Combined migration velocity model-building and its application in tunnel seismic prediction

We propose a combined migration velocity analysis and imaging method based on Kirchhoff integral migration and reverse time migration,using the residual curvature analysis and layer stripping strategy to build the velocity model.This method improves the image resolution of Kirchhoff integral migration and reduces the computations of the reverse time migration.It combines the advantages of efficiency and accuracy of the two migration methods.Its application in tunnel seismic prediction shows good results.Numerical experiments show that the imaging results of reverse time migration are better than the imaging results of Kirchhoff integral migration in many aspects of tunnel prediction.Field data show that this method has efficient computations and can establish a reasonable velocity model and a high quality imaging section.Combination with geological information can make an accurate prediction of the front of the tunnel geological structure.

A Computational Model for Velocity Separation in Shallow Sea

Based on the hydrodynamical feature and the theoretical velocity profiles of tidal flow and wind-induced flow in shallow sea, a computational model is established for the first time, which can separate observed velocity into tidal velocity and wind-induced velocity by use of the least square method. With the model, not only the surface. velocities of tidal. flow and wind-induced flow are obtained, but also the bed roughness height is determined and the wind velocity above the water surface is estimated. For verification of the model, the observed velocity in the Yellow River Estuary and the laboratory test is separated, then it is applied to the Yangtze River Estuary. All the results are satisfactory. The research results show that the model is simple in method, feasible in process and reasonable in result. The model is a valid approach to analysis and computation of field data, and can be applied to separate the observed velocity in shallow sea; at the same time, reasonable boundary conditions of the surface and bottom can be obtained for two- and three-dimensional numerical simulation.

Shallow crustal velocity structures revealed by active source tomography and fault activities of the Mianning–Xichang segment of the Anninghe fault zone, Southwest China

The Anninghe fault is a large left-lateral strike-slip fault in southwestern China. It has controlled deposition and magmatic activities since the Proterozoic, and seismic activity occurs frequently. The Mianning-Xichang segment of the Anninghe fault is a seismic gap that has been locked by high stress. Many studies suggest that this segment has great potential for large earthquakes(magnitude >7). We obtained three vertical velocity profiles of the Anninghe fault(between Mianning and Xichang) based on the inversion of P-wave first arrival times. The travel time data were picked from seismograms generated by methane gaseous sources and recorded by three linearly distributed across-fault dense arrays. The inversion results show that the P-wave velocity structures at depths of 0-2 km corresponds well with the local lithology. The Quaternary sediments have low seismic velocities, whereas the igneous rocks,metamorphic rocks, and bedrock have high seismic velocities. We then further discuss the fault activities of the two fault branches of the Anninghe fault in the study region based on small earthquakes(magnitudes between ML 0.5 and ML 2.5) detected by the Xichang array.The eastern fault branch is more active than the western branch and that the fault activities in the eastern branch are different in the northern and southern segments at the border of 28°21′N. The high-resolution models obtained are essential for future earthquake rupture simulations and hazard assessments of the Anninghe fault zone. Future studies of velocity models at greater depths may further explain the complex fault activities in the study region.

The Effectiveness of Shallow Surface Geophysical Methods in Shear Wave Velocity Derivation

Shear wave velocity Vs is measured by the surface geophysical survey like MASW （multi-channel surface wave analysis） or RWM （refraction wave method） and by the subsurface method like PS logging. PS logging and RWM are direct methods to derive shear wave velocity and MASW retrieves shear wave through the inversion of the surface wave. In this work, the effectiveness of surface methods （MASW and RWM） is compared with PS logging in determining shear wave velocity. For this purpose, shear wave velocity results Vs30 of 12 PS logging and MASW surveys conducted in Mymensingh Municipality in Bangladesh have been utilized. Additionally, the shear wave velocity results of three PS logging have been compared with the refraction profiles of RWM survey conducted in Rooppur nuclear power plant site in Bangladesh. The relative discrepancy between RWM and PS logging is found less （ranges from -3.92 to 0.93） compared to MASW and PS logging （＋/-0.88 to 33.92）. The correlation coefficient of Vs30 derived from RWM and PS logging is observed much better （0.60） compared to MASW and PS logging （0.40）. The result is good considering the lateral lithologic variability and inherent differences among techniques. It is evident from the comparison that the RWM can be used as a cost-effective alternative to traditional borehole PS logging method for Vs30 determination and thus the number of down-hole logging tests might be significantly reduced.

