This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the influence of the principal stress angle rotation and intermediate principal stress on loess's strength and deformation characteristics.A hollow cylinder torsional she...This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the influence of the principal stress angle rotation and intermediate principal stress on loess's strength and deformation characteristics.A hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus was utilized to conduct tests on remolded samples under both normal and frozen conditions to investigate the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of loess under complex stress conditions.The results indicate significant differences in the internal changes of soil particles,unfrozen water,and relative positions in soil samples under normal and frozen conditions,leading to noticeable variations in strength and strain development.In frozen state,loess experiences primarily compressive failure with a slow growth of cracks,while at normal temperature,it predominantly exhibits shear failure.With the increase in the principal stress angle,the deformation patterns of the soil samples under different conditions become essentially consistent,gradually transitioning from compression to extension,accompanied by a reduction in axial strength.The gradual increase in the principal stress axis angle(α)reduces the strength of the generalized shear stress and shear strain curves.Under an increasingα,frozen soil exhibits strain-hardening characteristics,with the maximum shear strength occurring atα¼45.The intermediate principal stress coefficient(b)also significantly impacts the strength of frozen soil,with an increasing b resulting in a gradual decrease in generalized shear stress strength.This study provides a reference for comprehensively exploring the mechanical properties of soil under traffic load and a reliable theoretical basis for the design and maintenance of roadbeds.展开更多
Three aluminium channel sections of US standard extruded dimension are mounted as cantilevers with x-axis symmetry. The flexural bending and shear that arise with applied axial torsion are each considered theoreticall...Three aluminium channel sections of US standard extruded dimension are mounted as cantilevers with x-axis symmetry. The flexural bending and shear that arise with applied axial torsion are each considered theoretically and numerically in terms of two longitudinal axes of loading not coincident with the shear centre. In particular, the warping displacements, stiffness and stress distributions are calculated for torsion applied to longitudinal axes passing through the section’s centroid and its web centre. The stress conversions derived from each action are superimposed to reveal a net sectional stress distribution. Therein, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is established compared to previous results for each beam when loading is referred to a flexural axis through the shear centre. Within the net stress analysis is, it is shown how the constraint to free warping presented by the end fixing modifies the axial stress. The latter can be identified with the action of a ‘bimoment’ upon each thin-walled section.展开更多
Aspects of the general Vlasov theory are examined separately as applied to a thin-walled channel section cantilever beam under free-end end loading. In particular, the flexural bending and shear that arise under trans...Aspects of the general Vlasov theory are examined separately as applied to a thin-walled channel section cantilever beam under free-end end loading. In particular, the flexural bending and shear that arise under transverse shear and axial torsional loading are each considered theoretically. These analyses involve the location of the shear centre at which transverse shear forces when applied do not produce torsion. This centre, when taken to be coincident with the centre of twist implies an equivalent reciprocal behaviour. That is, an axial torsion applied concentric with the shear centre will twist but not bend the beam. The respective bending and shear stress conversions are derived for each action applied to three aluminium alloy extruded channel sections mounted as cantilevers with a horizontal principal axis of symmetry. Bending and shear are considered more generally for other thin-walled sections when the transverse loading axes at the shear centre are not parallel to the section = s centroidal axes of principal second moments of area. The fixing at one end of the cantilever modifies the St Venant free angular twist and the free warping displacement. It is shown from the Wagner-Kappus torsion theory how the end constrained warping generates an axial stress distribution that varies with the length and across the cross-section for an axial torsion applied to the shear centre. It should be mentioned here for wider applications and validation of the Vlasov theory that attendant papers are to consider in detail bending and torsional loadings applied to other axes through each of the centroid and the web centre. Therein, both bending and twisting arise from transverse shear and axial torsion applied to each position being displaced from the shear centre. Here, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is to be established. That is, the net axial stress from axial torsional loading is identified with the sum of axial stress due to bending and axial stress arising from constrained warping displacements at the fixing. The net shear stress distribution overlays the distributions from axial torsion and that from flexural shear under transverse loading. Both arise when transverse forces are displaced from the shear centre.展开更多
A pushover procedure with a load pattern based on the height-wise distribution of the combined modal story shear and torsional moment is proposed to estimate the seismic response of 3D asymmetric-plan building frames....A pushover procedure with a load pattern based on the height-wise distribution of the combined modal story shear and torsional moment is proposed to estimate the seismic response of 3D asymmetric-plan building frames. Contribution of the higher modes and torsional response of asymmetric-plan buildings are incorporated into the proposed load pattern. The proposed pushover method is a single-run procedure, which enables tracing the nonlinear response of the structure during the analysis and averts the elusiveness of conducting multiple pushover analyses. The proposed method has been used to estimate the response of two moment-resisting building frames with 9 and 20 stories. The obtained results indicate the appropriate accuracy and efficiency of the proposed procedure in estimating the trend of the drift profiles of the structures resulted from nonlinear time history analyses.展开更多
