Progress in research on the exploration and evaluation of deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region,China

Deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region,China,offer significant potential for sustainable energy.The diverse igneous rock formations along the southeast coast present intricate geological challenges that impede exploration and evaluation efforts.In this study,we address critical concerns related to the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region's deep geothermal resources,encompassing heat source composition,formation conditions,strategic favorable areas,and exploration directions.Our methods involve the analysis of regional geothermal reservoirs and cap rocks.Major findings include:the primary heat sources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region consist of the radioactive heat generation from granites in the crust,heat conduction in the mantle,and,in specific areas like Yangjiang and Shantou,melts within the middle and lower crust;the deep,high-temperature geothermal resources in the region predominantly reside in basins'depressed areas.These areas are characterized by the confluence of triple heat sources:heat from the Earth's crust,mantle,and other supplementary sources;our analysis led to the identification of three strategic areas favorable for deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region.These are the Beibu Gulf Basin's continental area,the Yuezhong Depression,and the Fuzhou-Zhangzhou area.

Applications of artificial intelligence in geothermal resource exploration: A review

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly important in geothermal exploration,significantly improving the efficiency of resource identification.This review examines current AI applications,focusing on the algorithms used,the challenges addressed,and the opportunities created.In addition,the review highlights the growth of machine learning applications in geothermal exploration over the past decade,demonstrating how AI has improved the analysis of subsurface data to identify potential resources.AI techniques such as neural networks,support vector machines,and decision trees are used to estimate subsurface temperatures,predict rock and fluid properties,and identify optimal drilling locations.In particular,neural networks are the most widely used technique,further contributing to improved exploration efficiency.However,the widespread adoption of AI in geothermal exploration is hindered by challenges,such as data accessibility,data quality,and the need for tailored data science training for industry professionals.Furthermore,the review emphasizes the importance of data engineering methodologies,data scaling,and standardization to enable the development of accurate and generalizable AI models for geothermal exploration.It is concluded that the integration of AI into geothermal exploration holds great promise for accelerating the development of geothermal energy resources.By effectively addressing key challenges and leveraging AI technologies,the geothermal industry can unlock cost‐effective and sustainable power generation opportunities.

Evaluation of shallow geothermal energy resources in the Beijing-Tianjin- Hebei Plain based on land use

To discover the characteristics,distribution and potential of shallow geothermal energy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain area.This paper,based on a large amount of data collection and field investigations,evaluateed the shallow-layer geothermal energy in the study area through the analytic hierarchy process and comprehensive index method.Based on suitability zoning results superimposed with 1:100000 land use data,the study area is divided into encouraged,controlled,restricted and prospective mining areas regarding the development of shallow geothermal energy,and the economic availability of shallow geothermal energy in the encouraged and controlled areas are evaluated.The results show that the shallow geothermal energy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain can meet the heating and cooling demand of 6×10^(8) m2 of buildings,equivalent to 1.15×10^(7) t of standard coal,thus reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 2.73×10^(7) t and reducing sulfur dioxide emissions by 1.95×10^(5) t.According to the development and utilization mode,the energy demand level and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development plan,the development and utilization of geothermal resources in the plain area has two types:Urban concentrated mining areas and rural scattered mining areas.The scale and level of intensive utilization of regional geothermal resources are of great significance.

Distribution,exploitation,and utilization of intermediate-to-deep geothermal resources in eastern China