Middle and upper crust shear-wave velocity structure of the Chinese mainland

In order to give a more reliable shallow crust model for the Chinese mainland, the present study collected many short-period surface wave data which are better sensitive to shallow earth structures. Different from traditional two-step surface wave tomography, we developed a new linearized surface wave dispersion inversion method to directly get a 3D S-wave velocity model in the second step instead of inverting for 1D S-velocity profile cell by cell. We convert all the regionalized dispersions into linear constraints for a 3D S-velocity model. Checkerboard tests show that this method can give reasonable results. The distribution of the middle- and upper-crust shear-wave velocity of the Chinese mainland in our model is strongly heterogeneous and related to different geotectonic terrains. Low-velocity anomalies delineated very well most of the major sedimentary basins of China. And the variation of velocities at different depths gives an indication of basement depth of the basins. The western Tethyan tectonic domain （on the west of the 95°E longitude） is characterized by low velocity, while the eastern Tethyan domain does not show obvious low velocity. Since petroleum resources often distribute in sedimentary basins where low-velocity anomaly appears, the low velocity anomalies in the western Tethyan domain may indicate a better petroleum prospect than in its eastern counterpart. Besides, low velocity anomaly in the western Tethyan domain and around the Xing＇an orogenic belt may be partly caused by high crustal temperature. The weak low-velocity belt along -105°E longitude corresponds to the N-S strong seismic belt of central China.

A two-step multi-frequency receiver function inversion method for shallow crustal S-wave velocity structure and its application across the basin-mountain range belts in Northeast China

A shallow crustal velocity structure(above 10 km depth) is essential for understanding the crustal structures and deformation and assessing the exploration prospect of natural resources, and also provides priori information for imaging deeper crustal and mantle structure. Passive-source seismic methods are cost-effective and advantageous for regional-scale imaging of shallow crustal structures compared to active-source methods. Among these passive methods, techniques utilizing receiver function waveforms and/or body-wave amplitude ratios have recently gained prominence due to their relatively high spatial resolution. However, in basin regions, reverberations caused by near-surface unconsolidated sedimentary layers often introduce strong non-uniqueness and uncertainty, limiting the applicability of such methods. To address these challenges, we propose a two-step inversion method that uses multi-frequency P-RF waveforms and P-RF horizontal-to-vertical amplitude ratios. Synthetic tests indicate that our two-step inversion method can mitigate the non-uniqueness of the inversion and enhance the stability of the results. Applying this method to teleseismic data from a linear seismic array across the sedimentary basins in Northeast China, we obtain a high-resolution image of the shallow crustal S-wave velocity structure along the array. Our results reveal significant differences between the basins and mountains. The identification of low-velocity anomalies(<2.8 km s^(-1)) at depths less than 1.0 km beneath the Erlian Basin and less than 2.5 km beneath the Songliao Basin suggests the existence of sedimentary layers. Moreover, the high-velocity anomalies(~3.4–3.8 km s^(-1)) occurring at depths greater than 7 km in the Songliao Basin may reflect mafic intrusions emplaced during the Early Cretaceous. Velocity anomaly distribution in our imaging result is consistent with the location of the major faults, uplifts, and sedimentary depressions, as well as active-source seismic results. This application further validates the effectiveness of our method in constraining the depth-dependent characteristics of the S-wave velocity in basins with unconsolidated sedimentary cover.

