Effect of Dietary Components on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontics Brackets after Thermal Aging

Introduction: The stability of orthodontic brackets throughout orthodontic treatment plays a critical role in the treatment’s effectiveness. The present in vitro study was designed to assess the impact of various dietary components on the performance of orthodontic brackets. Methods: Metal orthodontic brackets were bonded to 66 extracted anterior teeth divided into groups based on the solution type: Milk, Gatorade, Cold Coffee, and a control group using water. Each group consisted of 20 teeth except for the control group, which included six teeth. The bracketed teeth were submerged in their respective solutions for 15 minutes three times daily at different intervals to mimic an in vivo environment and were stored in artificial saliva at room temperature (23?C). The specimens underwent artificial aging through 10,000 cycles of thermocycling (representing one clinical year) between 5?C and 55?C. Shade measurements were taken using a VITA Easy Shade device, capturing the classic shade and L*, a*, and b* values. Delta E values were calculated immediately post-bonding and after 7 days, 1 month, 1, and 2 clinical years. The shear bond strength of each bracket was measured using an ultra-tester machine. Results: After two clinical years, significant differences in ΔE color values were observed across all groups, with the most substantial change noted in teeth immersed in cold coffee. Brackets submerged in milk demonstrated lower shear bond strength than other solutions, whereas the control group exhibited the highest shear bond strength (P = 0.01). Conclusion: The study indicates that dietary components significantly influence tooth color stability and the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets, underscoring the importance of considering these factors in orthodontic treatment planning.

Shear Bond Strength of Different Types of Cement Used for Bonding Band and Loop Space Maintainer

Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of thermal aging on the shear bond strength of three different types of cement used to retain band and loop space maintainers cemented on extracted human permanent molar teeth. Methods: A total of 66 newly extracted permanent molars were used in this study. Eighteen teeth were used as a control and did not undergo thermal aging (six per group). All sample teeth were randomly divided into three groups: KetacCem, RelyX Luting Plus, and RelyX Unicem 2. After bonding procedures, all experimental groups undergo thermal aging. The shear bond strength of all samples was conducted using the Ultratester machine. Findings were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA and Turkey’s post hoc tests. Results: Among the examined groups, Ketac Cem presented with the highest recorded shear bond (11.4 MPa), while RelyX Luting Plus showed the lowest (3.2 MPa). The control groups recorded the highest shear bond strength compared to all examined groups;Ketac Cem showed the highest shear bond strength (12.8 Mpa), and RelyX Luting Plus had the least recorded reading (5.4 Mpa). Conclusion: Within the limitation of the present study, there was a statistically significant difference between the examined groups;Ketac Cem showed a higher shear bond cement than RelyX luting Plus and RelyX Unicem.

Effect of Saliva Contamination on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets When Using a Self-Etch Primer

The effect of saliva contamination on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets, at various stages of the bonding procedure using a new self-etch primer was studied. The samples were divided into 4 groups according to 4 different enamel surface conditions: Group A: dry; Group B: saliva contamination before priming; Group C: saliva contamination after priming, and Group D: saliva contamination before and after priming. Stainless steel brackets were bonded in each test group with a light-cured composite resin (TransbondXT 3M). The shear bond strength was determined in the first 30 min after bonding. The analysis of variance indicated that the shear bond strengths of the 4 groups were significantly different (F=11.89, P<0.05). Tukey HSD tests indicated that contamination both before and after the application of the acid-etch primer resulted in a significantly lower (=4.6±1.7 MPa) shear bond strength than either the control group (=8.8±1.9 MPa) or the groups where contamination occurred either before (=7.9±2.0 MPa) or after (=6.9±1.5 MPa) the application of the primer. It was concluded that the new acid-etch primer could maintain adequate shear bond strength if contamination occurred either before or after the application of the primer. On the other hand, contamination both before and after the application of the primer could significantly reduce the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

Isotropic shear bond strength behavior of superficial bovine dentin: A pilot study

