Overlying strata movement rules and safety mining technology for the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room mining goaf

Aiming at the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room mining goaf, due to that the shallow depth seam is exploited using the longwall mining and overlain by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, many accidents are likely to occur, including roof structure instability, roof step subsidence, damages of shield supports, and the face bumps triggered by the large area roof weighting, resulting in serious threats to the safety of underground miners and equipment. This paper analyses the overlying strata movement rules for the shallow seams using the physical simulation, the 3DEC numerical simulation and the field mea- surements. The results show that, in shallow seam mining, the overburden movement forms caved zone and fractured zone, the cracks develop continuously and reach the surface with the face advancing, and the development of surface cracks generally goes through four stages. With the application of loose blast- ing of residual pillars, reasonable mining height, and roof support and management, the safe, efficient and high recovery rate mining has been achieved in the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room min ing goal.

Hydrogeochemistry of karst underground waters at shallow depth in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province

The aim of this study is to shed light on the hydrogeochemical characteristics of karst underground waters at shallow depth in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province with an emphasis on the geochemistry of major elements. Guiyang City bears abundant underground waters and it is also an important representative of the karst areas throughout the world. Ca+{2+} and Mg+{2+} are the dominant cations, accounting for 81%-{99.7%} of the total, and HCO+--3 and SO+{2-}-4 are the dominant anions. Weathering of limestones and dolostones is the most important factor controlling the hydrogeochemistry of underground waters, and weathering of sulfate and evaporite rocks is less important. Moreover, the precipitation and human activities also have a definite influence on the hydrogeochemistry of underground waters in the region studied.

Design of Foundations Built on a Shallow Depth (Less than 4 m) of Egyptian Macro-Porous Collapsible Soils

It is nowadays well reported that collapsible soils spread in many countries, including United States, Russia, China, South America (e.g. Brazil), South and North Africa (e.g. Egypt, Algeria), Middle East (e.g. Saudi Arabia) and many countries in Eastern Europe. In general, collapsible soils are located in arid and semi-arid regions around the world. This special type of soil is characterized by abrupt reduction in strength, excessive and sudden settlement when it becomes wet leading to failure of the structure. Construction on such a kind of soil is one of the prominent problems in geotechnical engineering. The main objectives of this study are reporting geological and geotechnical zonation maps for potentially collapsible soils in inhabited areas in Egypt. Furthermore, a design technique for foundations built on a shallow depth of Egyptian macro-porous collapsible soils (less than 4 m) is developed. The design method includes a design chart for soil collapse field classification in terms of the most governing parameters, a method for foundation settlement estimation based on a correlation between the wetting-induced collapse strain and the applied pressure, and a design practice to guide practicing engineers to select the appropriate foundation system to construct on such soil with a great degree of confidence and safety.

Correction for Depth Biases to Shallow Water Multibeam Bathymetric Data

Vertical errors often present in multibeam swath bathymetric data. They are mainly sourced by sound refraction, internal wave disturbance, imperfect tide correction, transducer mounting, long period heave, static draft change, dynamic squat and dynamic motion residuals, etc. Although they can be partly removed or reduced by specific algorithms, the synthesized depth biases are unavoidable and sometimes have an important influence on high precise utilization of the final bathymetric data. In order to. confidently identify the decimeter-level changes in seabed morphology by MBES, we must remove or weaken depth biases and improve the precision of multibeam bathymetry further. The fixed-interval profiles that are perpendicular to the vessel track are generated to adjust depth biases between swaths. We present a kind of postprocessing method to minimize the depth biases by the histogram of cumulative depth biases. The datum line in each profile can be obtained by the maximum value of histogram. The corrections of depth biases can be calculated according to the datum line. And then the quality of final bathymetry can be improved by the corrections. The method is verified by a field test.