Segmental bridges with unbonded prestressed tendons have some advantages, such as the weather independence and the corrosion protection of prestressing tendons. This paper analyzed the behavior of a prestressed segmen...Segmental bridges with unbonded prestressed tendons have some advantages, such as the weather independence and the corrosion protection of prestressing tendons. This paper analyzed the behavior of a prestressed segmental bridge with unbonded tendons under combined loading of torsion, bending and shear. According to the experiment research, a modified skew bending model was developed to calculate the bearing capacity of segmental bridges subjected to combined bending, shear and torsion. The finite element method was used to investigate the deflection behaviors of such structure, also to check the theoretical model. The theoretical and FEM research results were compared favorably with the test results from Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany. Finally, suggestion for the design and construction of segmental bridges with external prestressing was made.展开更多
The distribution of shear stress on the cross-section of plastic metal solid circular shaft under pure torsion yielding,the applicability of complete plastic model assumption and the shear stress formula were research...The distribution of shear stress on the cross-section of plastic metal solid circular shaft under pure torsion yielding,the applicability of complete plastic model assumption and the shear stress formula were researched.Based on the shear stress formula of circular shaft under pure torsion in elastic stage,the formula of torque in elastic stage and the definition of yield,it is obtained that the yielding stage of plastic metal shaft under pure torsion is only a surface phenomenon of torque-torsion angle relationship,and the distribution of shear stress is essentially different from that of tensile stress when yielding under uniaxial tension.The pure torsion platform-torsion angle and the shape of torque-torsion angle curve cannot change the distribution of shear stress on the shaft cross-section.The distribution of shear stress is still linear with the maximum shear stress τs.The complete plasticity model assumption is not in accordance with the actual situation of shaft under torsion.The experimental strength data of nine plastic metals are consistent with the calculated results of the new limiting strain energy strength theory(LSEST).The traditional yield stress formula for plastic shaft under torsion is reasonable.The shear stress formula based on the plane assumption in material mechanics is applicable for all loaded stages of torsion shaft.展开更多
Using the method of elasticity, an analytical approach is developed to analyze the shear stress in a honeycomb wing structure with a large aspect ratio under the condition of free torsion. The formulas of shear stress...Using the method of elasticity, an analytical approach is developed to analyze the shear stress in a honeycomb wing structure with a large aspect ratio under the condition of free torsion. The formulas of shear stress, warping and angle of twist are derived. These formulas are both useful and convenient from the point of view in the structure design.展开更多
By using GDS dynamic hollow cylinder torsional apparatus,a series of cyclic torsional triaxial tests under complex initial consolidation condition are performed on Nanjing saturated fine sand. The effects of the initi...By using GDS dynamic hollow cylinder torsional apparatus,a series of cyclic torsional triaxial tests under complex initial consolidation condition are performed on Nanjing saturated fine sand. The effects of the initial principal stress direction α0,the initial ratio of deviatoric stress η0,the initial average effective principal stress p0 and the initial intermediate principal stress parameter b0 on the threshold shear strain γt of Nanjing saturated fine sand are then systematically investigated. The results show that γt increases as η0,p0 and b0 increase respectively,while the other three parameters remain constant. α0 has a great influence on γt,which is reduced when α0 increases from 0° to 45° and increased when α0 increases from 45° to 90°. The effect of α0 on γt plays a leading role and the effect of η0 will weaken when α0 is approximately 45°.展开更多
In structural analysis, it is often necessary to determine the geometrical properties of cross section. The location of the shear center is greater importance for an arbitrary cross section. In this study, the problem...In structural analysis, it is often necessary to determine the geometrical properties of cross section. The location of the shear center is greater importance for an arbitrary cross section. In this study, the problems of coupled shearing and torsional were analyzed by using the finite element method. Namely, the simultaneous equations with respect to the warping, shear deflection, angle of torsion and Lagrange’s multipliers are derived by finite element approximation. Solving them numerically, the matrix of the shearing rigidity and torsional rigidity is obtained. This matrix indicates the coupled shearing and torsional deflection. The shear center can be obtained determining the coordinate axes so as to eliminate the non-diagonal terms. Several numerical examples are performed and show that the present method gives excellent results for an arbitrary cross section.展开更多
The torsional vibration of a rigid plate resting on saturated stratum overlaying bedrock has been analysed for the first time. The dynamic governing differential equations for saturated poroelastic medium are solved b...The torsional vibration of a rigid plate resting on saturated stratum overlaying bedrock has been analysed for the first time. The dynamic governing differential equations for saturated poroelastic medium are solved by employing the technology of Hankel transform. By taking into account the boundary conditions, the dual integral equations of torsional vibration of a rigid circular plate are established, which are further converted into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Subsequently, the dynamic compliance coefficients of the foundation on saturated stratum, the contact shear stress under the foundation and the angular amplitude of the foundation are evaluated. Numerical results indicate that, when the dimensionless height is bigger than 5, saturated stratum overlaying bedrock can be treated as saturated half space approximately. When the dimensionless frequency is low, the permeability of the soil must be taken into account. Furthermore, when the vibration frequency is a constant, the height of the saturated stratum has a slight effect on the dimensionless contact shear stress under the foundation.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42161026&41801046)the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province(No.2023-ZJ-934M)the Youth Research Foundation of Qinghai University(No.2022-QGY-5).