The part of China,east of the Hu Huanyong Line,is commonly referred to as eastern China.It is characterized by a high population density and a well-developed economy;it also has huge energy demands.This study assesses and promotes the large-scale development of geothermal resources in eastern China by analyzing deep geological structures,geothermal regimes,and typical geothermal systems.These analyses are based on data collected from geotectology,deep geophysics,geothermics,structural geology,and petrology.Determining the distribution patterns of intermediate-to-deep geothermal resources in the region helps develop prospects for their exploitation and utilization.Eastern China hosts superimposed layers of rocks from three major,global tectonic domainsd namely Paleo-Asian,Circum-Pacific,and Tethyan rocks.The structure of its crust and mantle exhibits a special flyover pattern,with basins and mountains as well as well-spaced uplifts and depressions alternatively on top.The lithosphere in Northeast China and North China is characterized by a thin,low density crust and mantle,whereas the lithosphere in South China has a thin,low density crust and a thick,high density mantle.The middle and upper crust contain geobodies with high conductivity and low velocity,with varying degrees of development that create favorable conditions for the formation and enrichment of geothermal resources.Moderate-to-high temperature geothermal resources are distributed in the MesozoiceCenozoic basins in eastern China,although moderate temperature geothermal resources with low abundance dominate.Porous sandstone reservoirs,karstified fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs,and fissured granite reservoirs are the main types of geothermal reservoirs in this region.Under the currently available technical conditions,the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources in eastern China favor direct utilization over large-scale geothermal power generation.In Northeast China and North China,geothermal resources could be applied for large-scale geothermal heating purposes;geothermal heating could be applied during winter along parts of the Yangtze River while geothermal cooling would be more suitable for summer there;geothermal cooling could also be applied to much of South China.Geothermal resources can also be applied to high value-added industries,to aid agricultural practices,and for tourism.

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION IN TUANBO REGION

This paper mainly deals with the reservoir on the heat and mass transfer and mass and energy balance in a geothermal field.On the basis of briefing the general characteristics of the reservoir and the supposition of the reservoir modeling,the paper emphasizes the mathematical descriptions of hydra thermal transportation and convection by two methods according to the different models,such as lumped parameter model and distributed parameter model.It is effective to use these models in simulating the heterogeneous,and anisotropical fracture reservoir for the designed lifetime of 15 years.

Analysis on the law of occurrence of shallow geothermal energy in Zhoukou City of Henan Province, China

In this paper,through data collection and field investigation,the development and utilization status of shallow geothermal energy in Zhoukou urban area was discussed.Based on the analysis of hydrogeological conditions,rock and soil structure characteristics and field test research,the spatial distribution characteristics of rock and soil in the study area were summarized.The study shows that Zhoukou City is located in the alluvial plain of Huanghuai,and the loose deposits of river alluvial genesis range 0-200 m.These loose deposits and groundwater stored in their pores are the main carriers of shallow geothermal energy.In the central part of the Yinghe River in the middle of the study area,the aquifer thickness is within 200 m,the particle size is coarser,the water-bearing degree and recharge capacity is better.On this basis,the paper uses AHP to evaluate the suitability of shallow geothermal energy development and utilization to guide the rational development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy resources.

Study on the influencing factors of rock-soil thermophysical parameters in shallow geothermal energy

Thermophysical parameters are the main parameters affecting the utilization efficiency of shallow geothermal energy. Based on the research and evaluation data of shallow geothermal energy in capital cities of China, this paper analyzes the differences between two testing methods and finds that data measured in in-situ thermal conductivity test is closer to the actual utilization. This paper analyzes the influencing factors of thermophysical parameters from lithology, density, moisture content and porosity: The thermal conductivity coefficient of bedrock is generally higher than Quaternary system loose bed soil; as for the coefficient of bedrock, dolomite, shale and granite are higher while gabbro, sandstone and mudstone are lower; as for the coefficient of loose bed, pebble and gravel are higher while clay and silt are lower. As the particle size of sand decreases, the thermal conductivity coefficient declines accordingly. The thermal conductivity coefficient increases linearly with growing density and decreases in logarithm with growing moisture content as well as porosity; specific heat capacity decreases in logarithm with growing density, increases in power exponent with growing moisture content and decreases linearly with growing porosity. The thermal conductivity coefficient is high when hydrodynamic condition is good and vice versa. The conclusions of this paper have guiding significance for the research, evaluation and development of shallow geothermal energy in other areas.

