Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Discourse of Community with a Shared Future: China's Ideas and Experience

Countries in the world lack the ability to maintain internal independence and to cope with new external risks, sov ereign state relations based on respect for diversity are giving way to global solidarity. The concept of a community with a shared future for all mankind emphasizes relative independence along with the integration of human society and the joint liability of states. The basic principle is to recognize and respect diversity so as to maintain and enhance integration. In the discourse of a community with a shared future, we must look at human rights and the promotion and protection of human rights from a relational and symbiotic perspective. The concept of human rights is comprehensive, the universality of human rights does not mean the universality of human rights standards, and the global governance of human rights needs to strengthen both the internal c and external capacities and conditions of countries. In this regard, China’s experience is to form a task-oriented target governance model, enhance the enforceability and evaluability of the legal protection of human rights, substantiate and operationalize human rights principles and proposals at all levels through efforts such as establishing mechanisms and initiating forums, and continue to implement and enhance the external cooperation mechanism. The vulnerability, diversity, and scarcity of individuals and human societies are the roots of the problems of global peace and security, and a community with a shared future is also a community of rights, obligations and responsibilities. Therefore, the promotion and protection of human rights is not a burden to be distributed, but a responsibility to be shared, a collective responsibility based on shared values.

数据“利益束”:数据权益制度新论

创设排他性、利己性的数据权利不利于海量数据的高效流通与多元价值的实现,加剧了数据私权化与效用化之间的内生性冲突。在权益区分保护理论框架下,采取数据利益保护进路更具正当性和相对优势。我国宜将数据利益作为数据权益制度的中心,建构人与人之间动态灵活、有机立体的利他性数据“利益束”范式,以有效协调和整合多元主体之间复杂的数据利益关系,并在数据“利益束”范式下,充分利用Web3.0以用户为中心的开放式价值互联网效能,通过点对点的数据利益流通来构建全网络利益格局。我国还应建立合理的激励与收益实现机制,促进所有数据主体共创和共享数据红利,在数据财产行为主义保护模式基础上,建立智能化治理体系来保障数据安全,最终形成中国自主且更能适应数字经济发展规律的新型数据权益制度体系,以此推进我国数字经济的健康发展。

公共体育设施共享的内生动力、制度困境与法治保障

公共体育设施共享是贯彻落实新发展理念、缓解我国体育设施建设相对匮乏与人民群众日益增长的健身需求之间的矛盾,推动实现体育强国战略的必然路径。公共体育设施共享包括公共体育设施管理主体向公众开放公共体育设施的行为,以及公众协同、有序使用公共体育设施的行为。公共体育设施不足的现实矛盾以及公民体育权利保障的合理诉求共同构成了公共体育设施共享的需求动力,使用时间的交错性及空间配置的互补性则构成了公共体育设施共享的供给动力。通过梳理我国现行公共体育设施共享的相关法律,发现在法律规范和法律保障机制方面仍存有缺失。从法律保障机制层面看,主要表现为公共体育设施共享法律保障力的匮乏;从法律规范层面看,主要表现为公共体育设施共享的直接规范依据不足和配套性规范的约束效力不足。在共享价值指引下,应从构建公共体育设施共享的法律保障机制和完善公共体育设施共享的法律规范体系两方面着手引导规范实现:在建构法律保障机制时,应以信息传导、责任分担和绩效考核三大机制为切入点展开建构,进而逐步提高公共体育设施的共享水平;在完善法律体系时,应通过“立、改、废、释”的法律手段实现配套法律规范的完整性和协调性,并在时机成熟的情况下制定公共体育设施共享的单行法规范,提高公共体育设施共享相关法律规范的可操作性。

The Human Rights Dimension in Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

A Community with a Shared Future for Mankind is China’s proposition to establish a fair and equitable international order. Just as in any other community, a Community with a Shared Future needs common values to bring its members together. To build a new model of relations featuring win-win cooperation, a Community with a Shared Future should attach great importance to the overall interests of mankind and consider the protection of human dignity and human rights as the highest purpose and objective, ensuring that inevitably, human rights become its common values. On the other hand, to build a Community with a Shared Future, we should reconstruct the concept and system of human rights from the perspective of developing countries, instead of from the perspective of Western powers.

A Pluralistic Approach to Human Rights in a Community of Shared Future for Mankind

'A community of shared destiny for all mankind' has its own inherent logic, structure and development path, and a pluralistic concept of human rights is a key factor to achieve its four core goals: equality, cooperation, security and inclusiveness. A pluralistic concept of human rights and the ideal of a community of shared future for all mankind overlap on certain values and interests, as well as power and cultural attributes. It means that a pluralistic approach to human rights is indispensable to the establishment of a community of shared future for all mankind. Meanwhile, this new view of human rights embodies mutual respect and support for the inherent inevitability among different countries, shared responsibility, and pursuit of common development.

Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind to Human Rights Theory

The concept named "a community with a shared future for mankind" has important implications for the theory and practice of human rights. From the perspective of specific human rights, the idea of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind implies recognizing the right to peace of mankind, advocates the mode of economic cooperation and development, and acts as a guide for building an eco-friendly world, rejecting hegemony, and promoting cultural diversity. Therefore, a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind plays an important supporting role in establishing the legitimacy of specific rights. Meanwhile, in view of the scarcity of human resources, it is impossible for all kinds of rights to be protected to the same degree. Human rights need to be systematically constructed in theory and practice, and also require the formation of a well-functioning platform for their protection. As a guideline, the notion of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind is conducive to the establishment of such a system.

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

论行政相对人的数据权

社会个体的数据权近年来成为学界关注的热点,但从行政法视角来观察行政相对人数据权还有着较大空间而且有其特殊意义,因为,行政相对人数据权不仅使得传统行政法关系的特性发生了质的变化,更是对整个行政过程产生了巨大冲击。它使得私权体系得以拓展、行政法治趋于动态化、行政过程为算法所充斥、权利保障更加标准化。如何保障相对人合理享用数据权,避免数据权的滥用和乱用,应当是目前行政法上要解决的重点问题。对此,必须制定行政相对人数据及数据权保护的行政法规范;建构独立于常规行政执法的行政相对人信息及信息权管控机制;强化行政主体的给付意识,拓展行政相对人数据权;运用行政制裁保护行政相对人数据权。

A Summary of the Symposium on Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind and Global Governance of Human Rights

On June 8,2017,a symposium on Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind and Human Rights Global Governance was held in Jinnan campus of Nankai University.It was hosted by the China Society for Human Rights Studies and the Publicity Department of Tianjin Municipal Party Committee and organized by Nankai University.

证券服务机构部分连带责任的理论基础与效果展开

在证券虚假陈述中,证券服务机构应承担何种责任,历来存在争议。按照看门人理论,证券服务机构能够直接决定证券上市发行,故应承担完全连带责任。但在当前资本市场实践中,证券服务机构的地位更接近“担保人”,应以此作为其承担责任的法理基础。按照担保人理论,证券服务机构仅在其专业领域内担保信息的真实可靠,这为限制证券服务机构责任提供了正当性基础。按份责任与补充责任虽能起到限制责任的效果,但不利于平衡各方主体的利益。部分连带责任不违背民法基本原理与《证券法》第163条,并且能在限制证券服务机构责任的同时,实现对投资者的充分保护。在判定部分连带责任份额时,过错程度、职责范围与原因力三项因素各自在不同维度发挥作用。证券服务机构相互之间原则上不存在追偿权,除非职责范围存在重合,但可以向发行人追偿。

生育支持政策的权利之维——发达国家的实践及启示

关于发达国家的生育支持政策,从生育权利保障角度进行考察可知,这一政策体系具有“国家—个体”关系维度、以“国家—社会—个体”关系为基础的共同体维度的二维构造。前者以保障国民生存福祉为原则,以生育保障获得权和性别平等权为核心构造;后者以作为生育保障获得权补强机制的多元主体共同负担原则、婴幼儿的保育权为主要内容。生育支持政策鼓励生育的功能性目标,需通过上述权利的保障得以实现。从权利保障视域研究发达国家的生育支持政策,可以在基本理念、体系结构以及保障措施等方面为中国生育支持政策的建构提供借鉴与参考。

Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind and Promoting the Development of Global Human Rights Governance

In January this year,President Xi Jinping delivered an important speech entitled"Work Together to Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind at the United Nations Office at Geneva,in which he systematically elaborated on the major concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind,pointing out the direction for reforming and improving global governance and providing China’s proposition

双重股权结构在公司治理中的应用研究

随着中国经济体制改革的加速,外部投资市场资金的流入给上市公司带来了不少机遇。然而,机遇往往伴随着挑战,如何在吸引外部资金的同时,保障创始人的控制权并确保公司的长期稳定发展成为了一个亟待解决的问题。在这样的背景下,双重股权结构应运而生,成为保障创始人控制权的重要手段。文章阐述了双重股权结构的概念、特征、优势与不足,并结合公司治理对双重股权结构的应用提出了针对性的建议,对促进我国资本市场和企业的健康发展具有重要意义。