Shallow Structure of the Crust in the Sulu-Dabie Region,China and its Seismotectonic Implication

The P-wave velocity structure in the shallow crust is investigated in and around the Sulu-Dabie region by using seismic reflection data for deep soundings in 48 survey profiles and from rock velocity determinations.The observed velocity distributions show obvious heterogeneities in this region.The low velocity anomalies are observed mainly in the west of the Dabie region and the East Sea regions.The high velocity anomalies emerge in the shallow crust of the Sulu and Dabie orogeny.These high-velocity anomalies can be attributed to the ultra-high pressure metamorphosed(UHPM)rock formed by exhumation motion of mantle materials during the orogeny.The high-velocity anomalies in the different shallow layers beneath the Sulu region are located to the northeast of the Tan-Lu fault.The high-velocity anomalies beneath the Dabie region are located southwest of the Tan-Lu fault.Such a distribution pattern of velocity anomaly zones may reveal historical motion of a left-lateral strike-slip for the Tan-Lu fault,which differs from the result of a right-lateral strike-slip motion regime known from modern seismology,indicating a more complex tectonic motion along the Tan-Lu fault.

A Refined Formula for the Allowable Soil Pressure Using Shear Wave Velocities

Based on a variety of case histories of site investigations, including extensive bore hole data, laboratory testing and geophysical prospecting at more than 550 construction sites, an empirical formulation is proposed for the rapid determination of allowable bearing pressure of shallow foundations in soils and rocks. The proposed expression corroborates consistently with the results of the classical theory and is proven to be rapid, and reliable. Plate load tests have been also carried out at three different sites, in order to further confirm the validity of the proposed method. It consists of only two soil parameters, namely, the in situ measured shear wave velocity and the unit weight. The unit weight may be also determined with sufficient accuracy, by means of other empirical expressions proposed, using P or S -- wave velocities. It is indicated that once the shear and P-wave velocities are measured in situ by an appropriate geophysical survey, the allowable bearing pressure as well as the coefficient of subgrade reaction and many other elasticity parameters may be determined rapidly and reliably.

基于短周期密集台阵的广州—佛山地区地壳浅部三维S波速度结构研究

广州—佛山地区位于珠三角经济区的核心地带,三条区域性断裂从中交错穿过.广州—佛山地区精细的地壳浅部三维S波速度结构,对于研究区内的城市规划建设、地震灾害评估、强地面运动模拟等具有重要意义.本文利用布设于广州—佛山地区短周期密集地震台阵中的1104个台站记录到的连续波形数据,采用背景噪声互相关方法计算了台站对间的互相关函数并进一步提取到周期范围在0.1~5 s内的39488条高质量面波群速度频散曲线,然后通过基于射线追踪的面波直接反演方法计算得到了研究区内0.3~3 km深度的高分辨率三维S波速度结构.结果显示:研究区内地壳浅部S波速度横向差异显著,其中南部的珠江三角洲断陷盆地S波速度结构相对较为复杂,而北部的广花盆地内部S波速度结构则表现相对简单.研究区内的低速异常主要位于断裂附近,且大都位于断裂的下降盘.珠江三角洲内三水盆地东缘表现为马鞍状低速异常,向下最大延伸至2 km,低速体南北两侧边界与控盆断裂位置基本一致.广花盆地内部存在两个平行排列的高速异常,中间夹持一平行构造走向的低速异常,总体速度结构特征符合广花盆地为一复式向斜的地质构造背景.低速异常向下延伸至1.4 km深度处,可能指示了卷入向斜地层的最大埋深.沿广州—从化断裂发育条带状低速异常,与沿断裂形成的沉积地层有关.条带状异常在浅部分为两段,表明广州—从化断裂在历史上可能具有分段活动性.玉带公园周围被高速异常环绕,异常向上延伸至距地表约1.3 km处,结合研究区已有资料推测该高速异常可能为早期岩浆侵入在地壳浅部的反映.