厚煤层大断面回采巷道支护参数优化研究

长壁工作面回采巷道保持“掘-采”全生命周期内的围岩稳定,对于保障工作面高效生产、井下作业人员安全至关重要。杭来湾煤矿302盘区回采巷道为典型的浅埋深、厚煤层、大断面煤巷,为掌握其矿压显现规律,在302盘区选取“三条、两类”回采巷道为研究对象,通过矿压实测、煤岩力学测试、数值模拟及工程实践等方法开展了浅埋厚煤层大断面回采巷道矿压规律研究,对杭来湾煤矿工作面回采巷道支护参数进行了优化设计,在有效保障巷道围岩稳定的同时,实现了高强度、低密度支护,同时提高了掘巷速度,改善了采掘接续关系,促进了矿井实现安全高效生产。

Structure and deformation measurements of shallow overburden during top coal caving longwall mining

Mining induced pressures are strong and overburden failure areas are large in top coal caving longwall mining, which constrains high production and safety mining. By employing the combination of the full view borehole photography technique and the seismic CT scanner technique, the deformation and failure of overlying strata of fully mechanized caving face in shallow coal seam were studied and the failure development of overburden was determined. Results show that the full view borehole photography can reveal the characteristics of strata, and the seismic CT scanner can reflect the characteristics of strata between the boreholes. The combined measurement technique can effectively determine the height of fractured and caved zones. The top end of the caved zone in Yangwangou coal mine employing the top coal caving longwall mining was at the depth of 171 m and fractured zone was at the depth of 106-110 m. The results provide a theoretic foundation for controlling the overburden strata in the shallow buried top coal caving panel.

A THIRD GENERATION SHALLOW WATER WAVE NUMERICAL MODEL-YE-WAM

This paper pnesents a third gneration shallow Whter disode spedtal wave nbotal medeIYE-WAM based on the spedtal action balance equation. The mode accounts for all edevan effectsof currents on waves, incuding tmpotally and spatialy varying depth and current inded refraction,sttalning and fequency shift and also explidtly takeS into aanunt all source terms, speclally adePth-limited breaking dheipation. In addition, an energy forcing scheme is propond and applied to themode’s open boundaries to areUn for the propagution of sedIs into the study spstem The upwinddiffeIenng scheme and a standard hybrid diffdrencing scheme for the propagaion terrn and a simpleEuler method for the source teme are employed.

Stability characteristics of shallow landslide triggered by rainfall

Rainfall induced shallow landslides are known to be extremely dangerous since the sliding mass can propagate quickly and travel far from the source. Although the sliding mechanism in sloping ground is simple to understand, the problem may be complicated by unsaturated transient water flow. The flow behavior of rainwater in unsaturated sloping ground and the consequent factor of safety must be clearly understood to assess slope stability under rainfall conditions. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to examine the critical hydrological states so that assessment of slope stability under rainfall condition can be performed. Based on the test results, a unique relationship between critical hydrological states, rainfall intensity, and soil properties was formulated. Sequential stability analysis provided insights into the stability of slopes subjected to variations in soil properties, slope angles and rainfall intensities, and the consequent variation in the depth of the failure plane, vital in landslide risk assessment, was determined through this analysis.The variation of rainfall intensity was found to strongly affect the depth of the failure plane in cohesionless sloping ground. Furthermore, the influence of rainfall intensity on the depth of the failure plane may be alleviated by a small magnitude of cohesive strength. The results of this study will reinforce knowledge of landslide behavior and help to improve mitigation measures in susceptible areas.

Some evidences for earthquake occurrence in the shallow crust in some areas of North China and Southwest China

The parameters of hypocentral location are important fundamental data for the study of seismology and the earth interior physics; among them, the focal depth is a very important one but can hardly be measured with higher precision. With the increase of seismic stations in number, the heightening of observation quality and the improvement of determination method, such a situation has been changed much. In this paper, the results of hypocentral location and re-location by 7 small-aperture digital seismic station networks at Tangshan, Zhangbei and Huailai of Hebei Province, Datong of Shanxi Province and Jianchuan, Luquan and Yao'an of Yunnan Province are used. Using these results together with those of focal depth inversion by far-field data of some individual large shocks in corresponding areas and those re-determined by the Linfen telemetered seismic network of Shanxi Province, a comparison with the results of focal depth determination in the past earthquake catalogues is made. It is found out that the focal depths determined by the small-aperture seismic networks are basically distributed in the range from the earth surface to ten-odd kilometers underground. In contrast, the focal depths determined in the past are mostly distributed at the depth range from the earth surface to 30 km underground. Besides, there is a difference of 50% to 100% between the average values of the two cases, which is quite an obvious one. From the result of analysis, it is considered that the results determined by the small-aperture seismic networks may be closer to the reality of focal depths distribution. That is to say, earthquakes in the above-mentioned areas should be distributed in the shallow part of the crust. The causes that lead to the above situation are discussed preliminarily, and some suggestions and measures for improving the precision of focal depth determination are put forward.

