Propulsion Shaft and Gearbox Failure in Marine Vessels: A Duration Model Analysis

The need to mitigate downtime in marine vessels arising from propulsion system failures has led ship operating companies to devote enormous resources for research based solutions. This paper applied duration models to determine failure probabilities of shaft and gearbox systems in service boats. Using dockyard’s event history data on boat repairs and maintenance, we applied Kaplan Meier hazard and survival curves to analyse probability of failure of shaft and gearbox systems in supply, crew and tug boats. We found that average time to shaft and gearbox failure was 8.33, 5.23 and 5.21 months for tug, supply and crew boats respectively. The hazard plots however, showed that supply boats had higher probability of failure than crew boats and then tug boats in that order. Further analysis using Cox regression model showed that the boats’ shaft and gearbox system failures were significantly affected by level of lubrication oil, stress corrosion cracking and impacts on the propulsion system’s components. The paper proposes that design of maintenance schedules for service boats should take the following into consideration: 1) estimated survival limits or failure times of propulsion system’s shaft and gearboxes, 2) significant risk factors that affect failure mode of the propulsion system components.

Experimental study on integral axial squeeze film damper to suppress longitudinal vibration of propulsion shafting

This paper aims at investigating the effectiveness of squeeze oil film in suppressing the longitudinal vibration of propulsion shaft systems through a novel integral axial squeeze film damper(IASFD).After designing the IASFD,a propulsion shafting test rig for the longitudinal vibration control is built.Longitudinal vibration control experiments of the propulsion shafting are carried out under different magnitude and frequency of the excitation force.The results show that both IASFD elastic support and IASFD elastic damping support have excellent vibration attenuation characteristics,and can effectively suppress the longitudinal vibration of the shaft system in a wide frequency range.However,IASFD elastic damping support has a more significant vibration reduction effect than the other supports,and increasing the damping of the system has obvious effect on reducing the shafting vibration.For an excitation force of 45 N,the maximum reduction of the vibration amplitude is 89.16%.Also,the vibration generated by the resonance phenomenon is also significantly reduced.

Effect of Coupled Torsional and Transverse Vibrations of the Marine Propulsion Shaft System

In this study,the coupled torsional-transverse vibration of a propeller shaft system owing to the misalignment caused by the shaft rotation was investigated.The proposed numerical model is based on the modified version of the Jeffcott rotor model.The equation of motion describing the harmonic vibrations of the system was obtained using the Euler-Lagrange equations for the associated energy functional.Experiments considering different rotation speeds and axial loads acting on the propulsion shaft system were performed to verify the numerical model.The effects of system parameters such as shaft length and diameter,stiffness and damping coefficients,and cross-section eccentricity were also studied.The cross-section eccentricity increased the displacement response,yet coupled vibrations were not initially observed.With the increase in the eccentricity,the interaction between two vibration modes became apparent,and the agreement between numerical predictions and experimental measurements improved.Given the results,the modified version of the Jeffcott rotor model can represent the coupled torsional-transverse vibration of propulsion shaft systems.

Analysis of Properties of Thrust Bearing in Ship Propulsion System

Thrust bearing is a key component of the propulsion system of a ship. It transfers the propulsive forces from the propeller to the ship＇s hull, allowing the propeller to push the ship ahead. The performance of a thrust bearing pad is critical. When the thrust bearing becomes damaged, it can cause the ship to lose power and can also affect its operational safety. For this paper, the distribution of the pressure field of a thrust pad was calculated with numerical method, applying Reynolds equation. Thrust bearing properties for loads were analyzed, given variations in outlet thickness of the pad and variations between the load and the slope of the pad. It was noticed that the distribution of pressure was uneven. As a result, increases of both the outlet thickness and the slope coefficient of the pad were able to improve load beating capability.

船舶螺旋桨推力的在线高精度辨识方法

[目的]螺旋桨推力在轴系上产生的微弱形变信号易被干扰噪声所淹没,导致难以准确测量其推力,故提出一种在低信噪比下仍具有很高精度的螺旋桨推力测量方法。[方法]综合考虑测量数据误差的影响以及数据中潜藏的力学机制,基于Kalman滤波结合推力–位移状态方程建立轴系推力辨识模型,并以恒定转速、变转速及低频波动转速3种工况为例开展轴系推力测量研究,分析不同信噪比下该方法的推力辨识精度与鲁棒性。[结果]研究结果表明,当信噪比仅为20 dB时,推力辨识的最大相对误差仅为3.56%,验证了其在低信噪比下的高精度辨识能力与鲁棒性。[结论]研究成果可为实船环境下螺旋桨推力及轴系状态的在线实时高精度监测提供参考。

