Morphotype dependence of Globigerinoides ruber(white)and Trilobatus sacculifer Mg/Ca ratios in the western tropical Pacific:implications for reconstructing the mixed-layer depth

Planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber(white)and Trilobatus sacculifer are the most frequently used mixedlayer dwelling species for reconstructing past oceanic environments.Specifically,the Mg/Ca ratios of these two foraminiferal species have been used for reconstructing tropical/subtropical changes in sea surface temperature(SST).However,these two species have different morphotypes,of which the spatial and temporal differences in Mg/Ca ratios and their influencing factors are still unclear.Our objective is to investigate the potential differences between the Mg/Ca ratios of these different morphotypes of G.ruber(white)and T.sacculifer in the western Philippine Sea(WPS)and determine their implications for the reconstruction of SST and upper-ocean structure.Mg/Ca measurements are made on two basic morphotypes of G.ruber(white)[sensu stricto(s.s.)and sensu lato(s.l.)]and T.sacculifer[with(w)and without(w/o)a sac-like final chamber]on samples of Site MD06-3047B from the WPS.Our results reveal that Mg/Ca ratios of different G.ruber morphotypes show consistent differences;and those of T.sacculifer morphotypes show staged variations since MIS 3.It is suggested to select a single morphotype for reconstructing SST changes using the Mg/Ca ratios of G.ruber and T.sacculifer in the WPS.Furthermore,the Mg/Ca ratios between G.ruber s.s.and G.ruber s.l.[Δ(Mg/Ca)_(G.ruber s.s.-s.l.)]downcore MD06-3047B covaries with indexes of summer monsoon.Combining with the core-top results,showing regional variation of differences in theΔ(Mg/Ca)_(G.ruber s.s.-s.l.)over the western tropical Pacific,we propose thatΔ(Mg/Ca)_(G.ruber s.s.-s.l.)may tend to reflect summer mixed layer depth.

Near resonance vibration isolation on a levered-dual response(LEDAR)Coulomb-damped system by differential preloads/offsets in linear springs

The levered-dual response(LEDAR)Coulomb-damped system attains near resonant vibration isolation by differential preloads/offsets in linear springs.It takes the advantages of both the preloads/offsets in linear springs and the guiderail friction for realizing different levels of vibration isolation.The isolation capacities are investigated on the strategies with both the horizontal and vertical guiderails,with the horizontal rail only,and without guiderails.The compressive preloads generally result in the consumption of most of the initial excitation energy so as to overcome the potential threshold.The isolation onsets at the frequency ratio of 1∓0.095 on the left-hand side(LHS)and the right-hand side(RHS)of the lever are relative to the load plate connector.The observed near resonant isolation thus makes the LEDAR system a candidate for the isolation of the mechanical systems about resonance while opening a path for simultaneous harvesterisolation functions and passive functions at extreme frequencies.

Effects of process parameters on the depth-to-width ratio of flux-cored wire underwater wet welding

The effects of process parameters on the depth-to-width ratio （D/W） of flux-cored wire underwater wet welding with a certain type of homemade .flux-cored wire are studied. It is found that the welding .speed, wire feeding speed and torch oscillating amplitude hare significant effects on the dopth-to-width ratio （D/W） of welds. The D/W ratio of welds increases significantly with the increase of welding speed without the oscillating of welding torch. It increased （from 0. 14 to 0. 26 ） with the increase of wire feeding speed while the torch oscillating. And it decreased linearly with the increase of torch oscillating amplitude. However, the influelwe of oscillating speed, wire extension and welding voltage on the D/W ratio of welds was not obvious.