Environmental Issues of Geothermal Development in Yangbajing, Tibet and the Countermeasures

The pollution source and pollution state of surface water is respectively assessed with equal-standard-pollution-load index and Nemero index, and the habitans' health is assessed as well by comparison with pre-development of geo-thermal field. Results show that: 1) Three pollutive factors obviously fail to attain the required standards and their order sorted by impact degree is As>F- >S2-. 2) The Nemero index of Donggua cross section of Duilongqu River is 0. 725 and the water quality is at mildly-polluted level. 3) In Lhasa River, the Nemero indexes of cross sections affected by geo-thermal fields are much higher than that of the unaffected one, which shows the present and potential impacts of geo-thermal development. 4) Much more inhabitants nearby got trichomadesis sickness after geothermal development, which shows that the surface water pollution in this area has threatened the inhabitants' health. In addition, other environmental issues caused by Yangbajing geothermal development are analyzed and some countermeasures are proposed.

Discussion on establishing monitoring networks for temperature fields of shallow thermal energy in Shandong, China

In the recent decade, the construction projects related to shallow geothermal energy engineering have undergone rapid development in Shandong Province. The predominant type of these developments and applications was heat exchange through buried tubes and the main targets were residential and office buildings. However, an overwhelming majority of the completed geothermal heat pump projects lacked monitoring devices so that they were unable to comprehensively reflect the background values for the geothermal fields within the province and few researches were conducted on their influence on the geological environment. In this paper, locations for monitoring shallow geothermal energy and their validity of the monitoring point deployment were studied in view of the development and application status as well as geological background conditions of various projects located in multiple cities providing data support for analyzing the fluctuation trend and influence of large-scale shallow geothermal energy applications on the shallow geothermal and the feasibility and parameter designs of newly built systems in Shandong Province in the future.

城市浅层地热能开发地质环境问题研究

本文就浅层地热能开发利用过程中出现的生态环境和地质环境问题从客观因素和人为因素进行了详细的研究,借助土壤温度的测试和地层冷热平衡的监测,分析在地源热泵运行过程中造成的热污染、地下水位下降、地面沉降、地下水质恶化污染等问题。研究认为长期利用地源热泵开发利用系统,如设计不合理或地下水回灌率低,将破坏地层的冷热平衡。北方地区供暖期大于制冷期时,地层温度将逐年下降,N2O和CH4会集中释放,造成生物生长速度缓慢。地下水源热泵运行时,如地下水回灌困难,将导致地下水资源浪费、水位下降等生态环境问题以及路面塌陷、地面沉降等地质环境问题。供暖期、制冷期运行时间差别较大时,将导致地下水温度的变化,直接影响地下水中污染物的降解,间接影响地下水的水质。抽取、回灌地下水的过程会造成空气中的氧气随之溶解于水中,导致地下水质的变化。通过分析浅层地热能开发利用存在的突出问题和影响因素,可为其科学合理开发利用提供科学依据和技术支撑。

区域尺度地埋管地源热泵与能源地下结构开采浅层地热能评价综述

随着浅层地热能的大规模开发利用,针对地埋管地源热泵和能源地下结构的研究正由单个、单体尺度逐渐转向区域尺度。相较于地埋管地源热泵,能源地下结构占地面积小、成本低,在大规模城市建设及地下空间开发中具有良好的优势。从热物性参数和地下城市热岛效应两方面总结浅层地热能理论潜力现有研究成果,简述浅层地热能的开发形式,重点针对区域尺度地埋管地源热泵与能源地下结构的适应性评价进行系统综述,从适宜性分区、热交换潜力、满足建筑物能源需求效果三方面建立相应的区域尺度能源地下结构评价体系,以我国山东临朐县和德国巴登-符腾堡州地埋管地源热泵及我国南京大学仙林校区能量桩的区域性研究为案例进行深入分析,归纳当前研究中存在的问题,并对区域尺度能源地下结构的下一步研究进行展望。