Transformation of Wave Energy Spectrum in Shallow Water

Combined with irregular wave-maker, the growing process of Wave Energy Spectrum in shallow water can be studied in wind wave channel on different water depth conditions, and its transformation characteristics and rules can be obtained.

深、浅部煤层气地质条件差异性及其形成机制

深部煤层气资源丰富、开发前景广阔,但对其与浅部煤层气地质条件的内在联系研究尚不够深入。从煤层形成演化角度出发,以鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界煤层为例,总结了煤层深埋深藏型、深埋浅藏型及浅埋浅藏型3种埋深演化模式。系统分析了深部和浅部煤层在温压条件与含气性、地应力与渗透率特征、变质程度与含水性等方面的差异性及其形成机制。研究指出,受埋深与演化过程影响,深部和浅部煤储层温度最多相差100℃以上,储层压力最大相差40 MPa左右,导致由浅部向深部,气体赋存状态以吸附气为主转变为吸附气与游离气共存,地应力场由水平应力主导转化为垂向应力主导,煤储层孔隙率、渗透率及含水性逐渐降低。明确了深部煤层气的典型特点,即:在高温高压条件下,以吸附态和游离态共存于一定深度以下煤储层中的甲烷气体,该类煤储层在垂向应力为主导的作用下,孔裂隙空间极度压缩,含水极少且矿化度极高,内生微裂隙为主要渗流通道。基于含气性临界深度和地应力场转换深度的不一致性,指出浅部向深部煤层演化过程中存在过渡区,该区内呈现出非典型深部煤层气的特点,或深部煤层气和浅部煤层气地质条件共存的情况,在勘探开发过程中,应具体分析,制定针对性开发方案,以实现浅部与深部煤层气的高效协同开发。

浅埋深中厚煤层预掘回撤通道支护技术研究与应用

为进一步提高综采工作面末采回撤速度、确保设备回撤空间,采用理论计算、现场试验相结合的方法对浅埋深中厚煤层预掘回撤通道支护技术进行初步研究,建立了工作面残余煤柱承载力学模型,理论分析得知残余煤柱宽度对煤柱承载性能的时空演化规律具有重要影响,末采期间残余窄煤柱出现区域性脆性破坏失稳状态是导致超前采动应力、顶板岩层断裂线前移的主要原因。现场试验末采段残余煤柱宽度约5 m时,整条窄煤柱在多重载荷作用下发生屈服,进而呈现大面积失稳破碎状态,巷内支护体承载受力急剧增加,锚索最大受力约为225 kN,最大顶底板移近量出现在通道中部靠工作面侧,约为100 mm,结果表明,采用高预应力强力锚杆(索)联合支护结构配合垛式支架外部支撑,可有效控制末采期间预掘回撤通道顶底板之间的闭合位移,为类似条件下预掘回撤通道支护提供工程借鉴。