二维初至波层析成像揭示的兰坪盆地—扬子西缘浅层地壳结构

兰坪盆地—扬子西缘位于青藏高原东南缘,在地质构造上属特提斯-喜马拉雅强烈挤压、碰撞造山带的东部,兼跨华南板块与古冈瓦纳板块两大构造单元。其浅层地壳是记录地壳形变、岩浆作用与成矿作用的重要载体。本文利用兰坪盆地—扬子西缘220km长的深反射地震剖面的初至波(Pg震相)数据,通过层析成像反演方法,获得了测线下方4km以浅的上地壳浅层P波速度结构。成像结果显示,兰坪盆地沉积厚度从西到东逐渐减薄,扬子块体西缘东部表现出“两侧厚中间薄”的特点;兰坪盆地内有多组逆冲断裂,金沙江断裂与程海断裂近乎垂直;金顶铅锌矿的形成可能与底部热隆有关,北衙金矿下方结晶基底向上突起,推测由岩浆上涌所致。

环形异向流浅层流场油滴流动及分离特性研究

目前关于环形多层异向流浅层流道内液滴流动和油水分离特性的研究尚不够深入。为此,借助流体动力学方法,对环形异向流浅层流道内分散油滴运移分离特性和多层浅层流道速度分布特性进行分析。研究结果表明:环形异向流浅层流道内油滴浮升至斜板表面所需板长为96 mm,小于理论计算所需板长122 mm;浅层通道内层间速度分布对分离效率影响较大,下层流道入口速度峰值为0.00805 m/s,环形多层浅层通道内油相浮升过程中会遇到交叉流,显著影响浅层通道分离效率;滑移距离是影响浅层通道间分离效率的重要因素,当板长为350 mm、油滴粒径为50μm时,滑移距离占板长38.35%。所得结论可为基于浅层沉降强化分离理论的紧凑型采出水处理设备结构创新优化设计提供理论支撑。

基于量纲分析的浅埋炸药爆炸地表振动速度试验研究

为研究浅埋炸药爆炸地表质点振动速度的衰减规律,在某试验场开展了多次不同当量和不同埋深的浅地下化学爆炸试验。通过测振系统获得了不同测点处的地面振动速度数据,分析了当量、炸药埋深以及测点距离对浅地下化学爆炸地表质点振动速度衰减的影响。结合量纲分析的方法建立了在介质为冲积土的条件下,预测精度较高的地表质点振动峰值速度计算模型。浅埋爆炸时地表质点振动峰值速度v_(P)与当量Q、装药埋深H和测点距离R有关,并获得了相关的经验公式。所得到的计算模型可为浅埋武器爆炸时的威力和毁伤效果评估提供一定的参考。

江西寻乌地区及邻区浅层三维速度结构及其孕震构造初探

寻乌地区位于邵武—河源断裂带中段,发生过多次破坏性地震,其中包括1806年M6地震以及1941年M~5.75地震和1987年M~5.5地震群,是邵武—河源断裂带地震活跃的区域之一,也是江西省防震减灾重点关注区域之一.获取该地区的浅层速度结构有助于提高地震定位以及震动图计算的精度.然而,该地区固定台网稀疏,加之研究区NW以及NE向断层交错发育,增加了地震构造环境研究的难度.本文基于寻乌地区布设的密集台阵,获得了持续一个多月的连续波形数据,计算了台站对噪声互相关,并提取了瑞利面波相速度(0.5~6 s)信息,进而采用面波层析成像方法反演了寻乌以及邻区的地壳浅部6 km速度结构.相速度以及S波速度反演结果均很好地展示了断层的浅部空间特征、断陷盆地以及岩体的分布.约3 km深的浅层低速带揭示了会昌和寻乌等断陷盆地的分布,也与邵武—河源断裂带在周田附近"S"型急转弯有很好的对应关系,进一步说明区域断裂带对盆地发育的控制作用.区域典型地震集中在高低速结构过渡区,S波速度高低速变化显示了NW走向断层在深度上的空间展布情况,推测NW向断裂主导了研究区域的地震.