推进轴系弯-纵耦合非线性效应对推力测量精度影响研究

高精度监测推进轴系推力对船舶快速性预报、船-机-桨优化匹配及轴系健康管理等具有重要意义。然而,对于超长推进轴系,由于其跨距大、细长比(轴系半径与长度之比)小、且承受推力大,此时轴系将产生严重弯-纵耦合非线性变形。这将对基于应变或变形位移等形变信息来测量推力的方法产生重要影响。因此,本文研究推进轴系弯-纵耦合非线性效应对推力测量精度的影响。考虑Von Karman非线性位移-应变关系,利用Hamilton变分原理结合有限元方法建立推进轴系非线性力学模型,研究弯-纵耦合效应对轴系变形位移和应变的影响规律,以及由此引起的推力测量误差。研究结果表明:在低转速时,轴系弯-纵耦合效应较弱,对推力测量影响很小;高转速时,忽略轴系弯-纵耦合效应将引起较大测量误差(240 r/min时,误差可达13.95%);测点越靠近螺旋桨,弯-纵耦合效应越强,推力测量误差越大,因此将测点布置在轴系前端推力轴承附近可有效减少轴系弯-纵耦合效应引起的测量误差。研究结果对跨度大、细长比小的超长轴系推力测量有指导意义。

基于实测数据的推进轴系轴承动载荷反演识别方法

本文针对船舶推进轴系轴承动载荷准确识别的难题开展研究,提出一种基于频响函数求逆并采用全实测数据的频域反演识别方法及相应的数据处理和评价方法;然后,针对推进轴系振动试验台架,开展三种类型外激励作用下的径向轴承动载荷反演试验进行验证。试验结果表明:不平衡、随机振动、脉冲激励下轴承动载荷的反演识别结果与直接测量结果在10 Hz~1 kHz频带内的幅频和相频曲线趋势一致,吻合度高;10 Hz~1 kHz频带内,不平衡激励下的轴承动载荷反演误差为0.21~3.5 dB,随机振动激励下为2.03~2.53 dB,脉冲激励下为2.16~4.64 dB,验证了反演识别方法的可行性和准确性。

某电力推进船舶轴系腐蚀断裂机理分析

为了研究电力推进调查船螺旋桨轴腐蚀断裂的原因,通过低倍试验、化学成分分析、硬度测试、样件力学性能试验等方式验证了取样产品的制造质量,通过腐蚀案例样件的形貌分析发现样件腐蚀具有典型的局部腐蚀特点,并发现样件腐蚀断面存在垢质,通过进一步X射线衍射分析获得垢质主要组成成分,并通过能谱分析检测到垢质中含有腐蚀性元素,检测后将螺旋桨轴腐蚀原因归因为垢下腐蚀。通过不锈钢腐蚀过程分析,讨论加速不锈钢局部腐蚀的多种因素,并对电力推进船舶常见的轴电流加速腐蚀的现象进行讨论,认为杂散电流是电力推进船舶各类腐蚀的重要风险,但存在难以捕捉和测量的困难,需要开展进一步研究。

碳纤维复合材料在某舰船推进轴系中的设计研究

针对碳纤维复合材料重量轻、强度大、吸振能力强的特性,以某舰船推进轴系为研究对象,对碳纤维复合材料在推进轴系中的应用进行研究。基于Ansys Workbench的ACP模块对碳纤维复合材料进行铺层建立了碳纤维轴段计算分析模型。通过对不同铺层方案、不同搭接长度、不同连接方法进行分析,研究不同情况下的碳纤维轴段抗扭转与抗拉压能力,寻找碳纤维轴系的设计方案,最后将设计出的碳纤维轴系与纯钢轴进行对比研究,形成碳纤维轴系设计分析流程。研究表明,当碳纤维轴段选用混合连接且搭接长度为160 mm,铺层方式为[(15°/45°/60°/90°/-60°/-45°/-15°);14;]时,能显著提高此推进轴系的抗扭转和抗拉压能力,碳纤维轴系较于普通纯钢轴轴系自重轻,有较好减振能力。所得结果可为后续同类型推进系统的设计与计算校核提供参考。

