Cell replacement with stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells from different protocols

Glaucoma,characterized by a degenerative loss of retinal ganglion cells,is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide.There is currently no cure for vision loss in glaucoma because retinal ganglion cells do not regenerate and are not replaced after injury.Human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cell transplant is a potential therapeutic strategy for retinal ganglion cell degenerative diseases.In this review,we first discuss a 2D protocol for retinal ganglion cell differentiation from human stem cell culture,including a rapid protocol that can generate retinal ganglion cells in less than two weeks and focus on their transplantation outcomes.Next,we discuss using 3D retinal organoids for retinal ganglion cell transplantation,comparing cell suspensions and clusters.This review provides insight into current knowledge on human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cell differentiation and transplantation,with an impact on the field of regenerative medicine and especially retinal ganglion cell degenerative diseases such as glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.

Home Monitoring of Estrone-3-Glucuronide (E1-3G) Levels in Two Different Ovarian Stimulation Protocols: A Pilot Study

Background: Studies have shown a strong correlation between the growth of E2 in serum and estrone-3-glucuronide (E1-3G) in urine during ovarian stimulation. Thus, we developed theoretical models for using urinary E1-3G in ovarian stimulation and focused on their experimental verification and analysis. Methods: A prospective, observational pilot study was conducted involving 54 patients who underwent 54 cycles of ovarian stimulation. The goal was to establish the growth rate of urinary E1-3G during the course of stimulation and to determine the daily upper and lower limits of growth rates at which stimulation is appropriate and safe. Controlled ovarian stimulation was performed using two different stimulation protocols—an antagonist protocol in 25 cases and a progestin-primed ovarian stimulation protocol (PPOS) in 29 cases, with fixed doses of gonadotropins. From the second day of stimulation, patients self-measured their daily urine E1-3G levels at home using a portable analyzer. In parallel, a standard ultrasound follow-up protocol accompanied by a determination of E2, LH, and P levels was applied to optimally control stimulation. Results: The average daily growth rates in both groups were about 50%. The daily increase in E1-3G for the antagonist protocol ranged from 14% to 79%, while they were 28% to 79% for the PPOS protocol. Conclusion: This is the first study to analyze the dynamics of E1-3G in two different protocols and to estimate the limits of its increase during the entire course of the stimulation. The results confirm our theoretical model for the viability of using urinary E1-3G for monitoring ovarian stimulation.

Enhancing Network Design through Statistical Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols

This paper contributes a sophisticated statistical method for the assessment of performance in routing protocols salient Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANET)routing protocols:Destination Sequenced Distance Vector(DSDV),Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV),Dynamic Source Routing(DSR),and Zone Routing Protocol(ZRP).In this paper,the evaluation will be carried out using complete sets of statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis,Mann-Whitney,and Friedman.It articulates a systematic evaluation of how the performance of the previous protocols varies with the number of nodes and the mobility patterns.The study is premised upon the Quality of Service(QoS)metrics of throughput,packet delivery ratio,and end-to-end delay to gain an adequate understanding of the operational efficiency of each protocol under different network scenarios.The findings explained significant differences in the performance of different routing protocols;as a result,decisions for the selection and optimization of routing protocols can be taken effectively according to different network requirements.This paper is a step forward in the general understanding of the routing dynamics of MANETs and contributes significantly to the strategic deployment of robust and efficient network infrastructures.

Designing Proportional-Integral Consensus Protocols for Second-Order Multi-Agent Systems Using Delayed and Memorized State Information

This paper is concerned with consensus of a secondorder linear time-invariant multi-agent system in the situation that there exists a communication delay among the agents in the network.A proportional-integral consensus protocol is designed by using delayed and memorized state information.Under the proportional-integral consensus protocol,the consensus problem of the multi-agent system is transformed into the problem of asymptotic stability of the corresponding linear time-invariant time-delay system.Note that the location of the eigenvalues of the corresponding characteristic function of the linear time-invariant time-delay system not only determines the stability of the system,but also plays a critical role in the dynamic performance of the system.In this paper,based on recent results on the distribution of roots of quasi-polynomials,several necessary conditions for Hurwitz stability for a class of quasi-polynomials are first derived.Then allowable regions of consensus protocol parameters are estimated.Some necessary and sufficient conditions for determining effective protocol parameters are provided.The designed protocol can achieve consensus and improve the dynamic performance of the second-order multi-agent system.Moreover,the effects of delays on consensus of systems of harmonic oscillators/double integrators under proportional-integral consensus protocols are investigated.Furthermore,some results on proportional-integral consensus are derived for a class of high-order linear time-invariant multi-agent systems.