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of superficial bovine incisor dentin in different crown regions. Bonding was performed to the incisal, middle and cervical thirds of superficial bovine coronal dentin (n = 20) with a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (Optibond Solo Plus) and resin composite (Z100). Shear bond strength was evaluated at 24 h and failure modes of representative specimens wereobserved with FE-SEM. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with a significance level of 0.05 was used for data analysis. Mean shear bond strength values for the incisal, middle, and cervical thirds were 36.9 (3.1), 42.6 (2.6), and 37.1 (2.1) respectively with no significant differences evidenced between the crown thirds (p = 0.19). Observation of the failure mode of representative specimens demonstrated that specimens with high bond strength values exhibited predominantly mixed-type failures whereas low strength specimens exhibited adhesive failures between the dentin and adhesive. The absence of significant differences in shear bond strength between crown thirds indicate that, regardless of tubule orientation, any crown region can be used when superficial bovine incisor dentin is used for shear bond strength testing.

Shear bond strengths between alumina-toughened zirconia cores and veneering ceramics and their susceptibility to aging

Objective:To evaluate the shear bond strength(SBS) between alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) cores and veneering ceramics,investigate the effect of aging in artificial saliva on SBS and compare it with that of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals(Y-TZP).Methods:Bars of ATZ and Y-TZP were layered with veneering ceramics in accordance to the recommendation of the manufacturer.Half of each group(n = 10) was aged at 134℃.(under 2 bar pressure) in an autoclave for 48 h.Subsequently,all specimens were subjected to shear force in a universal testing machine.The interface and fractured surface of the specimens were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy.Results:The initial mean SBS values in MPa±SD were 28.9±8.0 for ATZ and 26.2±7.6 for Y-TZP.After aging,the mean SBS values for ATZ and Y-TZP were 22.9±4.9 MPa and 22.8±6.9 MPa,respectively.Neither the differences between the SBS values of the ATZ and Y-TZP groups nor the influence of aging on all groups were statistically significant.Conclusions:The SBS between the ATZ core and the veneering ceramics was not affected by aging.The SBS of ATZ to veneering ceramics was not significantly different compared with that of Y-TZP.

Comparison of Two Methods of Chlorhexidine Application of Shear Bond Strength Degradation between Composite Resin and Dentin

Background: Chlorhexidine could have effect on shear bond strength of composite resin-dentin. Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare two methods of chlorhexidine application of shear bond strength degradation between composite resin and dentin. Methods: Thirty samples of dentin were taken from the crown of premolars and then divided into three groups (n = 10). Group 1 were applied bonding without chlorhexidine, group 2 were applied with liquid chlorhexidine and followed by bonding, group 3 were applied bonding which contains chlorhexidine. Each group was divided into two sub-groups (n = 5): the group with and without 10% NaOCl immersion for one hour. Then, 4 samples in each sub-group were used to measure shear bond strength using Universal Testing Machine, and 1 sample was examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis test. Results: The highest mean shear bond strength without 10% NaOCl immersion was in group 1, while the highest mean with 10% NaOCl immersion was in group 3. Significant differences occurred between the groups 1 and 2, groups 2 and 3. Conclusion: Method of using bonding contains chlorhexidine can increase and inhibit degradation shear bond strength between composite resin and dentin.

The Shear Bond Strengths of Composite Bonded to Dentine Following Treatment with Two Dentine Occluding Desensitizing Toothpastes