文摘This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the influence of the principal stress angle rotation and intermediate principal stress on loess's strength and deformation characteristics.A hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus was utilized to conduct tests on remolded samples under both normal and frozen conditions to investigate the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of loess under complex stress conditions.The results indicate significant differences in the internal changes of soil particles,unfrozen water,and relative positions in soil samples under normal and frozen conditions,leading to noticeable variations in strength and strain development.In frozen state,loess experiences primarily compressive failure with a slow growth of cracks,while at normal temperature,it predominantly exhibits shear failure.With the increase in the principal stress angle,the deformation patterns of the soil samples under different conditions become essentially consistent,gradually transitioning from compression to extension,accompanied by a reduction in axial strength.The gradual increase in the principal stress axis angle(α)reduces the strength of the generalized shear stress and shear strain curves.Under an increasingα,frozen soil exhibits strain-hardening characteristics,with the maximum shear strength occurring atα¼45.The intermediate principal stress coefficient(b)also significantly impacts the strength of frozen soil,with an increasing b resulting in a gradual decrease in generalized shear stress strength.This study provides a reference for comprehensively exploring the mechanical properties of soil under traffic load and a reliable theoretical basis for the design and maintenance of roadbeds.
文摘Three aluminium channel sections of US standard extruded dimension are mounted as cantilevers with x-axis symmetry. The flexural bending and shear that arise with applied axial torsion are each considered theoretically and numerically in terms of two longitudinal axes of loading not coincident with the shear centre. In particular, the warping displacements, stiffness and stress distributions are calculated for torsion applied to longitudinal axes passing through the section’s centroid and its web centre. The stress conversions derived from each action are superimposed to reveal a net sectional stress distribution. Therein, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is established compared to previous results for each beam when loading is referred to a flexural axis through the shear centre. Within the net stress analysis is, it is shown how the constraint to free warping presented by the end fixing modifies the axial stress. The latter can be identified with the action of a ‘bimoment’ upon each thin-walled section.
文摘Aspects of the general Vlasov theory are examined separately as applied to a thin-walled channel section cantilever beam under free-end end loading. In particular, the flexural bending and shear that arise under transverse shear and axial torsional loading are each considered theoretically. These analyses involve the location of the shear centre at which transverse shear forces when applied do not produce torsion. This centre, when taken to be coincident with the centre of twist implies an equivalent reciprocal behaviour. That is, an axial torsion applied concentric with the shear centre will twist but not bend the beam. The respective bending and shear stress conversions are derived for each action applied to three aluminium alloy extruded channel sections mounted as cantilevers with a horizontal principal axis of symmetry. Bending and shear are considered more generally for other thin-walled sections when the transverse loading axes at the shear centre are not parallel to the section = s centroidal axes of principal second moments of area. The fixing at one end of the cantilever modifies the St Venant free angular twist and the free warping displacement. It is shown from the Wagner-Kappus torsion theory how the end constrained warping generates an axial stress distribution that varies with the length and across the cross-section for an axial torsion applied to the shear centre. It should be mentioned here for wider applications and validation of the Vlasov theory that attendant papers are to consider in detail bending and torsional loadings applied to other axes through each of the centroid and the web centre. Therein, both bending and twisting arise from transverse shear and axial torsion applied to each position being displaced from the shear centre. Here, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is to be established. That is, the net axial stress from axial torsional loading is identified with the sum of axial stress due to bending and axial stress arising from constrained warping displacements at the fixing. The net shear stress distribution overlays the distributions from axial torsion and that from flexural shear under transverse loading. Both arise when transverse forces are displaced from the shear centre.
文摘A pushover procedure with a load pattern based on the height-wise distribution of the combined modal story shear and torsional moment is proposed to estimate the seismic response of 3D asymmetric-plan building frames. Contribution of the higher modes and torsional response of asymmetric-plan buildings are incorporated into the proposed load pattern. The proposed pushover method is a single-run procedure, which enables tracing the nonlinear response of the structure during the analysis and averts the elusiveness of conducting multiple pushover analyses. The proposed method has been used to estimate the response of two moment-resisting building frames with 9 and 20 stories. The obtained results indicate the appropriate accuracy and efficiency of the proposed procedure in estimating the trend of the drift profiles of the structures resulted from nonlinear time history analyses.
