,进行设备改进和工艺改良,有效地提升了施工效率,在投资节约、工期缩短、质量控制等方面都得到了提升,为今后该技术的应用和发展奠定了基础。

软硬交替地层超深竖井受力特性及合理分层开挖厚度探讨

某检修排水井尺寸规模大,开挖深度深,所处地层条件复杂,具软硬交替特征。为确保竖井深基坑开挖稳定性,提高施工效率,利用三维数值模拟软件FLAC3D对该超深竖井基坑开挖施工全过程进行仿真模拟,分析5种不同分层开挖厚度情况下超深竖井结构受力和变形特性。研究表明:1)地连墙的最大环向应力和最大水平位移均随分层开挖厚度的增加而增加,在软岩地层范围内出现应力和变形突增,在硬岩地层范围内出现应力和变形骤减;2)以无内衬开挖下地连墙最大环向应力和最大水平位移为参考标准,单层开挖厚度范围为3~4 m对地连墙位移具有很好的约束效果,建议实际工程中土层开挖及软岩开挖时采用3 m分层厚度,硬岩部分地层开挖时采用4 m分层厚度。

已运营地铁隧道盾构管片破损的竖井永久修复技术

[目的]某地铁运营区间盾构隧道在地表降水井钻孔施工中,隧道管片被钻穿,导致破损,引发突水灾害,造成地铁停运。对此,需针对已运营地铁隧道内盾构管片破损的情况研究永久修复技术。[方法]针对该区间内砂卵石、泥岩地层稳定的特点,提出明挖竖井修复破损管片的技术,并详细阐述了管片破损竖井修复施工工艺。建立有限元模型,对降水、竖井开挖、管片修补、竖井回填等不同施工阶段管片破损位置的应力变化进行了研究。[结果及结论]管片破损位置修复后的压应力最小为0.732 MPa,随着竖井的回填,修复部位边缘处和中心处的应力开始逐渐增加,最终边缘处应力稳定在2.124 MPa左右,中心处应力稳定在0.732 MPa左右。满足安全性要求,表明该修复技术是可靠的。

软土地层特深圆形竖井不排水开挖施工工艺研究

以上海苏州河段深层排水调蓄管道系统工程中的福建北综合设施竖井施工为研究背景,从周边环境、开挖风险、水资源利用等综合因素考虑,针对百米圆形竖井开挖面临的第三承压含水层水位控制难题,提出了钢-混凝土组合底板水下施工工艺和利用浮力钢-混凝土组合竖井结构沉放工艺2种方案。利用内外水压平衡原理,不需降承压水,实现降低对周边环境影响的目的;通过在基坑垫层混凝土中加入钢桁架,解决封底混凝土块和筒体整体受力问题。研究成果可为未来特深圆形竖井不排水开挖提供技术储备和借鉴。

不良地质条件下隧道洞身开挖施工关键技术

以玉磨铁路南联山隧道为例,描述病害类型,分析成因并采取临时处治措施,重点提出不良地质条件下隧道洞身施工技术要点,涉及开挖工法的选择、开挖进尺的控制、支护结构的设计等,对原方案加以优化,经过全面的设计和规范的施工后,可有效防止隧道围岩变形,在安全的环境中顺利完成隧道洞身开挖作业,采取的洞身开挖技术具有可行性。

某磷矿立井井筒掘进防治水优化分析

某大型磷矿立井井筒掘进过程中遇灯影组白云岩含水层,存在水文地质条件复杂、涌水量大、井筒建设施工困难等问题。采用地面、工作面预注浆,对井筒浇注接茬处细小水点采用壁后注浆综合治理措施;采用现场注浆试验,对注浆工艺参数进行优化研究,从+616 m工作面开始调整孔间距、钻孔角度,将钻孔数量由21个调整为23个,同时将开孔角度调整为4°,调整后开孔间距0.74 m,终孔间距2.13 m,落孔圈径14.966 m。结果表明,一序孔单孔注浆量更大,二序孔涌水量降低了82%;对细小裂隙进行封堵,减小工作面涌水量,改善工作面作业环境,获得了较好的注浆堵水效果,为类似大水矿山提供参考。

水电工程陡斜井快速开挖支护施工技术

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