The withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement and its impact on global climate change governance

The global community has prepared for the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement since Donald Trump was elected as the president of the U.S. However, Trump's formal declaration of withdrawal still caused worldwide reaction. Trump will use the withdrawal to build his political reputation and to renegotiate the Paris Agreement despite its negative effects on the political credibility, international relationships, and potential long-term economic growth of the U.S. In general, the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement will not change the development of low-carbon technologies and the transformation trend of the global climate governance regime. However, the long-term goals and international cooperation on climate change will be affected by budget cuts in American climate change research and the cancelation of donations from the multilateral environmental fund of the U.S. If the Paris Agreement is renegotiated, the common but differentiated principle of responsibility of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change will be challenged again. Nevertheless, climate change governance remains a main theme of future sustainable development. Instead of national governments, local governments and non-governmental organizations will develop strategies for technical innovation and emphasize pragmatic cooperation, thus expanding their roles in climate change governance. The capacity building on climate change research and public awareness should be enhanced as a long-term objective of global climate change governance.

The impacts of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on the carbon emission space and mitigation cost of China, EU, and Japan under the constraints of the global carbon emission space

Based on the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model and scenario analysis, the impacts of the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on the carbon emission space and mitigation cost in China, European Union (EU), and Japan are assessed under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and 2
C scenarios due to the changed emission pathway of the U.S. The results show that, under the condition of constant global cumulative carbon emissions and a fixed burden-sharing scheme among countries, the failure of the U.S. to honor its NDC commitment to different degrees will increase the U.S. carbon emission space and decrease its mitigation cost. However, the carbon emission space of other parties, including China, EU, and Japan, will be reduced and their mitigation costs will be increased. In 2030, under the 2
C target, the carbon price will increase by 4.4e14.6 US$ t1 in China, by 9.7e35.4 US$ t1 in the EU, and by 16.0e53.5 US$ t1 in Japan. In addition, China, EU, and Japan will incur additional Gross Domestic Production (GDP) loss. Under the 2
C target, the GDP loss of China would increase by US$22.0e71.1 billion (equivalent to 16.4e53.1 US$ per capita), the EU's GDP loss would increase by US$9.4e32.1 billion (equivalent to 20.7e71.1 US$ per capita), and Japan's GDP loss will increase by US$4.1e13.5 billion (equivalent to 34.3e111.6 US$ per capita).

U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: Reasons, impacts, and China's response

Applying qualitative and quantitative methods, this article explains the driving forces behind U.S. President Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, assesses the impacts of this withdrawal on the compliance prospects of the agreement, and proposes how China should respond. The withdrawal undercuts the foundation of global climate governance and upsets the process of climate cooperation, and the impacts are manifold. The withdrawal undermines the universality of the Paris Agreement and impairs states' confidence in climate cooperation; it aggravates the leadership deficit in addressing global climate issues and sets a bad precedent for international climate cooperation. The withdrawal reduces other countries' emission space and raises their emission costs, and refusal to contribute to climate aid makes it more difficult for developing countries to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Cutting climate research funding will compromise the quality of future IPCC reports and ultimately undermine the scientific authority of future climate negotiations. China faces mounting pressure from the international community to assume global climate leadership after the U.S. withdraws, and this article proposes that China should reach the high ends of its domestic climate targets under the current Nationally Determined Contributions; internationally, China should facilitate the rebuilding of shared climate leadership, replacing the G2 with C5. Meanwhile, China needs to keep the U.S. engaged in climate cooperation.

A Research on the Relationship of Charismatic Leadership Behaviors of Agricultural Cooperative Managers With Cooperative Shareholders＇ Performance and Satisfaction

In this study, the cooperative shareholders＇ performance and satisfaction were investigated as antecedent. Charismatic leadership of cooperative managers has been identified as antecedent. In addition, shareholders＇ age, education, land size, and duration of membership in the cooperative were investigated to have effect on the shareholder＇s performance and satisfaction. Charismatic leadership of cooperative managers is the subject of research on the effects of performance and satisfaction of the cooperative shareholders. A field survey was conducted. This study has been applied to Cukobirlik, an agricultural sale cooperative in East Mediterranean of Turkey. The researchers collected data by random questionnaire method. The research data were collected from 155 cooperative shareholders. For the data, exploratory factor, correlation, and regression were analyzed. The results of this analysis show that there is a meaningful relationship between charismatic leaders and the performance and satisfaction of shareholders for these cooperatives. Another result, there is significant relation between land size of cooperative shareholders and the performance and satisfaction of cooperative shareholders.

