A New Wetting and Drying Method for Moving Boundary in Shallow Water Flow Models

To deal with the moving boundary hydrodynamic problems of the tidal flats in shallow water flow models, a new wetting and drying （WD） method is proposed. In the new method, a ＂predicted water depth＂ is evaluated explicitly based on the simplified shallow water equations and used to determine the status （wet or dry） together with the direction of flow. Compared with previous WD method, besides the water elevation, more factors, such as the flow velocity and the surface shear stress, are taken into account in the new method to determine the moving boundary. In addition, a formula is deduced to determine the threshold, as critical water depth, which needs to be preset before simulations. The new WD method is tested with five cases including three 1D ones and two 2D ones. The results show that the new WD method can simulate the wetting and drying process, in beth typical and practical cases, with smooth manner and achieves effective estimation of the retention volume at shallow water body.

Simulation of Wetting and Drying Processes in A Depth Integrated Shallow Water Flow Model by Slot Method

A particular porosity method named ＂slot method＂ is implemented in a depth-integrated shallow water flow model （DIVAST） to simulate wetting and drying processes. Discussed is the relationship between the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ and the preset depth used in ＂wetting-drying＂ algorithm. Two typical tests are conducted to examine the performance of the method with the effect of the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ being checked in detail in the first test. Numerical results demonstrate that： 1 ） no additional effort to improve the finite difference scheme is needed to implement ＂slot method＂ in DIVAST, and 2） ＂slot method＂ will simulate wetting and diying processes correctly if the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ being selected properly.

Numerical Simulation of Water and Sand Blowouts When Penetrating Through Shallow Water Flow Formations in Deep Water Drilling

In this study, we applied a two-phase flow model to simulate water and sand blowout processes when penetrating shallow water flow(SWF) formations during deepwater drilling. We define ‘sand' as a pseudo-component with high density and viscosity, which can begin to flow with water when a critical pressure difference is attained. We calculated the water and sand blowout rates and analyzed the influencing factors from them, including overpressure of the SWF formation, as well as its zone size, porosity and permeability, and drilling speed(penetration rate). The obtained data can be used for the quantitative assessment of the potential severity of SWF hazards. The results indicate that overpressure of the SWF formation and its zone size have significant effects on SWF blowout. A 10% increase in the SWF formation overpressure can result in a more than 90% increase in the cumulative water blowout and a 150% increase in the sand blowout when a typical SWF sediment is drilled. Along with the conventional methods of well flow and pressure control, chemical plugging, and the application of multi-layer casing, water and sand blowouts can be effectively reduced by increasing the penetration rate. As such, increasing the penetration rate can be a useful measure for controlling SWF hazards during deepwater drilling.

Geophysical Signature of the Shallow Water Flow in the Deepwater Basin of the Northern South China Sea

Shallow water flow(SWF), a disastrous geohazard in the continental margin, has threatened deepwater drilling operations. Under overpressure conditions, continual flow delivering unconsolidated sands upward in the shallow layer below the seafloor may cause large and long-lasting uncontrolled flows; these flows may lead to control problems and cause well damage and foundation failure. Eruptions from over-pressured sands may result in seafloor craters, mounds, and cracks. Detailed studies of 2D/3D seismic data from a slope basin of the South China Sea(SCS) indicated the potential presence of SWF. It is commonly characterized by lower elastic impedance, a higher Vp/Vs ratio, and a higher Poisson's ratio than that for the surrounding sediments. Analysis of geological data indicated the SWF zone originated from a deepwater channel system with gas bearing over-pressured fluid flow and a high sedimentation rate. We proposed a fluid flow model for SWF that clearly identifies its stress and pressure changes. The rupture of previous SWF zones caused the fluid flow that occurred in the Baiyun Sag of the northern SCS.

Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Free-Surface Temperature Dispersion in Shallow Water Flows

We develop a lattice Boltzmann method for modeling free-surface temperature dispersion in the shallow water flows.The governing equations are derived from the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with assumptions of shallow water flows including bed frictions,eddy viscosity,wind shear stresses and Coriolis forces.The thermal effects are incorporated in the momentum equation by using a Boussinesq approximation.The dispersion of free-surface temperature is modelled by an advection-diffusion equation.Two distribution functions are used in the lattice Boltzmann method to recover the flow and temperature variables using the same lattice structure.Neither upwind discretization procedures nor Riemann problem solvers are needed in discretizing the shallow water equations.In addition,the source terms are straightforwardly included in the model without relying on well-balanced techniques to treat flux gradients and source terms.We validate the model for a class of problems with known analytical solutions and we also present numerical results for sea-surface temperature distribution in the Strait of Gibraltar.