A Formal Model for Analyzing Fair Exchange Protocols Based on Event Logic

Fair exchange protocols play a critical role in enabling two distrustful entities to conduct electronic data exchanges in a fair and secure manner.These protocols are widely used in electronic payment systems and electronic contract signing,ensuring the reliability and security of network transactions.In order to address the limitations of current research methods and enhance the analytical capabilities for fair exchange protocols,this paper proposes a formal model for analyzing such protocols.The proposed model begins with a thorough analysis of fair exchange protocols,followed by the formal definition of fairness.This definition accurately captures the inherent requirements of fair exchange protocols.Building upon event logic,the model incorporates the time factor into predicates and introduces knowledge set axioms.This enhancement empowers the improved logic to effectively describe the state and knowledge of protocol participants at different time points,facilitating reasoning about their acquired knowledge.To maximize the intruder’s capabilities,channel errors are translated into the behaviors of the intruder.The participants are further categorized into honest participants and malicious participants,enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the intruder’s potential impact.By employing a typical fair exchange protocol as an illustrative example,this paper demonstrates the detailed steps of utilizing the proposed model for protocol analysis.The entire process of protocol execution under attack scenarios is presented,shedding light on the underlying reasons for the attacks and proposing corresponding countermeasures.The developedmodel enhances the ability to reason about and evaluate the security properties of fair exchange protocols,thereby contributing to the advancement of secure network transactions.

Hyperbolic Tangent Function-Based Protocols for Global/Semi-Global Finite-Time Consensus of Multi-Agent Systems

This paper investigates the problem of global/semi-global finite-time consensus for integrator-type multi-agent sys-tems.New hyperbolic tangent function-based protocols are pro-posed to achieve global and semi-global finite-time consensus for both single-integrator and double-integrator multi-agent systems with leaderless undirected and leader-following directed commu-nication topologies.These new protocols not only provide an explicit upper-bound estimate for the settling time,but also have a user-prescribed bounded control level.In addition,compared to some existing results based on the saturation function,the pro-posed approach considerably simplifies the protocol design and the stability analysis.Illustrative examples and an application demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols.

Distributed Fault Estimation for Nonlinear Systems With Sensor Saturation and Deception Attacks Using Stochastic Communication Protocols

This paper is aimed at the distributed fault estimation issue associated with the potential loss of actuator efficiency for a type of discrete-time nonlinear systems with sensor saturation.For the distributed estimation structure under consideration,an estimation center is not necessary,and the estimator derives its information from itself and neighboring nodes,which fuses the state vector and the measurement vector.In an effort to cut down data conflicts in communication networks,the stochastic communication protocol(SCP)is employed so that the output signals from sensors can be selected.Additionally,a recursive security estimator scheme is created since attackers randomly inject malicious signals into the selected data.On this basis,sufficient conditions for a fault estimator with less conservatism are presented which ensure an upper bound of the estimation error covariance and the mean-square exponential boundedness of the estimating error.Finally,a numerical example is used to show the reliability and effectiveness of the considered distributed estimation algorithm.

Research trends of clinical studies on acupuncture protocols over the past 20 years:a bibliometric analysis

Background:Acupuncture protocols are essential as they guide study design and improve the quality of clinical trial,thus preventing avoid research waste.Given the increasing number of publications on acupuncture protocols,this study aimed to assess the publications trends of acupuncture protocols over the past two decades and provided an overview for future research directions.Methods:Publications focusing on acupuncture protocols in clinical settings were retrieved and compiled from the Web of Science Core Collection spanning the period from 2004 to 2023.CiteSpace and Microsoft Excel software were used to analyze the relationship of publication with countries,institutions,authors,co-cited author,journals,references,keywords and other literature aspects.Results:This study analyzed 721 articles encompassing acupuncture protocols.A continuous yet fluctuating growth in publications volume were observed from 2004 to 2023.Notably,China stands at the forefront in contributing to acupuncture protocols,publishing 513 papers and demonstrating a high centrality score of 1.07 in cooperative network.Furthermore,China has fostered close collaborations with the USA and South Korea.Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(89),Zhishun Liu(36)and Trials(306)emerged as the top contributors in terms of institution,author,and journal,respectively.However,inter-institutional and author collaboration was relatively weak.Macpherson H was the most frequently cited author.High-frequency keywords included“randomized controlled trials”,“acupuncture”,“management”,“study protocol”,“quality of life”.Analysis of timeline diagram of keywords indicated that“functional dyspepsia”,“stroke”,“electroacupuncture”,and“colorectal cancer”were the research development trends and focus.Conclusion:Clinical acupuncture protocols have experienced robust development over the past two decades,with current research hotspots focusing on disease management and quality of life,which remain key research concerns.Moreover,we advocate for researchers to publish acupuncture protocols,which remain key research concerns.This approach allows for thorough pre-study planning of methodologies and objectives,enhancing scientific rigor through peer review,thereby laying the foundation for conducting high-quality research.