基于S-CAD方法的宅基地退出试点政策评估——以成都市为例

政策评估结果是优化政策的重要依据。2019年修订的《土地管理法》新增了农民“自愿有偿退出宅基地”规定,作为一项新政策,宅基地退出政策的具体内容尚未明确,亟待通过对前期试点政策的评估,优化其政策设计。运用S-CAD政策评估方法,以统筹城乡综合改革试验区——成都市为研究案例,从政策本身和政策实施的视角评估宅基地退出试点政策,结果表明:提升乡村治理能力、市场化运作和协同推进相关政策有利于达成宅基地退出试点政策目标,但主导观点方价值观与政策目标逻辑不一致,政策手段无法充分实现政策目标,政策实施面临资金瓶颈、协同管理瓶颈和政策瓶颈等障碍,导致试点未取得预期结果。推进政策试点和政策创新,需从政策对象的视角进行思考,注重政策的系统性设计。下一步的宅基地退出政策,应坚持农民财产权和发展权双重保障的价值理念,完善相关规划和增减挂钩政策,出台集体建设用地抵押贷款支持政策、差异化的宅基地退出补偿政策及其他配套政策。

Foss v. Harbottle规则与中国股东代表诉讼

英国公司法中的Foss v. Harbottle规则及其例外是英国公司法保护少数派股东权利的一种独特的救济方式。它不仅影响了英美法系国家的股东代表诉讼制度,而且影响着部分大陆法系国家和地区的股东代表诉讼制度。尽管中国新公司法已经确定了自己的股东代表制度,但英国在代表诉讼制度上的保守态度和经验,依然值得我们借鉴。

股东抽逃出资补充责任诉讼程序研究

股东抽逃出资补充责任诉讼程序呈现审判与执行叠加下的“双轨制”。双轨制的实践运作呈现诉讼标的识别不明、股东地位认定存疑、异议之诉延缓债权实现等问题,程序聚合实际呈现程序竞合。对此,可从诉讼标的识别、先诉抗辩权的有无以及裁定—追加的定位三方面进行分析。应合理做到请求权及责任履行顺序性的程序转化。可保留审判导向型程序,以普通共同诉讼应对共同起诉问题。对审判导向型程序的不能清偿予以明确,借助“终本裁定”明确“公司不能清偿”的证明。由于执行裁定难以就“抽逃出资”问题予以准确判断,可废止执行导向型,回归程序单轨制。

Improve regression-based models for prediction of internal-bond strength of particleboard using Buckingham's pi-theorem

Internal bond （IB） strength is one of the most important me- chanical properties that indicate particleboard quality. The aim of this study was to find a simple regression model that considers the most important parameters that can influence on IB strength. In this study, IB strength was predicted by three kinds of equations （linear, quadratic, and exponential） that were based on the percentage of adhesive （8%, 9.5%, and 11%）, particle size （＋5, -5 ＋8, -8 12, and -12 mesh）, and density （0.65, 0.7, and 0.75 g/cm3）. Our analysis of the results （using SHAZAM 9 software） showed that the exponential function best fitted the experi- mental data and predicted the IB strength with 18~,/0 error. In order de- crease the error percentage, the Buckingham Pi theorem was used to build regression models for predicting IB strength based on particle size,

Corporate Governance, Sustainable Development and Value Creation Some Evidences From Italian Listed Companies