A NEW IMPLICIT SCHEME FOR SOLVING 3-D SHALLOW WATER FLOWS

Based on the improved ADI method, this article proposes an improved implicit finite difference scheme for solving 3-D shallow water flows. The main objective is to design a numerical relation between the horizontal velocity on each layer and the depth-averaged velocity for employing the improved ADI method. With the free surface elevation and the depth-averaged velocity obtained by using essentially 2-D depth-averaged mode, the velocity profiles can be obtained easily and simultaneously. The wind-induced flows, the open channel flows due to the pressure gradient and the tidal flows in coastal waters are simulated, and the results are consistent well with the analytical solution and the field data, which shows that the present implicit scheme is stable and effective, and the established model is practical. Moreover, when only one vertical layer is specified, the present 3-D numerical model is reducea to the 2-D depth-averaged model.

Evaluation of flow regime of turbidity currents entering Dez Reservoir using extended shallow water model

In this study, the performance of the extended shallow water model （ESWM） in evaluation of the flow regime of turbidity currents entering the Dez Reservoir was investigated. The continuity equations for fluid and particles and the Navier-Stokes equations govern the entire flow of turbidity currents. The shallow water equations governing the flow of the depositing phase of turbidity currents are derived from these equations. A case study was conducted on the flow regime of turbidity currents entering the Dez Reservoir in Iran from January 2002 to July 2003. Facing a serious sedimentation problem, the dead storage of the Dez Reservoir will be full in the coming 10 years, and the inflowing water in the hydropower conduit system is now becoming turbid. Based on the values of the dimensionless friction number （ Nf ≤1 ） and dimensionless entrainment number （ NE≤ 1 ） of turbidity currents, and the coefficient of determination between the observed and predicted deposit depths （R2 = 0.86） for the flow regime of negligible friction and negligible entrainment （NFNE）, the flow regime of turbidity currents coming into the Dez Reservoir is considered to be NFNE. The results suggest that the ESWM is an appropriate approach for evaluation of the flow regime of turbidity currents in dam reservoirs where the characteristics of turbidity currents, such as the deposit depth, must be evaluated.

3-D SHALLOW WATER FLOW COMPUTATION BY A SEMIIMPLICIT FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

A simi-implicit finite element method is developed for three-dimensional shallow water flow. By using water depth to scale the vertical coordinate. the governing equation is transformed into fixed computational domain. An efficient generalized conjugate gradient scheme is adopted for the solution of finite element analogy.

Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Compaction of Deepwater Shallow Sediments

To study the compaction law and overpressure evolution in deepwater shallow sediments, a large-strain compaction model that considers material nonlinearity and moving boundary is formulated. The model considers the dependence of permeability and material properties on void ratio. The modified Cam-Clay model is selected as the constitutive relations of the sediments, and the deactivation/reactivation method is used to capture the moving top surface during the deposition process. A one-dimensional model is used to study the compaction law of the shallow sediments. Results show that the settlement of the shallow sediments is large under their own weight during compaction. The void ratio decreases strictly with burial depth and decreases more quickly near the seafloor than in the deeper layers. The generation of abnormal pressure in the shallow flow sands is closely related to the compaction law of shallow sediments. The two main factors that affect the generation of overpressure in the sands are deposition rate and permeability of overlying clay sediments. Overpressure increases with an increase in deposition rate and a decrease in the permeability of the overlying clay sediment. Moreover, an upper limit for the overpressure exists. A two-dimensional model is used to study the differential compaction of the shallow sediments. The pore pressure will still increase due to the inflow of the pore fluid from the neighboring clay sediment even though the deposition process is interrupted.

HYBRID FINITE ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS OF SHALLOW WATER CIRCULATION

The hybrid finite analytic(HFA) method is a kind of numerical scheme in rectangular element. In order to simulate the shallow circulation in irregular bathymetry by HFA scheme, the model in sigma coordinate system was obtained. The model has been tested against three cases: 1) Wind induced circulation; 2) Density driven circulation and 3) Seiche oscillation. The results obtained in the present study compare well with those obtained from the corresponding analytical solutions under idealized for the above three cases. The hybrid finite analytic method and the circulation model in sigma coordinate system can be used calculate the flow and water quality in estuaries and coastal waters.