Perspectives on the extracellular matrix in inflammatory bowel disease and bowel decellularization protocols

The extracellular matrix(ECM)is a non-cellular three-dimensional structure present in all tissues that is essential for the intestinal maintenance,function and structure,as well as for providing physical support for tissue integrity and elasticity.ECM enables the regulation of various processes involved in tissue homeostasis,being vital for healing,growth,migration and cell differentiation.Structurally,ECM is composed of water,polysaccharides and proteins,such as collagen fibers and proteoglycans,which are specifically arranged for each tissue.In pathological scenarios,such as inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),the deposition and remodeling of the ECM can be altered in relation to the homeostatic composition.IBD,such as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease,can be differentiated according to ECM alterations,such as circulating levels of collagen,laminin and vimentin neoepitopes.In this context,ECM presents parti-cularities in both physiological and pathological processes,however,exploring methods of tissue decellularization is emerging as a promising frontier for new therapeutic interventions and clinical protocols,promoting the development of new approaches to intestinal diseases.

FORMAL PROOF OF RELATIVE STRENGTH OF SECURITY AMONG ECK2007 MODEL AND OTHER PROOF MODELS FOR KEY AGREEMENT PROTOCOLS

The differences among the extended Canetti ＆ Krawezyk 2007 model （ECK2007） and other four models, i.e., the Bellare ＆ Rogaway （1993, 1995）models （BR93,BR95）, the Bellare, Pointcheval ＆ Rogaway （2000） model （BPR2000） and the Canetti ＆ Krawczyk （2001） model （CK2001） are given. The relative strength of security among these models is analyzed. To support the implication or non-implication relation among these models, the formal proof or the counter-example is provided.

Routing Protocols for Transmitting Large Databases or Multi databases Systems

Most knowledgeable people agree that networking and routing technologies have been around about 25 years. Routing is simultaneously the most complicated function of a network and the most important. It is of the same kind that more than 70% of computer application fields are MIS applications. So the challenge in building and using a MIS in the network is developing the means to find, access, and communicate large databases or multi databases systems. Because general databases are not time continuous, in fact, they can not be streaming, so we can't obtain reliable and secure quality of service by deleting some unimportant datagrams in the databases transmission. In this article, we will discuss which kind of routing protocol is the best type for large databases or multi databases systems transmission in the networks.

Analysis of Multichannel ALOHA and CSMA Protocols－Normal and Slotted Versions

The performance of ALOHA, Non-Persistent CSMA protocols and their slotted versions in Packet Radio Network is analyzed in consideration of the time of propagation delay, the time of radio transformation from receiving state to transmitting state, and the time for the radio to sense the carrier. The analysis shows that these parameters are the main factors deteriorating the performance of the protocols, especially for CSMA. The multichannel mode efficiently decreases the effects of these factors and the system capacity is changeable conveniently. Comparing curves and some simulation results are given.

Location-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Recently, location-based routings in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting a lot of interest in the research community, especially because of its scalability. In location-based routing, the network size is scalable without increasing the signalling overhead as routing decisions are inherently localized. Here, each node is aware of its position in the network through some positioning device like GPS and uses this information in the routing mechanism. In this paper, we first discuss the basics of WSNs including the architecture of the network, energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and draw a detailed picture of classification of location-based routing protocols. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of location-based routing protocols, mostly for sensor networks. All the schemes are subsequently discussed in depth. Finally, we conclude the paper with some insights on potential research directions for location-based routing in WSNs.

Nonlinear consensus protocols for multi-agent systems based on centre manifold reduction

Nonlinear consensus protocols for dynamic directed networks of multi-agent systems with fixed and switching topologies are investigated separately in this paper. Based on the centre manifold reduction technique, nonlinear consensus protocols are presented. We prove that a group of agents can reach a β-consensus, the value of which is the group decision value varying from the minimum and the maximum values of the initial states of the agents. Moreover, we derive the conditions to guarantee that all the agents reach a β-consensus on a desired group decision value. Finally, a simulation study concerning the vertical alignment manoeuvere of a team of unmanned air vehicles is performed. Simulation results show that the nonlinear consensus protocols proposed are more effective than the linear protocols for the formation control of the agents and they are an improvement over existing protocols.