Modern corporate situations, characterized by the globalisation of the markets and of the information, highlight the need to link the potential of a not transient growth to the adequate reconciliation of all the expectations converging around the entrepreneurial formula and not only of those attributable to shareholders. In such a defined context, corporate governance tends to evolve from a situation of primary care for the expectations of shareholders （shareholder＇s view） and for the correlated financial responsibility, to a wide consideration of all the stakeholders （stakeholder＇s view） and related responsibilities （financial, environmental, social, administrative）. The correct carrying out of governance processes requires, therefore, a clear focus on sustainable development and on the related assumption of a concept of global responsibility. The decisions made by the governing bodies must be driven by the purpose to create value in the long term according to conditions of fairness and sustainable development. To sum up, this research aims to deepen the existing connections between corporate governance, sustainable development and value creation on the basis of the empirical analysis of a limited number of listed Italian companies afferent to the public utilities sector. The paper, based on a deductive approach, is composed of two distinct but strictly connected parts： the first theoretical and the second empirical. The empirical research consists of a content analysis of the most recent documents （sustainability reports and annual reports） worked out by the selected companies. The results obtained about the degree respect of sustainable development conditions by each company are linked to the related value dimension （social, economic, competitive and environmental performance） aimed at verifying if the assumption of a corporate governance approach inspired by sustainability is susceptible of favouring the company development in a medium long term. From the delivered research it emerges how public utilities that promote behaviours in line with the sustainability conditions are marked out by stable growth paths. Conversely, the companies that assume a vision mainly addressed to the economic dimension, neglecting the other areas are generally compromised in the performance realized.

Thomas Chao’s Journalistic Activities and Influence on Increasing China’s Voice Worldwide

In the 1930s and 1940s,Thomas Chao,an internationally-renowned Chinese journalist,influenced Chinese journalists’way of covering and writing news with his own prominent experience in international news reporting.Based on his long-term news practice,Chao analyzed the differences between Chinese and Western press and explored the way for improvement.He called on the government to set up a national news agency so as to establish itself in the field of international communication,and helped the Central News Agency to take back Reuters’right to publish in China.Chao also actively promoted the exchange and cooperation between Chinese newspapers and news agencies and foreign press in international communication activities,striving to increase China’s voice worldwide.

The U.S. "Withdrawal" Destroys Implementation of the Iran Nuclear Agreement

U.S.President Trump announced on May 8th that the United States would unilaterally withdraw from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action for the Iran Nuclear Issue and restart sanctions against Iran.Countries such as China,Russia,Britain,France and Germany,etc.as well as International organizations such as the United Nations and the European Union,all expressed regret about the U.S.decision and hope to maintain the Agreement and the integrity and seriousness of the Agreement.

父母对儿童攻击和退缩行为的归因及其与父母情绪反应的关系

目的 :探讨中国父母对孩子攻击和退缩行为的归因和情绪反应的特点及其关系。方法 :从北京、保定和郑州随机选取 2 87名 1岁至 8岁儿童的父母 ,运用故事情境法对这些父母进行访谈。结果 :1 父母倾向于认为孩子的攻击行为与退缩行为不同 ,它是暂时的 ,而在“天性与环境”归因和目的性方面 ,这种差异很小。 2 父母关于攻击行为持续性的归因与“天性与环境”、目的性的归因的归因之间相关显著 ,关于退缩行为持续性的归因与关于“天性与环境”的归因相关显著。 3 父母对孩子行为的归因与他们对孩子的情绪反应密切相关。他们越倾向于将这种行为归因于与环境有关的、会持续下去的、孩子可以控制的因素 ,对消极社会行为所产生的消极情绪越强。结论 :父母对儿童的攻击行为与退缩行为的归因既有相似之处 ,又有不同之处 ,它们都与父母的情绪反应具有密切的关系。

我国股东代表诉讼制度建立的法理基础和基本思路

股东代表诉讼的诉权基础是共益权,股东代表诉讼的当事人适格必须结合股东代表诉讼判决的对世效力一并予以考虑。在当事人适格方面,决定原告资格的惟一条件是股东的公正性和代表性;被告的适格问题必须与公司的诉讼地位一并考虑,公司在股东代表诉讼中处于共同诉讼的参加人。由于股东代表诉讼涉及到公司的利益,且代表公司行使诉权的管理人员可能与公司有利益上的冲突,因此,在股东代表诉讼中应当适当地限制当事人主义的适用。

上市公司控股股东受信义务的引入

针对我国证券市场上大量存在的控股股东通过截留、挪用等行为侵占上市公司资金和利用非公允关联交易、操纵公司重大决定等方式损害上市公司及中小股东利益的现象,我国《民法通则》、《公司法》以及一些行政规章虽然对此有所规制,但规制大多集中在对董事等高级管理人员的责任追究上,而对操纵董事会及公司高管的控股股东或实际控制人的责任追究明显不足。本文认为,引入英美法系国家的受信义务,可以弥补现有法律对控股股东规制不足的缺陷。