砂卵石地层浅埋地铁车站暗挖施工关键技术

研究目的:针对富水砂卵石地层地铁车站明挖法施工面临的道路交通问题,本文依托成都富水砂卵石地层首次采用暗挖法施工地铁车站的成功案例,对暗挖法施工关键工艺开展研究,指明了暗挖导洞设置及其开挖时序、地层超前预加固方式、初期支护类型、永临结合钢管柱以及拱形盖板扣拱等关键工艺,明确了富水砂卵石地层浅埋大跨地铁车站首次采用暗挖法施工的可行性。研究结论:(1)基于“化整为零”的思路,借助大刚度管幕超前支护,明确了导洞设置原则,采用多导洞法实施钢立柱与盖板(顶板)后,可按盖挖法理念完成超浅覆土下的地铁车站暗挖施工;(2)浅覆土管幕打设精度与地层扰动控制是富水砂卵石地层沉降控制的关键,应遵循“精准定位、及时纠偏,欠土顶进、严控超挖,先低速后匀速”的基本原则;(3)基于初期支护主要以被动承载为主,格栅钢架经济性好、施工方便,喷混后抗弯刚度增幅将近8倍,且大于工字钢喷混后等效抗弯刚度,宜采用格栅钢架;(4)顶部预埋倒L形钢板的“蛇形”中立柱,可实现两侧衬砌结构的有效连接与水平向有效传力,液压反循环钻机可满足小净空条件下高精度永临结合钢管柱施作需要;(5)本研究结论可为类似地层暗挖法车站施工提供借鉴与参考。

A Set of Three Technologies Will Save Mankind from Climate Change in the Most Inexpensive Way Possible

This paper formulates a set of three technologies that should deal with the greatest threat to mankind—climate change at the lowest cost.The main technology will be“Sunny Rain”.It considers technology to prevent eruptions of submarine volcanoes at shallow depths and technologies that provide scalable and impactful solutions to reduce carbon emissions across diverse industries as complementary technologies used to reduce cost.A list of submarine volcanoes at shallow depths that are likely to spew waterborne dust into the atmosphere has begun to be created.If the governments of Japan,Italy,and Greece,which have submarine volcanoes at shallow depths(Kiki,Marsili,Columbo),prevent eruptions of these volcanoes,it will provide electricity to these countries,save many of their citizens from death,and save humanity from the greatest threat—climate change—in the most inexpensive way possible!

Comparison of depth-averaged concentration and bed load flux sediment transport models of dam-break flow

This paper presents numerical simulations of dam-break flow over a movable bed. Two different mathematical models were compared: a fully coupled formulation of shallow water equations with erosion and deposition terms(a depth-averaged concentration flux model), and shallow water equations with a fully coupled Exner equation(a bed load flux model). Both models were discretized using the cell-centered finite volume method, and a second-order Godunov-type scheme was used to solve the equations. The numerical flux was calculated using a Harten, Lax, and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with the contact wave restored(HLLC). A novel slope source term treatment that considers the density change was introduced to the depth-averaged concentration flux model to obtain higher-order accuracy. A source term that accounts for the sediment flux was added to the bed load flux model to reflect the influence of sediment movement on the momentum of the water. In a onedimensional test case, a sensitivity study on different model parameters was carried out. For the depth-averaged concentration flux model,Manning's coefficient and sediment porosity values showed an almost linear relationship with the bottom change, and for the bed load flux model, the sediment porosity was identified as the most sensitive parameter. The capabilities and limitations of both model concepts are demonstrated in a benchmark experimental test case dealing with dam-break flow over variable bed topography.

Geographical distribution of hypocentral depths of Chinese earthquakes

The hypocentral depths of more than 200 Chinese earthquakes, of magnitudes from M 8.6 to M 3.0, are calculated from macroseismic data carried on earthquake catalogs, by using the formula for macroseismic hypocentral depths and the formula for general solution of macroseismic hypocentral depths. The results are plotted on maps to show their geographical distribution. It can be seen that most Chinese earthquakes are shollow ones. Of the 200 earthquakes calculated, 162(81.0%) hypocenters are shallower than 9 km, of which 111 (55.5%) hypocenters are shallower than 5 km. Such shallow earthquakes are mostly distributed in the provinces near to the North South Earthquake Belt, while the rest are scattered in the other provinces(except Zhejiang province). Earthquakes of medium(between 10 and 20 km) depth are relatively few (32 in number, 15.0%); they are distributed along the North South Earthquake Belt, and the western part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and in provinces Shaanxi, Shanxi and Shandong (along the Tanlu Fracture Zone, crossing the sea to northeast China). Deep earthquakes are rare, being scattered in south Yunnan and the east end of Inner Mongolia Uygur Autonomous Region.