美国能源部地热钻井技术研发最新部署及干热岩开发示范创新实践

与其他主要的可再生能源相比,地热能是唯一能够提供基本负载电力的能源。干热岩是指不含原生水或含少量水的高温深部岩体,可通过水力刺激改造形成增强型地热系统储层,从而提取数量可观的地热能。干热岩型地热资源的开发面临两方面主要技术挑战,一是花岗岩和玄武岩等极坚硬岩石对机械钻速的限制,二是钻井所处地层温度超过随钻测量和旋转导向等工具电子设备的运行温度上限。近年来,美国能源部资助的FORGE计划犹他州项目为测试新的钻头技术和优化钻井作业流程提供了机会,以逐步提升机械钻速并降低钻井成本。本文综述了美国能源部地热技术办公室近年发展规划中对地热钻井技术研发的部署,重点分析了犹他州项目在钻井实践过程中对基于物理限制因素重新设计的工作流程的应用,总结了美国能源部围绕地热钻井技术开展的多次规划编制以及部署实施的相关项目涉及的主要领域,以及犹他州项目在探索和实践钻井作业流程优化方面取得的认识。

国内外锂产业发展现状和思考

锂广泛应用于核聚变、动力电池、储能设备中,是新能源和战略新兴产业的关键金属。了解锂资源开发利用现状和趋势,有助于提高国家和企业锂产业竞争力。全球可开发利用的锂矿资源总量丰富但分布不均,新能源行业快速发展带动了锂消费快速上涨和新兴提锂技术进展,地热卤水和油气田卤水等深层卤水、废弃锂电池回收或将成为“新型矿山”。中国是主要锂资源中游加工国,长期以来原料对外依存度较高,随着国外锂资源管控愈发严格,预计未来仍存在较大缺口。通过梳理资源、市场、技术和产业发展趋势,建议加强资源勘查,鼓励油气公司开展“油锂同探”;针对产业链薄弱环节和新兴提锂技术给予政策支持,加强科技攻关,探索中深层卤水提锂和废弃锂电池回收等关键技术;建立回收政策和技术标准体系,保障锂电池回收产业良性发展;加强锂矿开发项目全生命周期分析评价,保障产业可持续发展。

中国油田地热开发利用现状与发展方向

基于中国地热发展现状、地热资源赋存和分布特点、不同地热开发方式对比,分析了油田地热资源开发利用潜力,并探讨了中国地热产业,尤其是油田地热未来的发展方向。研究结果表明:(1)中国的地热资源较为丰富,以中低温地热资源为主。浅层地热资源分布全国;中低温地热资源分布于沉积盆地、东南沿海和隆起山区,在不同深度形成了大面积分布的含地热水的热储层,为水热型地热资源;高温地热资源集中分布在西藏南部、四川西部、云南西部和台湾地区。中国浅层地热能资源(浅于200 m)年可开采量折合7×10^(8)t标准煤。(2)由于浅层地热能开发利用的环境与效率问题、深井直接换热的效率问题,以及干热岩开发利用的技术瓶颈问题,中深层水热型地热资源将是当今中国地热资源开发利用最主要和最现实的领域。(3)油田地热开发中形成了地热资源勘查与评价、砂岩地层回灌、废弃井改造为地热井、高温钻完井等一批关键技术,均在大型地热开发项目中得到成功应用。油田拥有丰富的采出水资源,可以直接利用,大量的废弃井或低效油井可以通过工艺改造为地热井进行地热资源开发,从而降低地热开发成本,提高地热项目的经济性。(4)油田地热除用于油田生产用能替代和清洁供暖外,中低温地热发电、氦气等伴生资源的开发、废弃油气藏储热和CO_(2)封存等领域的发展潜力巨大,地热综合开发利用是油田地热未来发展的主要方向。

地埋管换热系统改造项目关键技术节点施工工艺研究

天津某管业公司建筑原采用常压燃气热水锅炉供热和分体式空调供冷,现拟以浅层地热能为基础能源对原供热制冷系统进行改造,施工前首先通过现场岩土热响应试验、地下管线探测等查明施工场地岩土体结构和换热能力,掌握地下综合管线的分布,并对建筑单位冷热负荷指标校正。重点阐述地埋管换热系统施工过程的关键技术节点,即竖直换热孔钻进、下管、回填及水平管线连接等,为类似改造项目提供参考。