船舶推进轴系回旋振动研究综述

为了明确回旋振动在船舶轴系设计中的重要性,避免影响船舶航行安全,采用文献收集和调研的方法,分析国内外关于回旋振动的主要研究成果。针对回旋振动的原理、计算方法、规范要求及测试技术等进行论述,总结影响回旋振动的主要因素和消减振动的控制方法,以便于研究人员在设计阶段全面考虑相关计算要求及控制措施。此外,对今后的研究进行展望,基于多学科交叉的耦合振动研究和轴系大数据模型参数整定的应用研究仍需要进一步探索,也为今后船舶减振降噪相关研究提供参考。

双燃料低速发动机推进轴系扭转振动特性

以某滚装船双燃料发动机及动力系统为例,研究在燃油、双燃料模式下扭转振动激励力矩的差异及其对于发动机扭振响应的影响,分析推进轴系的扭转振动特性,并对扭振测试结果进行分析。研究结果表明:在燃油与天然气双燃料模式下,后者的扭振激励力矩较大;在燃油与天然气双燃料模式下,虽然曲轴扭振应力变化不大,发动机、推进轴段、发电机转子扭振响应均发生显著的变化。

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Research on Hydrodynamic Performance of Propeller with Varying Shaft Depths

In order to study hydrodynamic performance of a propeller in the free surface, the numerical simulation and open-water experiments are carried out with varying shaft depths of propeller. The influences of shaft depths of a propeller on thrust and torque coefficient in calm water are mainly studied. Meanwhile, this paper also studies the propeller air-ingestion under special working conditions by experiment and theoretical calculation method, and compares the calculation results and experimental results. The results prove that the theoretical calculation model used in this paper can imitate the propeller air-ingestion successfully. The successful phenomenon simulation provides an essential theoretical basis to understand the physical essence of the propeller air-ingestion.

推进轴系纵向振动负刚度动力吸振器试验研究

[目的]针对推进轴系一阶纵向振动控制难题,采用碟簧负刚度动力吸振器进行振动控制并进行试验验证。[方法]建立推进轴系纵向振动负刚度动力吸振器试验台架,根据所需控制的轴系一阶纵振模态,设计并研制负刚度动力吸振推力轴承,然后开展不同转速、不同静推力、不同负刚度下的振动传递试验,从而获得推力轴承基座和轴系上的振动加速度响应数据。[结果]结果显示,所研制的负刚度动力吸振推力轴承能以1.6%的吸振器质量使轴承座上一阶纵振轴系的振动响应下降7.8 dB;在轴系固有频率变化5%、静推力变化40%的情况下,负刚度动力吸振器仍能保证3.3 dB的控制效果;在非最优负刚度下,不会恶化轴系和轴承座的振动响应。[结论]研究表明负刚度动力吸振可有效抑制不同转速下轴系一阶纵振处的振动传递。

推进轴系纵向高承载准零刚度隔振器的研究

针对船舶推进轴系纵向低频隔振难的问题,将具备负刚度特性的碟簧与正刚度螺旋弹簧并联,设计了一种高承载准零刚度隔振器。建立了轴系-准零刚度隔振系统的动力学方程,利用谐波平衡法求解了系统的稳态响应,并用数值方法验证了求解的有效性。对于系统响应稳定性的问题,首先研究了准零刚度隔振器的非线性刚度、外激励力幅值对系统响应稳定性的影响规律,并结合推进轴系的纵向静变形限制,确定了非线性刚度取值;其次基于静力学理论设计了一组碟簧与螺旋弹簧的结构参数;最后分析了准零刚度隔振器的阻尼比、外激励力幅值对系统响应稳定性的影响规律,并确定了合适的阻尼比。结果表明:当非线性刚度、阻尼比分别设计为1×10^(12) N/m^(3)、0.05时,系统主共振不再出现跳跃现象,稳态响应的解在200 Hz内都是稳定的;在承受10000 N载荷时,准零刚度隔振器仍然可以有效隔离10~200 Hz低频段的振动。

船舶推进轴系振动的不确定性分析

[目的]针对传统的船舶推进轴系确定性振动分析存在安全性与可靠性不足的问题,开展轴系在不确定性激励下的振动响应分析。[方法]采用基于非概率凸模型过程的非随机振动分析方法,以区间上下界的形式描述不确定性激励和振动响应,降低对大量激励样本数据的依赖。与相关文献的计算结果对比,验证所编求解二自由度系统响应边界程序的正确性,并基于在此,探究轴系的不确定振动问题。[结果]当轴系受到螺旋桨[-30 N,30 N]的横向激励力激励时,在轴承处产生了量级约为10-6m的位移响应,表明轴系受到某一区间的激励,则必会产生某一区间的响应。[结论]将基于非概率凸模型过程的非随机振动分析方法应用于船舶推进轴系不确定性振动分析领域,可求得轴系受到不确定性激励时的振动位移响应边界,并可在激励样本较少的情况下为提高轴系系统动态响应预测的稳健性提供有益参考。