基于珠江入海口顾及浅水分潮特征的深度基准面传递方法研究

采用珠江入海口处潮位数据进行顾及浅水分潮特征的深度基准面传递方法的研究,并选取该区域五个验潮站潮位数据进行实验,实验先进行潮汐调和分析,解算基于长期观测数据的各分潮较为稳定的正、余弦分量,再通过附加参数间的限制条件,采用约束平差法实现对短期数据进行调和分析,得到基于短期数据的各分潮正、余弦分量,再通过参数变换得到各分潮潮高和迟角,综合分析浅水分潮对潮汐预报和基准传递的影响。根据上述分析结果提出顾及浅水分潮特征的改进深度基准面传递算法,并验证该方法在珠江入海口处的有效性。

浅海环境中用于目标深度属性判别的线谱起伏特征量分析

浅海环境中目标辐射线谱的起伏特征可用于水面、水下目标深度属性判别.已有研究未给出表征水面、水下线谱起伏差异的物理量性质,导致利用不同物理量进行目标深度属性判别时性能不佳.针对这一问题,本文从声源深度起伏所导致的线谱起伏出发,采用微分方法与统计方法对线谱起伏规律进行分析,研究了线谱起伏产生的物理机理,得到了适合用于水面、水下目标深度属性判别的物理量.首先,分别推导了复声压实部、声功率与声压幅值关于声源深度的导数关系式,得到了以上三种物理量在声源深度起伏时的起伏大小;其次,利用仿真实验数据从接收深度、声源水平距离、线谱频率等层面对理论推导进行验证,并对线谱的归一化起伏特征进行了分析.最后,利用海试数据验证了相关结论.结果表明,当声源的深度起伏时,水面、水下线谱的起伏差异源自各阶模态的相互作用.声源频率、声源水平距离、接收深度三种因素决定了模态间相互作用的性质.声压幅值适用于构建目标深度属性判别特征量,可用于表征低频线谱的强度起伏差异.数值仿真和海试数据处理结果表明,相较于声压实部和声功率,利用声压幅值构建的归一化水面、水下目标深度属性判别特征量具有更优性能.

麻地梁煤矿首采综放面收作期间防灭火技术研究

麻地梁煤矿507首采面是采用放顶方法开采埋藏浅特厚的长焰煤,漏风严重,丢煤多,尤其在工作面收作期间未进行放顶,采空区遗煤量更大。另外,工作面未采阶段推进速度慢,遗煤氧化时间长,极易引起采空区煤自然发火。针对以上情况,采取注氮降氧、高位钻孔注浆和注高固水材料覆盖隔氧、堵漏控风等的综合防灭火措施,保证了该工作面支架的安全撤出,为类似回采条件的工作面收作期间的防灭火提供参考。

高强度开采邻空工作面覆岩裂隙及能量演化规律研究

西部矿区高强度开采导致工作面上覆岩层结构及地表严重破坏,进而导致地表生态环境恶化。以大柳塔矿为工程背景,通过现场监测和理论分析研究了高强度开采邻空工作面覆岩裂隙及能量演化规律;采用FLAC3D数值模拟分析得出邻空12下203工作面垂直应力、覆岩破坏范围和能量积聚特征及不同回采阶段关键层能量演化规律。研究结果表明:初次来压后地表开裂并产生塌陷,裂缝可见深度为0.1~0.7 m,周期来压步距为7~17 m,平均步距12 m;12下203工作面上覆岩层破坏范围随回采速度增大,覆岩裂隙发育范围、地表破坏范围均与工作面推进速度呈正相关关系,回采速度对邻空工作面覆岩破坏范围影响较大;区段煤柱应力随回采速度增大而增大,工作面前方50 m仍受较高静载应力作用,巷道易冲击失稳;12下203工作面邻空端头处能量密度值及能量积聚区域,采场围岩扰动强烈,覆岩能量积聚来不及释放,易造成顶板围岩冲击失稳。