企业集团内部资金支持发生机理与效果研究——基于风险倾向的调节作用

选取我国集团属性的626家上市公司作为研究样本,利用连续5年所形成的3130组平衡面板数据对企业集团内部资金支持发生机理及其效果进行了实证分析,结果显示:集团公司对子公司控股比例越高,越倾向于提供更多的内部资金支持;集团内部资金支持会对子公司绩效产生正向推动作用;集团内部资金支持在集团公司控股比例与子公司绩效之间存在部分中介作用。同时,本文还探讨了子公司风险倾向在集团内部资金支持与子公司绩效之间的调节作用,结果表明:风险倾向越高的子公司,集团内部资金支持对子公司绩效促进作用越强。

政府最终控制、控股股东行为与财务报告透明度——中国A股市场上市公司的经验证据

以中国沪深两市A股上市公司2004—2006年间的2940个公司年度为样本,以财政部发布的《企业会计准则———基本准则》和FASB发布的第2号公告中的会计信息质量特征为基础,对财务报告透明度进行度量,分析政府最终控制、控股股东行为对财务报告透明度的影响。研究发现:控股股东掏空行为显著降低了财务报告透明度;国家最终控制的上市公司的财务报告更不透明,并且政府干预动机越强,财务报告透明度越低;财务报告透明度与最终控股股东的所有权比例呈U型变化,与其他股东的制衡能力呈同向变化。

德国学理及司法实践中的股东会决议不成立——兼评《公司法司法解释(四)》第5条

在德国公司法学理及司法实践中,股东会决议不成立指的是决议存在重大程序瑕疵,以至于决议的构成要件有欠缺。德国《股份法》未规定决议不成立的情形。学理上对其分类归属存有争议,主流观点认为没有必要将其作为独立的决议效力种类。德国联邦最高法院早期曾经作出过决议不成立的判决,但之后却再未出现此类案例,而且有顺应主流观点的趋势。我国《公司法司法解释(四)》将决议不成立作为一种独立的瑕疵决议效力类型。由于瑕疵决议效力制度的不同,德国公司法学理与司法实践中对决议不成立的态度不能为我国的决议不成立立法提供借鉴,但是其对公司法上特殊决议诉讼和民事诉讼法上的一般确认之诉及其判决效力范围的区分,值得我们借鉴。

后股权分置时期大股东资产注入实证分析

以后股权分置时期上市公司大股东重要行为方式——资产注入为研究对象,运用事件研究和回归分析,实证检验了资产注入事件的超额累计收益及其相关影响因素。对样本的事件研究表明,使用股权模式进行资产注入的上市公司股价均有显著为正的超额累计收益率,且大股东为国有背景的上市公司超额累计收益率显著高于民营背景上市公司,说明股权模式的资产注入方式以及国有大股东的资产注入更为投资者和市场认可;超额累计收益的回归分析显示大股东持股比例对超额累计收益的影响呈显著的U型关系。

德国监事民事责任制度在实践中的障碍

对于德国股份公司的监事来说,尽管公司法、证券法等实体法为他们设定了很多的义务和责任,期望以此来促使监事尽职履行维护公司和股东利益的职责,但是,理想不等于现实,由于德国按照部门法划分传统实体法的制定和程序法相分离,以致于在程序法中的相关制度和市场因素的影响下,实践中,德国股份公司监事在违反他们的义务而导致公司、股东利益受到损害时,最终实际承担责任被程序法中的制度和其他社会因素大大减轻。由此启示我们:在制定法律规则时应当进行实体法和程序法的统一考量,并对于现实社会中其他影响法律运作效果的因素和机制一并予以考量。

中国股市现存问题的博弈分析

中国股市经过13年的高速发展,取得了一定成绩,但目前中国股票市场存在着众多的问题,究其原因,主要有:未达到要求的公司被批准上市、上市公司公布不真实信息、上市公司市场退出渠道不畅通等。运用博弈分析方法对这三个方面进行分析并提出建议。