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Xiamen waters

A semi-implicit and Eulerian - Lagrangian finite difference method for three-dimensionalshallow flow has been extended to a more complete system of equations incorporating second-moment turbulence closure model and transport equations of salinity and temperature. The simulation for flooding and drying of mudflats has been improved. The model is applied to Xiamen waters. Based on extensive survey data, water level elevation, temperature and salinity field along the eastern open boundary and at the Jiulong River inlets and runoffs are analyzed, specified and calibrated. The computed results show good agreement with the measured data, reproduce flooding, emergence of large and complex mudflat region.

高速水下航行器低比转速轴流推进泵设计方法

对于水下航行器轴流泵喷水推进系统,现有升力法设计的高比转速轴流泵无法满足在浅水高速工况下正常工作的需求,为解决这一问题,提出一种针对低比转速轴流泵的设计方法。考虑所选NACA66_(a=0.8)翼型的叶栅特性,通过改变攻角和升力系数等参数的设计关系,建立适用于高航速工况的轴流泵模型,并运用SST k-ω湍流模型和多重参考系模型对设计泵的流场运动情况进行仿真。结果表明:设计工况下,设计泵的扬程和水力效率与设计值误差均控制在8%以内,同时测试了设计泵在不同水深下的抗空化性能,进一步探索设计泵工作的最小航深。

Numerical simulation of laminar jet-forced flow using lattice Boltzmann method

In the paper, a numerical study on symmetrical and asymmetrical laminar jet-forced flows is carried out by using a lattice Boltzmann method （LBM） with a special boundary treatment. The simulation results are in very good agreement with the available numerical prediction. It is shown that the LBM is a competitive method for the laminar jet-forced flow in terms of computational efficiency and stability.

深水钻井浅水流声学特征模拟实验及模型应用

深水钻井一旦钻遇浅水流极易出现井漏甚至井喷等重大事故。常规地震剖面进行定性预测浅水流的准确性较低,为此提出了一种基于模拟实验的定量预测浅水流压力并对风险等级进行评价的方法。根据声波在水中及饱和岩石介质中的传播速度特征,进行了浅水流声学模拟实验。研究表明:纵波在深水浅水流地层中的传播速度随着地层压力的增大而增大,地层孔隙度越大,声波传播速度越小;通过数据拟合得到纵波速度与浅水流地层压力、孔隙度之间呈幂指数函数关系,根据实验结果建立了声速与浅水流地层压力、孔隙度的双参数模型,用于根据声速预测浅水流地层压力;利用有限元软件进行了浅水流地层的地质建模及放喷模拟,定义浅水流对钻井造成不同风险等级的压力系数范围。在中国南海深水区进行了浅水流声学预测及风险评价方法现场应用,验证了深水浅水流声波识别预测技术的可行性。

Equatorial Wave Expansion of Instantaneous Flows for Diagnosis of Equatorial Waves from Data:Formulation and Illustration

This paper presents a method for expanding horizontal flow variables in data using the free solutions to the shallow-water system as a basis set. This method for equatorial wave expansion of instantaneous flows（EWEIF） uses dynamic constraints in conjunction with projections of data onto parabolic cylinder functions to determine the amplitude of all equatorial waves.EWEIF allows us to decompose an instantaneous wave flow into individual equatorial waves with a presumed equivalent depth without using temporal or spatial filtering a priori.Three sets of EWEIF analyses are presented. The first set is to confirm that EWEIF is capable of recovering the individual waves constructed from theoretical equatorial wave solutions under various scenarios. The other two sets demonstrate the ability of the EWEIF method to derive time series of individual equatorial waves from instantaneous wave fields without knowing a priori exactly which waves exist in the data as well as their spatial and temporal scales using outputs of an equatorial β-channel shallow-water model and ERA-Interim data. The third set of demonstrations shows, for the first time, the continuous evolutions of individual equatorial waves in the stratosphere whose amplitude is synchronized with the background zonal wind as predicted by quasi-biennial oscillation theory.

Numerical Studies of Turbulent Flows in Channels with Abrupt Cross-sectional Changes

The turbulent flows through the channels with abrupt cross-sectional changes are common and importantphysical process in nature.For a better prediction of the mean flow and turbulent characteristics for this problem,atwo-dimensional depth-averaged numerical model is developed.The model is robust and accurate in reproducing therecirculation flow behind a groyne and turbulent flows in channels with abrupt cross-sectional changes,when com-pared to the available experimental data of mean velocities and turbulence kinetic energy.Our results reveal that theabrupt cross-sectional change of a channel can affect the flow pattern significantly and introduces the complex turbu-lence characteristics.In particular,when the channel has an abrupt expansion,the mean flow pattern is mainly in lon-gitudinal direction with rather small transverse component.Meanwhile,a recirculating region forms behind the expan-sion position and the turbulence has very strong intensity within this region.For the flow in the channel with an ab-rupt contraction,the longitudinal component of the flow is decreased by the obstruction on one side and accelerated onthe other side,whereas the transverse velocity is small.The turbulence is extraordinarily strong in the regions adja-cent to the contraction wall in the narrow channel.In both cases of abrupt cross-sectional changes,the TKE is genera-ted dominantly by the shear of the longitudinal velocities.