Research on Large Depth Diameter Ratio Ultra-precision Aspheric Grinding System

In this paper, the factors of affecting surface roughness and profiles accuracy of the machined larege depth diamter ratio aspheric surfaces in ultra-precision grinding process are analyzed theoretically. An ultra-precision aspheric grinding system is then designed and manufactured. Aerostatic form is adopted to build the spindle of the workpiece, transverse guideway, longitudinal guideway and the spindle of the grinder in this system. The following specification is achieved, such as the turning accuracy of the spindle of the workpiece is 0.05 μm, radial rigidity of the spindle is GE 220N/μm, axial rigidity is GE 160 N/μm, radial rigidity of the guideway is GE 200N/μm, the highest rotational speed of the grinder is 80 000 rev/min and its turning accuracy is 0.1 μm, the resolution of linear displacement of the transverse and longitudinal guideway is 4.9 nm. Adjusting range of this adjusting mechanism is 2 mm in the Y direction, the adjusting accuracy of the precise adjusting mechanism is 0.1 μm. Micro displacement measuring system of this ultra-precision aspheric grinding adopts two-backfeed strategy, and angle displacement back-feed is realized by photoelectric encoder, it’s resolution is 655 360 pulse/rev. after 4 frequency multiplication, it’s angle displacement resolution is achieved 2 621 440 pulse/rev. Straight-line displacement is monitored by single frequency laser interferometer (DLSTAX LTM-20B, made in Japan). This CNC system adopts inimitable bi-arc step length flex CN interpolation algorithm, it’s CN system resolution is 5 nm.So this aspheric grinding system ensures profile accuracy of the machined part. The resolution of this interferometer is 5 nm. Finally, lots of ultra-precision grinding experiments are carried out on this grinding system. Some optical aspheric parts, with profiles accuracy of 0.3 μm, surface roughness less than 0.01 μm, are obtained.

Evaluation of EEG β2/θ -ratio and channel locations in measuring anesthesia depth

In this paper, the ratio of powers in the frequency bands of β2 and θ waves in EEG signals (termed as the β2/θ -ratio) was introduced as a potential enhancement in measuring anesthesia depth. The β2/θ -ratio was compared to the relative β-ratio which had been commercially used in the BIS monitor. Sensitivity and reliability of the β2/θ -ratio and EEG measurement locations were analyzed for their effectiveness in measuring anesthesia depth during different stages of propofol induced anesthesia (awake, induction, maintenance, and emergence). The analysis indicated that 1) the relative β -ratio and β2/θ-ratio derived from the prefrontal, frontal, and the central cortex EEG signals were of substantial sensitivity for capturing anesthesia depth changes. 2) Certain channel positions in the frontal part of the cortex, such as , had the combined benefits of substantial sensitivity and noise resistance. 3) The β2/θ-ratio captured the initial excitation, while the relative β -ratio did not. 4) In the maintenance and emergence stages, the β2/θ -ratio showed improved reliability. Implications: The ratio of powers in EEG frequency bands and derived from the frontal cortex EEG channels has combined benefits of substantial sensitivity and noise resistance in measuring anesthesia depth.

Influence of depth-thickness ratio of mining on the stability of a bedding slope with its sliding surface in concave deformation

In order to study the influence of depth-thickness ratio on bedding slope stability, whose sliding surface is flexural concave in shape under mining conditions, this paper aims to study the characteristics of deformation and damage of bedding sliding with depth-thickness ratios of 200:1, 150:1, 120:1, 100:1 and 50:1by adopting numerical simulation analysis software combined with laboratory-made ‘‘under the influence of mining variable sliding surface slope similar simulation test bed", and to propose identification methods for slope stability under the influence of mining. The results show that mining activities under the slope reduce slope stability. With a decrease in the mining depth ratio, the influence of mining on the slope increases gradually, and the damage to the slope gradually expands, the stability of the slope gradually reduces, fracture occurs on the slope toe and the central fissure gradually develops to the surface,and reaches slide threshold when the depth-thickness ratio is 50:1.

Theoretical analyses on bed topography responses in large depth-to-width ratio river bends with constant curvatures

Bed morphology is the result of a dynamic response to a complex meandering river system. It is an important factor for the further development of river. Based on the meandering river characterized by a large depth-to-width ratio, a theoretical model is established with the coupling of Navier-Stokes （N-S）~ sediment transport, and bed deformation equations. The flow characteristics and bed response of river are obtained with the perturbation method. The research results show that, under the effect of two- dimensional flow disturbance, the bars and pools present the regular response. For a given sinuousness, the amplitude of the bed response can be used as a criterion to judge the bedform stability. The effects of the Reynolds number, disturbance wavenumber, sinuousness, and bed morphology gradient on the bed response development are described.