Aim: This study determined whether prior brushing with desensitizing toothpastes (Sensodyne Rapid Relief and Colgate Pro-Relief) affected the shear bond strengths of composite to dentine surfaces after appropriate use of two different dentine bonding agents (SingleBond and PQ-1). Materials and Methods: Sixty caries free molar teeth were cleaned, disinfected and embedded in individual cylinders of polymethylmethracyrlate. The occulsal surfaces were flattened to expose dentine and finished down with 600 grit silicone carbide paper. The teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 10 teeth each. Two groups served as control where dentine surfaces were brushed with pumice slurry. Of the remaining 4 groups, 2 groups were brushed with Sensodyne Rapid Relief and 2 groups brushed with Colgate Pro-Relief. The dentine surfaces were brushed to simulate 2 weeks of twice-daily toothpaste use. The specimens in each of the control groups and experimental groups were subjected to dentine bonding procedures (Single Bond or PQ-1), and application of hybrid composite resin (Z-250) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A universal material testing machine, with a cross head speed of 0.05 mm/min was used to determine shear bond strengths. Results: Mean shear bond strengths ranged from 5.71 MPa (Colgate pretreatment, composite bonded with Single Bond) to 9.07 MPa (Sensodyne pretreatment, composite bonded with Single Bond). Results showed neither of the main effects, of toothpaste type or bonding agent were significant (p > 0.05) but their interaction was (F = 4.25, p = 0.02). Post hoc analysis showed that teeth brushed with the Sensodyne group, treated with the unfilled dentine bonding agent had a significantly higher bond strength than those treated with the filled dentine bonding agent. Conclusion: The desensitizing toothpastes that use the mechanism of occlusion of open dentinal tubules in the preliminary management of tooth sensitivity should not have an adverse effect on future restorative treatment modalities.

Influence of holding time on microstructure and shear strength of Mg alloy/steel joint diffusion bonded with Zn-5Al interlayer

The diffusion bonding of AZ31B Mg alloy and Q235 steel was investigated with a Zn-5Al alloy as interlayer and under different holding time ranging from 3 to 1 200 s. The microstructure and phase compositions of bonded joints were characterized by scanning electron microscopy( SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer( EDS) and X-ray diffraction( XRD)methods. The shear strength of Mg alloy/steel joints was measured by tensile tester. It was found that the microstructure of bonded joints evolved dramatically along with the prolongation of holding time. Under the holding time of 3 s,the main part of joint was composed of MgZn_2 phase and dispersed Al-rich solid solution particles. When increased the holding time more than 60 s,the excessive solution of AZ31B into the interfacial reaction area led to the formation of coarse phase and eutectic microstructure,and also the complex Fe-Al and Mg-Al-Zn IMCs at transition layer closed to Q235 steel side. According to the tensile testing characterizations,the joints obtained under holding time of 3 s exhibited the best shear strength of 84 MPa,and the fracture occurred at the intermediary part of joint where the flexible Al-rich solid solution particles could help to impede the microcrack propagations. With prolonging the holding time to 600 s,the shear strength of joints was deteriorated enormously and the fracture position was shifted to the transition layer part closed to Q235 steel.

Full-scale pullout tests of rock anchors in a limestone quarry focusing on bond failure at the anchor-grout and grout-rock interfaces

Rock anchors are a common safety measure for stabilising large-scale infrastructure,such as bridge towers,retaining walls,rock slopes and windmills.There are four principal failure modes for rock anchors:(a)tensile failure of the steel anchor,(b)anchor-grout interface failure,(c)grout-rock interface failure,and(d)rock mass uplift.Field tests were performed in a limestone quarry.These tests were designed to test failure modes B and C through pullout.In the tests of failure mode B,the shear stress on the anchor-grout interface is the largest at the top of the grout column and attenuates towards the distal end for small loads.The shear stress becomes uniformly distributed when the applied load is approximately 50%of the ultimate pullout load.The anchors designed to test failure mode C were installed with an endplate and had a higher toughness than the straight bar anchors.The shear stress on the grout-rock interface is the largest at the endplate and attenuates upward before slip starts along the interface.When the ultimate pullout load is reached,and the grout column starts to slip,the shear stress is approximately constant.The bond shear strength on the anchor-grout interface was approximately 20%of the uniaxial compressive strength of the grout,and the bond strength of the grout-rock interface was around 5%for that of the grout.The grout-rock interface is likely determined by whichever is weaker,the grout or the rock.

Micro thermal shear stress sensor based on vacuum anodic bonding and bulk-micromachining

This paper describes a micro thermal shear stress sensor with a cavity underneath, based on vacuum anodic bonding and bulk micromachined technology. A Ti/Pt alloy strip, 2μm×100μm, is deposited on the top of a thin silicon nitride diaphragm and functioned as the thermal sensor element. By using vacuum anodic bonding and bulk-si anisotropic wet etching process instead of the sacrificial-layer technique, a cavity, functioned as the adiabatic vacuum chamber, 200μm×200μm×400μm, is placed between the silicon nitride diaphragm and glass （Corning 7740）. This method totally avoid adhesion problem which is a major issue of the sacrificial-layer technique.