Shear-wave velocity structures of the shallow crust beneath the Ordos and Sichuan Basins from multi-frequency direct P-wave amplitudes in receiver functions

As the two largest cratonic basins in China,the Ordos Basin and the Sichuan Basin are of key importance for understanding the evolutionary history of the Chinese continent.In this study,the shear-wave velocity(V_(S))structures of the shallow crust(depth up to 10 km)beneath the two basins are imaged based on the frequency-dependence of direct P-wave amplitudes in receiver functions.The teleseismic data used in the study came from 160 broadband seismic stations,including permanent and temporary stations.The results show that the V_(S) and the thickness of the sediments in the Ordos Basin and the Sichuan Basin are respectively lower and thicker in the west than in the east.In the Ordos Basin,the shallow crustal V_(S) increases gradually from 2.10 km s^(−1)in the northwest to 2.65 km s^(−1)in the southeast and the thickest sediments are 7–8 km in the northwest and 5 km in the east.In the Sichuan Basin,the shallow crustal V_(S) increases from 2.4 km s^(−1) in the west to 2.7 km s^(−1)in the east and the thickness of the sediments decreases from>7 km in the west to 6 km in the east.The east-west difference of the shallow crustal structures of the two basins may have been controlled by the Cenozoic India-Eurasia collision.The western parts of the basins near the collision have a higher deposition rate,while in the parts inside the basins far from the collision,the V_(S) slowly increases with depth,indicating that these areas have experienced a more uniform deposition process.In addition,both basins are characterized by velocity structures that are higher along the edges and lower inside of the basins.The edges of the basins suffered strong denudation due to the uplifting and deformation influenced by tectonic evolution.The downward gradient of the shear-wave velocity beneath the Ordos Basin is twice that of the Sichuan Basin,which may be caused by the different deposition and denudation rates of the two basins resulting from differences in structural evolution and thermal events.In addition,the northern Ordos Basin exhibits a strong structural horizontal stratification,while the southern part shows obvious lateral variations in the V_(S) structure,both of which may have been affected by the Qilian orogenic event,the collision and assembly of the South China and the North China block,and the lateral extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau.

背景噪声频率-贝塞尔变换法研究厦门岛浅层S波速度结构

为获取厦门岛浅层三维速度结构,本文使用福建省地震局于2019年布设的50个流动地震台站组成的密集台阵所记录到的垂向分量波形数据,计算背景噪声互相关,利用频率-贝塞尔变换(F-J)法提取子台阵的瑞利波相速度频散曲线进行反演,获取子台阵下方一维S波速度结构,并通过插值得到厦门岛4 km以内的三维S波速度模型.结果表明,整体上厦门岛S波速度随深度增加呈现递增趋势,在近地表处的横向不均匀性显著.0~1 km深度的S波速度大体上呈现“北高南低”的特征,与岩性分布有较好的对应关系.随着深度的递增,高低速特征分布逐渐呈现为连续性较好,近北东向展布的条带状.结合前人研究结果,本文推测这一现象与厦门岛岩层在不同时期受到挤压和拉张作用形成的褶皱和断裂相关,反映了厦门岛所经历的多次构造变动和岩浆侵入事件.垂向剖面的速度差明显区与研究区断裂带位置具有一定的对应关系.研究结果可为厦门岛的构造演化研究和地质灾害评估提供新的科学依据.

基于微动方法研究五大连池火山区尾山火山锥浅层剪切波速度结构

为了研究五大连池火山区尾山火山锥浅层三维波速结构特征,在尾山火山锥附近区域布设了无线地震检波器密集台阵,记录连续地震背景噪声波形数据.基于微动方法（拓展空间自相关方法）提取了台站间2~5 Hz频率范围的Rayleigh面波相速度频散曲线.利用面波层析成像方法反演获得2~5 Hz Rayleigh面波二维相速度图像,基于每一个网格节点的频散曲线,进一步反演获得了尾山火山锥附近区域地表至700m深度的三维剪切波速度结构.成像结果显示：在0~150m较浅深度,靠近尾山火山锥区域显示为相对高速异常,远离火山锥区域则显示为相对低速异常.而至150~700m较深深度,波速异常特征与浅部相反,靠近尾山火山锥的区域显示为相对低速异常,远离火山锥的区域显示为相对高速异常.在远离尾山火山锥区域,浅层的相对低速异常可能与松散沉积层有关,深部的高速异常则反映了结晶变质岩的影响.在靠近尾山火山锥区域,浅部的相对高速异常应该反映了出露地表的玄武岩,而深部的相对低速异常则可能反映了火山通道周围广泛发育的破碎裂隙结构及其火山喷发后孔隙流体填充的影响.