An Overview of Anti-Collision Protocols for Radio Frequency Identification Devices

Radio frequency identification(RFID) is a new type of non-contact automatic identification technology.Due to its low energy consumption,low cost,and its adaptability to harsh environments,it has been applied to many fields.In the RFID systems,data collision is inevitable when the reader sends a communication request and multiple tags respond with simultaneous data transmission.Data collision is prone to causing problems such as:identification delay,spectrum resource waste,a decreased system throughput rate,etc.Therefore,an efficient,stable anti-collision protocol is crucial for RFID systems.This research analysed the current research into RFID anticollision protocols and summarised means for its improvement through the mechanism of implementation of different types anticollision protocols.Finally,a new direction is proposed for the future development of RFID anti-collision protocol systems.

Correlation dimension based nonlinear analysis of network traffics with different application protocols

This paper uses a correlation dimension based nonlinear analysis approach to analyse the dynamics of network traffics with three different application protocols-HTTP, FTP and SMTP. First, the phase space is reconstructed and the embedding parameters are obtained by the mutual information method. Secondly, the correlation dimensions of three different traffics are calculated and the results of analysis have demonstrated that the dynamics of the three different application protocol traffics is different from each other in nature, i.e. HTTP and FTP traffics are chaotic, furthermore, the former is more complex than the later; on the other hand, SMTP traffic is stochastic. It is shown that correlation dimension approach is an efficient method to understand and to characterize the nonlinear dynamics of HTTP, FTP and SMTP protocol network traffics. This analysis provided insight into and a more accurate understanding of nonlinear dynamics of internet traffics which have a complex mixture of chaotic and stochastic components.

Sequence Patterns of Identity Authentication Protocols

From the viewpoint of protocol sequence, analyses are made of the sequence patterns of possible identity authentication protocol under two cases： with or without the trusted third party （TFP）. Ten feasible sequence patterns of authentication protocol with TIP and 5 sequence patterns without TFP are gained. These gained sequence patterns meet the requirements for identity authentication, and basically cover almost all the authentication protocols with TFP and without TFP at present. All of the sequence patterns gained are classified into unilateral or bilateral authentication. Then, according to the sequence symmetry, several good sequence patterns with TFP are evaluated. The accompolished results can provide a reference to design of new identity authentication protocols.

Modeling and Simulation of P-Aloha,CSMA /CA and MACAW Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Channel

Medium access control( MAC) protocol of underwater acoustic communication network is a key technology for underwater acoustic networks( UANs). Most of the MAC protocols for wireless terrestrial communication networks have been designed with negligible propagation delay. If it is deployed directly in an underwater environment,the UANs will perform inefficiently. In this paper,the characteristics of underwater acoustic channel are modeled and simulated by using the OPNET simulation tool,which are the speed of sound, propagation loss, and four sources for ambient noise: the turbulence,shipping,wind driven waves and thermal noise. The performance of pure Aloha( P-Aloha),carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance( CSMA / CA) and multiple access collision avoidance for wireless local area network( MACAW) protocols in underwater acoustic channel environment are evaluated. The different performance of protocols in underwater environment is compared in the simulation.

Game-Based Automated Security Proofs for Cryptographic Protocols

Provable security has become a popular approach for analyzing the security of cryptographic protocols.However,writing and verifying proofs by hand are prone to errors.This paper advocates the automatic security proof framework with sequences of games.We make slight modifications to Blanchet's calculus to make it easy for parsing the initial game.The main contribution of this work is that it introduces algebraic properties with observational equivalences to automatic security proofs,and thus can deal with some practical cryptographic schemes with hard problems.We illustrate the use of algebraic properties in the framework by proving the semantic security of the ElGamal encryption scheme.

Analysis and Improvement on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Routing protocols are perceived to be growing hotspots and required to devote more time and work to studying it. Research on routing protocols of wireless sensor networks is significantly important to accurately guide the application. Theoretical analysis and comparison are one of the key steps in the protocol research. Restricted by irreversible factors of power and others, lifetime of wireless sensor networks is very short. In this paper, we analyze and compare the characteristics and application fields of existing protocols. On the basis of that, this paper mainly proposes an improved directed diffusion exploring the phase of reinforcing path, which chooses the way to strengthen the path after evaluating the critical factors. It was determined by simulation that improved directed diffusion has a higher transmission rate, and it satisfies the requirements, which balancing the energy consumption and prolonging the lifetime.