不同清洁方法对高透氧化锆粘接强度和表面润湿性的影响

目的:研究不同清洁方法对唾液污染的高透氧化锆与自粘接树脂水门汀间剪切粘接强度和表面润湿性的影响。方法:制备80个高透氧化锆试件,随机分为5组(n=16),即对照组(无污染处理)、75%乙醇组、喷砂组、清洁剂组和大气压冷等离子体处理组等。测量表面接触角,测试剪切粘接强度,观察断裂模式。采用SPSS 26.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:大气压冷等离子体组的接触角最小(P<0.05);喷砂组、清洁剂组及大气压冷等离子体组的剪切粘接强度与对照组相比,无统计学差异(P>0.05),但均显著大于75%乙醇组(P<0.05);大气压冷等离子体组混合断裂模式增多。结论:喷砂、清洁剂及大气压冷等离子体清洁唾液污染的高透氧化锆,可获得与未被唾液污染前相当的粘接强度;大气压冷等离子体可显著提高高透氧化锆的表面润湿性。

两种复合树脂与牙本质剪切粘接强度的比较

目的在离体牙牙本质上涂布粘接剂后分别予以声波技术充填Sonicfill树脂及分层充填P60树脂,评估应用两种复合树脂与牙本质的剪切粘接强度。方法选择因牙周病拔除的磨牙40颗,制成40个牙本质试件,随机分为2组。A组为Sonicfill树脂组,B组为P60树脂组。每组涂布粘接剂后,A组采用声波技术充填树脂,B组采用分层技术充填树脂。经过循环温度为5℃及55℃的冷热循环疲劳试验,每个循环为3 min,共循环500次后,测试2组的剪切粘接强度(Shear Bond Strength,SBS)。结果A组的SBS为(10.32±1.13)MPa,B组的SBS为(8.43±0.98)MPa,两者差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论运用声波技术的Sonicfill树脂充填体相比采用分层充填的P60树脂拥有更高的剪切粘接强度。因此,在修复过程中使用声波充填技术不亚于传统分层充填树脂,且临床操作时间更短。

锚杆岩体界面载荷传递规律及锚固长度设计

为揭示巷道围岩锚固界面脱粘失效机理,量化锚杆支护设计参数,采用三线性粘结滑移模型进行理论分析,对轴向载荷作用下锚固脱粘失效全过程中,锚固段界面剪应力、锚杆轴力分布演化规律以及界面极限锚固力进行研究,根据锚固段长度不同,得到两种界面剪应力分布演化类型。研究结果表明:当锚固长度较短时,界面剪应力存在全长软化阶段;当锚固长度较长时,界面剪应力存在弹性-软化-滑移三段共存阶段。锚固粘结界面弹性段、软化段、摩擦段内的剪应力分别呈现双曲余弦函数衰减分布、余弦函数上升分布、均匀分布规律,锚杆轴力随界面剪应力分布演化呈现多种形态的衰减分布规律。根据锚固界面模型解析计算获得极限锚固力,当不考虑脱粘摩擦力时,极限锚固力随锚固长度的增加趋近于某一固定值;当考虑脱粘摩擦力时,增加锚固长度能够持续提高锚固界面安全系数。研究成果可为锚固机制分析、锚杆支护参数设计提供理论参考。