深水浅层气地质灾害声波识别预测技术

浅层气是深水钻井作业面临的主要地质灾害,做好深水浅层地质灾害准确预测,能够为合理的钻井设计提供科学依据,进一步降低深水钻井的安全风险,为现场安全作业提供技术保障。基于声波在岩土介质中的传播速度特征,开展了深水浅层地质灾害声波特征模拟实验,揭示了海底土中浅层气的存在对岩土中声波传播速度的影响规律,以及浅层气中的压力变化对声波传播速度的影响关系,利用模拟实验结果建立了浅层气声波识别预测模板。现场应用结果表明,深水浅层地质灾害预测模型具有很好的适应性,预测精度能够满足深水钻井设计和现场施工的要求,具有很好的推广应用价值。

渤海海峡及周边海域浅地层结构及地层声速的拾取

通过系统分析渤海海峡及周边海域的高分辨率浅地层剖面与3口钻孔的资料,将研究区地层自上而下划分为T0、T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6、T7、T8共9个反射界面及SU11、SU12、SU13、SU2、SU3、SU41、SU42、SU43、SU5共9个声学地层单元,SU1地层单元对应全新世海相沉积,其底界为一海进侵蚀面,削蚀对应晚更新世晚玉木冰期陆相沉积的SU2地层单元。SU3地层单元对应晚更新世晚玉木间冰期的海相沉积,通过侵蚀间断面与上覆SU2呈不整合接触。SU41地层单元对应晚更新世早玉木冰期晚期的陆相沉积,SU42地层单元对应晚更新世早玉木亚间冰期的海相沉积,与上覆SU41呈侵蚀不整合接触,SU43地层单元对应晚更新世早玉木冰期早期的陆相沉积,其顶界面为海进侵蚀面,与下伏地层呈不整合接触,SU5对应晚更新世玉木—里斯间冰期的海相沉积。对比分析浅地层剖面地层单元与钻孔沉积地层,确定了研究区海底面之下不同地层单元对应的平均声学速度,为后续的地层层序的研究奠定了基础。研究区"海侵-海退-海侵-海退-高水位"的沉积过程,决定了地层平均声速随深度自下而上呈现由高-低-高-低的变化模式。

测量坡面薄层水流流速的电解质示踪真实边界条件法与系统

坡面薄层水流流速的测量对研究地表水文过程具有重要意义。电解质脉冲法将边界条件用脉冲函数近似得到解析解,进而估算流速,引起误差。本研究在脉冲法的基础上改进,在测量系统中增加一组探针用于测量实际的边界函数。利用测得的边界条件数据,计算出模型边界条件的参数,进而将系统的真实边界条件的解与实测数据拟合,用最小二乘法计算流速。结果表明:两种真实边界条件法估算的流速没有显著差别,与流量法测量结果也一致,在短距离时真实边界条件法比脉冲法有较高的精度。由此说明,采用真实边界条件法和系统测量流速是可行的。

穿越高楼下的浅埋隧道掘进控制爆破技术

针对人和场浅埋隧道穿越 11层居民住宅楼的情况 ,提出了上断面短进尺掘进爆破、下断面深进尺水平孔台阶爆破的开挖方案 ,并将单段最大装药量控制在 9～ 17kg范围内 ,保证了爆破时高楼底层的地表振动速度小于 2cm。掘进爆破实践表明 ,在隧道开挖断面积一定的条件下 ,存在一个合理的单循环进尺 ,其相应的炸药单耗最低 。