“风光热储”多能协同的智慧油气田发展研究

在“双碳”目标、新型能源体系建设的背景下,化石能源与风能、太阳能、地热能等新能源的融合发展与智慧调控成为未来能源体系发展的新模式;油气行业正在开展数字化、智能化转型,发展智慧油气田将降低勘探开发成本、增加社会和经济效益。本文阐述了多能协同的智慧油气田理念与内涵,新型智慧油气田对油气增储上产,油气行业绿色、低碳、智能化转型的关键推动作用;递次梳理了“风光热储”多能协同系统、油气田与“风光热储”多能协同系统融合、智慧油气田等的发展现状,凝练了我国智慧油气田发展面临的挑战和关键问题;总结了未来“风光热储”多能协同的智慧油气田场景:智慧油气田绿电利用、废弃稠油热采油藏的新地热系统、基于风/光发电微网的抽油井群生产运行优化、天然气就地转化与油田伴生气发电利用、高效低碳油气生产综合能源管控系统、电/热/氢储能智能协同优化。“风光热储”多能协同的智慧油气田建设的核心产出是低碳油气田及超级能源盆地,需在保障油气产量的前提下,围绕“补充基础短板-增加技术优势-强化应用能力-实现自主可控”发展主线,突破关键核心技术,形成实用发展方案。

冀南农村住宅太阳能辅助浅层地热能系统运行特性分析

浅层地热具有分布广泛、储量巨大的特点,但对于北方农村建筑冬季供暖热负荷远大于夏季冷负荷,容易出现土壤的热失衡问题。本文以冀南地区农村住宅为例,设计了一套太阳能辅助浅层地热能系统。与原有浅层地源热泵系统相比,首先分析了目标建筑的室内外温差变化。其次监测土壤温度场和供回水温差的变化。最后对辅助系统的初投资和运行成本进行分析。结果表明:冬季地温场平均温度明显上升,通过太阳能和地源热泵交替运行,减少了从地下提取的热量,缩短了冬季取热量和夏季排热量不平衡周期,缓解了全年土壤冷热负荷不平衡的问题。地埋管进出水温度和换热效率有较大的提高,应用了辅助系统的系统能效比从2020年的3.40提高到了4.17,提高了0.77。太阳能辅助浅层地热能系统最佳配比为12.80m^(2)太阳能集热面积和1个地埋孔。太阳能辅助浅层地热能系统冬季供暖运行成本为18.86元/m^(2)。与单一地源热泵系统相比可节约37%的采暖、制冷及热水全年运行费用,与传统供暖制冷模式相比可以节约40%-45%的全年运行费用。

无锡市区土体工程地质层组划分及其应用

无锡市区地处太湖冲湖积平原区,第四纪松散沉积物较厚,城市建设多以土体为载体,土体结构质量关系到工程建设的成本和周期,但长期以来无锡市区土体工程地质层组划分并无统一标准,地层代号编码混乱,严重降低了工程地质资料的可重复利用率。为提高无锡市区工程地质资料的通用性,使其利用价值最大化,文章基于大量地质钻孔和土体参数测试数据,对比区域地层资料,综合考虑研究区沉积演化特征、土体物质组成及工程特性等因素,采用绘制工程地质剖面的方法建立地层层序结构和编码规则,将无锡市区100 m以浅的土体划分为9个工程地质层组和27个工程地质亚层。利用土体参数的离散性和三维地质结构模型分析了该工程地质层组划分方案的合理性,并探讨了该划分结果在优势持力层的选择、地下空间开发利用适宜性评价和浅层地热能开发利用中的应用。结果显示,该土体工程地质层组划分方案能准确地反映无锡市区100 m以浅的土体结构,划分方案合理正确。

基于热平衡原理的地埋管地源热泵系统开发利用规划评价

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