开放创新的知识产权应用机制

以开放共享为初心的开源运动从早期批判知识产权制度的“自由王国”走向拥抱知识产权制度的有限开源社区,其对象由开源软件向协同创作模式、开源硬件、开放专利、开放标准、数据开放等领域全面铺开,引致了以开源许可证为核心的开源商业模式的广泛应用,产生了开源与闭源结合的多种商业规则,正在推动知识产权制度在开放创新时代向更高级别的应用模式样态转化。开源最初倡导的知识共享在市场竞争中通过许可证的多重演变逐步形成知识控制,可能演化出开源社区潜在的附不合理交易条件、强制搭售和拒绝交易等垄断风险。开源领域并不等同于公共领域,它在理念上有反抗传统知识产权法之处,但在行动上却寻求包括版权法、商标法、专利法、商业秘密在内的综合保护。应当再次审视开放创新之下利用开源模式实现商业模式的创新逻辑,并纠偏因市场竞争带来的知识产权制度对知识控制的负面效应。

The “Transcendental” Interpretation of the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Its Implementation in China

The concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind provides new theoretical support for the special protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is innovative in terms of its purposes and principles, logic and technology, and the actual implementation of the contracting parties, which is unique in the field of international human rights law. It is a "transcendental" interpretation of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind and enhances the ethical values of international human rights law. The development of the cause of persons with disabilities in China is positively influenced by the values reflected in the concept of a community of shared Future for mankind and meanwhile highlights them, which provides "Chinese experiences" for the international cause of persons with disabilities.

论股权估价之法律介入与公平价格判断

我国《公司法》区分设置了股权收购请求权与股权估价请求权。实践中,异议股东估价请求权是一种显性的权利,而在股份回购、夫妻股权分割、替代司法解散公司的股权转让等领域,另有隐性的估价请求权。估价请求权内含了对公平价格的要求,意图达成权利人与股权受让方的权益平衡。在对股权进行估价时,不能简单依靠会计准则或资产评估,还应当兼顾股权的成员权和财产权的双重属性。公平价格的判断应当关注股权估价的前提、假设与形成过程。其中,计算意定价格需要考虑显失公平制度与基准日提前的补充调整方法,并遵守《公司法》关于股东不得抽逃出资和利润分配等强制性规定,不能当然转化为对其他股东而言的公平价格。在缺少意定价格而采用通行估价方法时,人民法院应当明确净资产法、市场比较法、现金流量贴现法等估价方法的适用条件,并结合流动性因素对少数股权折价问题分情况予以讨论。

有限公司股权对外转让行为的效力研究——以侵害股东优先购买权为视角

2023年《公司法》第84条就优先购买权作出规定,用以保护有限公司的人合性特征,但对侵害股东优先购买权具体情形仍未予言明,致使司法裁判和理论学说已有争议仍存在。亟待2023年《公司法》在其司法解释中对股权对外转让行为进行体系化完善。在股权转让行为方面,应采用区分原则明确股权转让行为系债权行为;在优先购买权性质认定方面,应采用公司组织法上的特殊权利说保障其他股东的顺位优势;在以侵害优先购买权主张股权转让合同无效时,应根据《民法典》规定分别对欺诈、通谋行为等情形的转让合同效力进行认定。

From the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to Building a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings--The Past, Present, and Future of International Human Rights Protection

The UN Charter first of all affirmed the basic concept of international protection of human rights and opened up a broad space for international protection of human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an important document in the development of the international human rights cause. It established a set of international standards for basic human rights, represents the world’s most important consensus on human rights, and contributes greatly to the creation of an international human rights legal system. The important theory put forward by President Xi Jinping to build a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings, as a Chinese program for today s global major issues, also outlines a new blueprint for national human rights protection and will play a major role in promoting the development of China’s human rights and international human rights protection.

分享权视域中的公民体育权

分享权与服务行政直接相关。包括体育权在内的精神文化类权利是现代社会公民实现“优良生活”所必不可少的重要内容。作为宪法社会权面向的体育权主要是行政法层面的分享权而非宪法层面的请求权,是宪法平等权在体育权领域的衍生性权利。公民体育分享权的实现进路是体育行政给付。具体而言,包括适当程度的体育公共服务、财政允许的体育资源直接给付以及以私法方式转化实现的体育行政给付。

我国家庭法上遗产酌给请求权人规则之构造--以法定继承制度与遗产酌给制度之严格区分为法理基础

在我国家庭法视阈内,为妥当区分法定继承制度与遗产酌给请求权制度,根据遗产酌给请求权的规范目的,遗产酌给请求权人应当被认定为“法定继承人以外的主体”。未实际继承遗产的法定继承人并非遗产酌给请求权人。不过,倘若没有实际继承遗产的法定继承人契合“依靠被继承人扶养”或者“对被继承人扶养较多”要件之规定,则其仍可借由遗产酌给请求权条款之类推适用,而取得“准寄养人遗产酌给请求权”或“准扶养人遗产酌给请求权”,继而根据具体情况分得适当遗产。此外,就未实际继承遗产的法定继承人类推适用遗产酌给请求权条款而言,应当根据不同类型的遗产酌给请求权之规范旨趣,结合未实际继承遗产的法定继承人与被继承人之间的法定扶养关系、亲属关系等因素,酌定其可以分得的遗产份额。