文摘Segmental bridges with unbonded prestressed tendons have some advantages, such as the weather independence and the corrosion protection of prestressing tendons. This paper analyzed the behavior of a prestressed segmental bridge with unbonded tendons under combined loading of torsion, bending and shear. According to the experiment research, a modified skew bending model was developed to calculate the bearing capacity of segmental bridges subjected to combined bending, shear and torsion. The finite element method was used to investigate the deflection behaviors of such structure, also to check the theoretical model. The theoretical and FEM research results were compared favorably with the test results from Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany. Finally, suggestion for the design and construction of segmental bridges with external prestressing was made.
文摘The distribution of shear stress on the cross-section of plastic metal solid circular shaft under pure torsion yielding,the applicability of complete plastic model assumption and the shear stress formula were researched.Based on the shear stress formula of circular shaft under pure torsion in elastic stage,the formula of torque in elastic stage and the definition of yield,it is obtained that the yielding stage of plastic metal shaft under pure torsion is only a surface phenomenon of torque-torsion angle relationship,and the distribution of shear stress is essentially different from that of tensile stress when yielding under uniaxial tension.The pure torsion platform-torsion angle and the shape of torque-torsion angle curve cannot change the distribution of shear stress on the shaft cross-section.The distribution of shear stress is still linear with the maximum shear stress τs.The complete plasticity model assumption is not in accordance with the actual situation of shaft under torsion.The experimental strength data of nine plastic metals are consistent with the calculated results of the new limiting strain energy strength theory(LSEST).The traditional yield stress formula for plastic shaft under torsion is reasonable.The shear stress formula based on the plane assumption in material mechanics is applicable for all loaded stages of torsion shaft.
文摘Using the method of elasticity, an analytical approach is developed to analyze the shear stress in a honeycomb wing structure with a large aspect ratio under the condition of free torsion. The formulas of shear stress, warping and angle of twist are derived. These formulas are both useful and convenient from the point of view in the structure design.
基金supported by the Key Research Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 90715018the Special Fund for the Commonweal Industry of China under grant No. 200808022the Key Basic Research Program of Natural Science of University in Jiangsu Province under grant No. 08KJA560001
文摘By using GDS dynamic hollow cylinder torsional apparatus,a series of cyclic torsional triaxial tests under complex initial consolidation condition are performed on Nanjing saturated fine sand. The effects of the initial principal stress direction α0,the initial ratio of deviatoric stress η0,the initial average effective principal stress p0 and the initial intermediate principal stress parameter b0 on the threshold shear strain γt of Nanjing saturated fine sand are then systematically investigated. The results show that γt increases as η0,p0 and b0 increase respectively,while the other three parameters remain constant. α0 has a great influence on γt,which is reduced when α0 increases from 0° to 45° and increased when α0 increases from 45° to 90°. The effect of α0 on γt plays a leading role and the effect of η0 will weaken when α0 is approximately 45°.
文摘In structural analysis, it is often necessary to determine the geometrical properties of cross section. The location of the shear center is greater importance for an arbitrary cross section. In this study, the problems of coupled shearing and torsional were analyzed by using the finite element method. Namely, the simultaneous equations with respect to the warping, shear deflection, angle of torsion and Lagrange’s multipliers are derived by finite element approximation. Solving them numerically, the matrix of the shearing rigidity and torsional rigidity is obtained. This matrix indicates the coupled shearing and torsional deflection. The shear center can be obtained determining the coordinate axes so as to eliminate the non-diagonal terms. Several numerical examples are performed and show that the present method gives excellent results for an arbitrary cross section.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50478081).
文摘The torsional vibration of a rigid plate resting on saturated stratum overlaying bedrock has been analysed for the first time. The dynamic governing differential equations for saturated poroelastic medium are solved by employing the technology of Hankel transform. By taking into account the boundary conditions, the dual integral equations of torsional vibration of a rigid circular plate are established, which are further converted into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Subsequently, the dynamic compliance coefficients of the foundation on saturated stratum, the contact shear stress under the foundation and the angular amplitude of the foundation are evaluated. Numerical results indicate that, when the dimensionless height is bigger than 5, saturated stratum overlaying bedrock can be treated as saturated half space approximately. When the dimensionless frequency is low, the permeability of the soil must be taken into account. Furthermore, when the vibration frequency is a constant, the height of the saturated stratum has a slight effect on the dimensionless contact shear stress under the foundation.