深水浅层钻井地质灾害调查与识别技术

系统地阐述了深水浅层地质灾害的成因机理,并讨论其预测及识别问题。根据现有的海洋地质调查成果和测井作业水平,以及各种调查工具的响应特征,提出针对深水浅层地质灾害的定性识别方法。将声波速度这一参数用于其定量分析中,并通过模拟实验获得深水浅层地质灾害的声波特征响应。

豫东农田生态系统不同水体水质长期变化规律及影响因素分析

为探究农田生态系统不同水体间水质状况差异特征及其与降雨量、地下水水位等因素的关系,本研究于2010—2020年对河南商丘农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站周边4处流动地表水及5处浅层地下水进行监测,采用描述性统计及时间序列分析方法,分析该区域两种水体水质状况长期变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:更新能力较差的浅层地下水中Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Na^(+)、HCO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、Cl^(-)含量及电导率通常高于流动地表水,降雨量增加时伴随的地下水位升高使表层土壤中的盐分离子更容易向地下水中迁移,进而导致两种水体水质的差异增大。在为期10年的监测中,所有离子均出现了明显的峰值,其中Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、SO_(4)^(2-)于2012年3月在流动地表水中率先达到最大值,K^(+)于2011年9月在浅层地下水中率先达到最大值。不同时期两种水体的水化学类型相似程度较高,季节因素对水体中不同离子含量的周期性变化影响较小,而降雨及地下水位长期变化趋势是影响水化学类型和离子变化趋势的主要因素。当降雨量增加和地下水位上升时,浅层地下水中SO_(4)^(2-)和Cl^(-)含量易超过《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—2017)Ⅳ类临界值,此时不宜选择浅层地下水作为灌溉水源。本研究证实了豫东地区典型农田生态系统水质变化与降雨和地下水位的长期变化规律紧密相关,可为该地区农田环境水质风险管理及农业生产用水选择提供理论支撑。

Numerical simulations of viscous flow around the obliquely towed KVLCC2M model in deep and shallow water

By solving the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） equations in combination with the k- ε SST turbulence model, the unsteady viscous flow around the obliquely towed tanker KVLCC2M model in both deep and shallow waters is simulated and the hydrodynamic forces, the surface pressure distribution, and the wake field are calculated. The overset grid technology is used to avoid the grid distortion in large drift angle cases. The effects of the free surface are taken into account. At the first stage, the deep water cases with five oblique angles are designed as the benchmark test cases. The predicted wake field, the surface pressure distribution and the hydrodynamic forces acting on the hull agree well with the corresponding experimental data, implying the capability of the present method in the prediction of the viscous flow around the tanker drifting in shallow water. A set of systematic computations with varying water depths and drift angles are then carried out to study the viscous flow around the model drifting in shallow water. The forces and moments, as well as the surface pressure distribution are predicted and analyzed. The most significant changes such as the increased stagnation pressure in the bow, the acceleration of the flow along the ship＇s sides and in the gap between ship and seabed, the lower hull pressure and finally, the stronger vortices along the bilges and weaker vortices with larger diameters in the wake are noticed.

浅水三角洲储层流动单元划分

为准确反映储层内部非均质性,以指导油田后期开发调整,有必要对砂体开展流动单元研究。综合应用测井、地震、分析化验和动态资料,采用熵权Topsis法对渤海B油田开展浅水三角洲储层流动单元划分。研究表明,研究区浅水三角洲储层非均质性较强,孔隙度、渗透率、泥质含量和饱和度中值压力是影响储层储集渗流能力的主要因素,根据以上4类参数可将储层划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四类流动单元。流动单元的分布受到沉积相的控制,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类流动单元主要分布在分流河道和分流砂坝中,连通性较好;Ⅲ、Ⅳ类流动单元主要分布在分流河道边部和溢岸砂中,连通性较差。流动单元的组合样式对连通性具有明显控制作用,不同流动单元间形成渗流差异界面,使得砂体内部弱连通或不连通,导致剩余油大量富集。