超高性能混凝土-石材界面黏结性能试验研究

超高性能混凝土(UHPC)加固修复既有石结构中,UHPC与石材之间优异的黏结性能是保证加固效果的关键。因此,为探究UHPC-石材界面的黏结性能,通过劈裂抗拉试验和双L型剪切试验,考察不同界面处理方式对UHPC-石材界面黏结性能的影响。结果表明,UHPC-石材界面破坏模式主要分为三种,其中发生模式C破坏(石材UHPC破坏)时界面黏结强度最大。界面键槽处理方式能显著提高UHPC-石材界面黏结强度、界面剪切刚度,且在改变破坏形态的同时有效提升试件的延性,当键槽深度为20 mm时,试件表现出较好的界面黏结性能。另外,试件剪切荷载-位移曲线包含滑移前阶段和滑移后阶段,凿毛试件在滑移后阶段没有经历塑性变形。相同界面处理方式下,UHPC-石材的界面抗剪强度与界面劈裂抗拉强度呈正相关关系。

新旧混凝土结合面剪切强度参数分析和计算研究

新旧混凝土结合面的抗剪强度是装配式混凝土结构和混凝土结构加固等领域重点关注的问题.基于搜集、整理的新旧混凝土结合面(以下简称结合面)的剪切试验数据库(含439个试件),对GB 50010―2010、ACI 318―19、Eurocode 2、PCI7th四个规范所给结合面抗剪建议计算式进行对比分析.结果表明:在各参数的影响下,ACI结果的保证率表现最好,而Eurocode 2计算强度的拟合效果最好;在结合面宽度达到300~400 mm时,GB 50010―2010的表现最好,但安全富余均较低,相对误差最大达到9倍.对数据库进行参数分析,发现结合面剪切强度τ_(exp)存在尺寸效应,与结合面的沿剪切方向尺寸关联较大;且τ_(exp)与夹紧力ρfy有较好的相关性.基于分析结果,根据叠加计算理论,对计算式提出建议和修正:分析引入尺寸效应系数β;同时修正了摩擦系数μ;应用了数据库拟合的销栓力分段函数,极大值为6.6 MPa.经对比验算证明,修正计算式在有无插筋及各种粗糙度情况下的误差最小,拟合效果最好,可为工程应用提供参考.

固位钉对All-Bond2粘结强度的影响

目的 探讨固位钉对All-Bond 2粘结强度的影响。方法 应用All-Bond 2为粘结剂 ,将 15个离体牙随机分为 3组 ,测试加金属固位钉前后光敏复合树脂粘结离体牙表面的剪切粘结力 ,分析固位钉的作用。结果 实验I组 (不加固位钉 )的剪切粘结力为 2 5 .87+ 5 .10Kgf;实验II组和实验III组是将固位钉攻入牙本质内 ,深度分别为 2mm和 3mm ,其剪切粘结力分别为 :2 5 .77+ 3 .72Kgf及 2 6 .2 6 + 3.14Kgf。经统计学处理 ,三组间无显著性差异。结论 复合树脂与牙齿间的粘结强度与加或不加固位钉无相关性 ;

大跨度压型钢板-混凝土组合楼板粘结性能试验研究

为研究大跨度压型钢板与混凝土组合楼板的粘结性能,以确定工程设计用的纵向剪切极限应力设计值,开展了6m足尺构件的受弯试验。试验共设计了两组试件,压型钢板的厚度分别为0.88mm和1.13mm,楼板跨度净距为6m。每组试件均由1个静载大跨度试件、2个动载大跨度试件和1个静载短跨度试件组成,并基于欧洲规范计算了每个试件的纵向剪切极限应力设计值。结果显示,循环荷载疲劳动态加载不影响组合楼板的最终承载力和破坏模态。压型钢板的厚度对纵向剪切承载力影响较大,且纵向剪切极限应力设计值的提高幅度大于压型钢板厚度的增加比例。1.13mm厚度的压型钢板相较于0.88mm的压型钢板,厚度增加28%,纵向剪切承载力提高约60%。考虑支座摩擦力影响,基于试验得到的纵向剪切极限应力设计值会减少7%~10%。得到的纵向剪切极限应力设计值可用于跨度为6m及以内的压型钢板-混凝土组合楼板的剪切粘结承载力设计。