轴段空心度对舰船复杂推进轴系动力学特性影响分析及多目标优化研究

轴系动力学特性直接影响到舰船航行的安全性、隐蔽性和可靠性,为分析清楚轴段空心度对舰船推进轴系动力学特性的影响,以某复杂推进轴系为研究对象,基于有限元法建立其动力学分析模型;采用雷诺方程计算轴承油(水)膜刚度,基于螺旋桨升力线理论近似计算螺旋桨轴承力作为振动激励,研究得到螺旋桨轴、艉轴及中间轴空心度变化对轴系校中及振动特性的影响规律;在此基础上,以各轴段空心度为变量,应用多目标优化算法开展轴系动力学特性综合优化。优化结果表明:轴系前后艉轴承负荷差减小了4.1kN,回旋振动和纵向振动的最大振幅均有所减小,轴系动力学特性得到改善。

新型绿色船舶电力推进系统关键技术及应用分析

根据不同船型动力需求,综合考虑能源供给、船舶配电、驱动控制、推进器等技术条件,提出三种船舶绿色动力的配置方案,介绍储能技术、直流组网技术及轴带电机变频器技术,总结解决方案中的技术难点,结合实船示范,给出绿色船舶推进相关科研成果及工程项目方案的技术特点。

艉轴承刚度等效形式对轴系横向振动特性的影响

[目的]由于船舶艉轴承的长径比较大,将其简化为传统的单点支撑等效模型难以反映出轴承的实际运行情况,因此有必要探讨艉轴承等效形式对轴系横向振动特性的影响。[方法]首先,基于能量原理,引入改进傅里叶级数方法描述推进轴系的横向振动位移,构建可用于单点、多点和连续分布式支撑的多种等效形式的推进轴系横向振动特性计算模型;然后,分别分析由液膜压力等效的支撑刚度变化对轴系横向振动特性以及螺旋桨激励对轴系振动响应的影响;最后,与文献和采用有限元方法(FEM)计算的结果进行对比,验证所提模型的正确性。[结果]结果显示,多点支撑的计算结果收敛于连续分布式支撑计算结果,螺旋桨激励下轴系响应受转速影响。[结论]研究表明,可采用三点支撑等效形式研究液膜压力分布对推进轴系横向振动特性的影响,所构建的计算模型收敛性好、计算精度高、代价低。

喷水推进装置在船上的配置数与布置研究

针对船舶设计师关心的喷水推进装置装船应用的常见问题开展研究。首先从理论上推导了总功率相等的情况下,喷水推进装置的装船数量和总重量、占用尾板宽度与面积等的关系。然后根据实船应用经验的总结,从轴线高、尾板吃水、轴线间距等方面对喷水推进装置在船上的布置问题展开分析和讨论,得出了以下结论:增加配置数可以显著减轻重量,总重量之比是配置数平方根的倒数之比。提出应尽量减少尾板吃水以尽早消除附体阻力,并可通过增加尾鳍或分水锺以消除对船舶的航向稳定性的不利影响。这些布置建议可以使喷水推进装置与船体得到良好的匹配,发挥喷水推进的优势,提高喷水推进船的综合航行性能。

考虑伴流场中螺旋桨水动力的舰船长轴系校中及优化

[目的]针对计入螺旋桨水动力的舰船轴系校中计算,传统方法通常容易忽略船体伴流场的影响,使得螺旋桨水动力计算的结果与真实值之间存在较大偏差,从而导致轴系校中精度下降。[方法]以某舰船长轴系为对象,建立桨-轴-船一体化有限元模型及其伴流场流域模型,利用CFD数值仿真的叠模方法计算螺旋桨水动力;采用流固耦合法将流体计算结果作用于螺旋桨表面,进行轴系校中计算,并得到螺旋桨水动力对轴系整体挠曲线及各轴承状态参数的影响规律。在此基础上,引入多目标优化算法开展轴系多目标优化校中,来解决轴系末端四套轴承间载荷差值过大的问题。[结果]考虑螺旋桨水动力后,轴系尾部挠度变化减小,越靠近螺旋桨处的轴承其载荷所受影响越大,载荷值随进速系数的增大而减小;对比多目标优化前后的轴系校中状态,轴系各轴承之间的载荷差值明显减小,轴系运行状态得到改善。[结论]所提方法提高了计入螺旋桨水动力的轴系校中计算精度,可为轴系校中质量的提升提供参考。