层状陶瓷与镍扩散连接接头微观组织及性能

采用扩散连接方式对Ni与Ti_(3)AlC_(2)陶瓷进行连接,为了对Ni与Ti_(3)AlC_(2)的反应层进行详细分析,利用SEM、TEM对接头的微观组织进行研究,了解Ni扩散机制及接头形成机理.结果表明,在扩散连接过程中,Ni元素向原始Ti_(3)AlC_(2)陶瓷组织的扩散优先沿着晶界及相界面进行,在此处Ni会发生明显的富集,由于Ni与Ti_(3)AlC_(2)陶瓷有较好的化学相容性,因此两者之间能够发生化学反应形成扩散连接接头,随着保温时间的延长,Ni的扩散更加充分,因此形成较为连续的Ni的扩散层.在扩散连接温度为900℃,保温时间为60 min时,Ni与Ti_(3)AlC_(2)陶瓷扩散连接接头的典型界面组织为Ni/Ni_(3)(Al,Ti)+AlNi_(2)Ti+TiC/Ti_(3)AlC_(2)陶瓷,随着扩散连接温度升高,接头抗剪强度表现为先增后减,当扩散连接温度为900℃,保温时间60 min,Ni/Ti_(3)AlC_(2)陶瓷接头具有最优的力学性能,抗剪强度可达94.4 MPa.

HB-FRP黏结混凝土界面性能试验研究

FRP与混凝土的界面黏结效果是外贴FRP加固技术(EB-FRP)中的关键,FRP与混凝土黏结界面过早失效会使FRP的利用效率大大降低。混合粘贴纤维复合材料加固(HB-FRP)以机械锚固和胶黏结并用的手段,用以抑制FRP的过早剥离。为明确HB-FRP对界面黏结性能的影响,进行了不同锚固形式的单向剪切试验,对比研究了EB-FRP和HB-FRP锚固方式的锚固性能,分析了不同扭矩和钢扣件个数对HB-FRP试件的剥离荷载和FRP利用率的影响,基于HB-FRP组合界面黏结-滑移统一模型对试验数据进行拟合,通过试验结果验证HB-FRP组合界面剥离荷载计算模型。结果表明,相较于EB-FRP,HB-FRP试件的剥离荷载和FRP利用率均有明显提高,且随着扭矩和扣件个数的增加而提高;验证了剥离荷载计算模型的有效性,可用于计算HB-FRP组合界面的剥离荷载。

5种流体树脂与牙釉质粘接性能的对比研究

目的通过比较Beautifil Flow Plus F00、FiltekTM Z350 XT、SDR、Tetric®N-Flows、Constic 5种流体树脂与牙釉质的粘接性能,为流体树脂的临床选择提供参考。方法选择因正畸拔除的成人离体前磨牙50颗,将离体牙随机分为5组(n=10),分别为F00组、Z350组、SDR组、Tetric组、Constic组,每组之间互为平行对照组。每颗离体牙颊侧中1/3磨除厚度为0.5 mm牙釉质,以直径为3 mm的圆形形态作为粘接面,每种树脂制作直径和长度均为3 mm圆柱形树脂试件10个,与预备好的牙釉质面进行粘接,自凝树脂进行包埋。将试件进行3000次冷热循环交替实验和37℃恒温水浴24 h实验后,进行剪切强度测试,记录数据;切断的粘接界面在扫描电镜下观察。结果F00组的剪切强度为(18.39±2.93)MPa、Z350组的剪切强度(11.03±1.55)MPa、SDR组的剪切强度为(12.77±1.55)MPa、Tetric组的剪切强度为(15.25±1.88)MPa、Constic组的剪切强度为(12.79±2.78)MPa,对所得数据进行ANOVA检验和SNK检验后得出,F00组的剪切强度显著高于其他4组(Z350组、SDR组、Tetric组、Constic组)(P<0.05);Tetric组的剪切强度显著高于其余3组(Z350组、SDR组、Constic组)(P<0.05);Z350组、SDR组、Constic组3组之间的剪切强度没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论5种流体树脂中Beautifil Flow Plus F00流体树脂粘接性能最高,Tetric®N-Flow流体树脂次之,FiltekTM Z350 XT、SDR、Constic这3种流体树脂粘接性能较低。