Impact of depth ratio on flow structure and turbulence characteristics of compound open channel flows

Compound open channel flows appear in most natural rivers are of great importance in river management and flood control.In this study,large eddy simulations were carried out to simulate the compound open channel flows with four different depth ratios(hr=0.10,0.25,0.50,and 0.75).The main flow velocity,secondary flow,Reynolds stress,and bed shear stress were obtained from numerical simulations.The depth-averaged stream wise momentum equation was used to quantify the lateral momentum exchange between the main channel and floodplain.The instantaneous coherent structures were presented by the Q criterion method.The impact of hr on flow structure and turbulence charac-teristics was analyzed.The results showed that with the increase of hr,the high velocity area in the main channel shifted to the floodplain,and the dip phenomenon became more obvious;the Reynolds stress largely contributed to the lateral momentum exchange within the flows near the side walls of floodplain;and the vortex structures were found to significantly increase in the floodplain region.

Stability evaluation method of large cross-section tunnel considering modification of thickness-span ratio in mechanized operation

Purpose-This study aims to research the large cross-section tunnel stability evaluation method corrected after considering the thickness-span ratio.Design/methodology/approach-First,taking the Liuyuan Tunnel of Huanggang-Huangmei High-Speed Railway as an example and taking deflection of the third principal stress of the surrounding rock at a vault after tunnel excavation as the criterion,the critical buried depth of the large section tunnel was determined.Then,the strength reduction method was employed to calculate the tunnel safety factor under different rock classes and thickness-span ratios,and mathematical statistics was conducted to identify the relationships of the tunnel safety factor with the thickness-span ratio and the basic quality(BQ)index of the rock for different rock classes.Finally,the influences of thickness-span ratio,groundwater,initial stress of rock and structural attitude factors were considered to obtain the corrected BQ,based on which the stability of a large cross-section tunnel with a depth of more than 100 m during mechanized operation was analyzed.This evaluation method was then applied to Liuyuan Tunnel and Cimushan No.2 Tunnel of Chongqing Urban Expressway for verification.Findings-This study shows that under different rock classes,the tunnel safety factor is a strict power function of the thickness-span ratio,while a linear function of the BQ to some extent.It is more suitable to use the corrected BQ as a quantitative index to evaluate tunnel stability according to the actual conditions of the site.Originality/value-The existing industry standards do not consider the influence of buried depth and span in the evaluation of tunnel stability.The stability evaluation method of large section tunnel considering the correction of overburden span ratio proposed in this paper achieves higher accuracy for the stability evaluation of surrounding rock in a full or large-section mechanized excavation of double line high-speed railway tunnels.

气候变暖对吉林省降雪量与新增雪深关系的影响

降雪量和积雪深度的关系是降雪预报及水文气候模拟中的重要参数。本文利用吉林省50个站点1961—2021年的降水量、积雪深度、气温、风速和天气现象等气象观测资料,分析了降雪量和新增积雪深度的关系及主要气候影响因子。结果表明,在中等及以上强度的降雪过程中,吉林省新增积雪深度(D)与降雪量(S)的比值(深量比,Rds)平均为0.96 cm·mm^(-1);该比值存在空间差异,呈西部小东部大的分布特征,且存在明显的月际、年际和年代际变化特征,其中月际变化呈现不对称的抛物线型,12月和1月为大值时段;近60年来Rds呈减小趋势,变化速率为-0.01 cm·mm^(-1)·(10a)^(-1);降雪日Rds与气温呈明显反相关关系,其中在-12~0℃的温度区间,Rds随气温上升呈明显减小趋势。气候变暖、降水量增加和风速的减小是降雪过程中降雪量与新增雪深关系年代际变化的直接原因。揭示降雪量和新增雪深的关系对于认识东北亚中高纬度降雪积雪特征及其成因具有重要意义。

砂土中螺旋桩在斜拉荷载作用下的承载性能

为研究斜拉荷载倾斜角度和叶片埋深对螺旋桩极限承载力的影响,基于ABAQUS软件构建了砂土中螺旋桩的有限元模型,通过螺旋桩水平承载机理砂箱试验与竖向拉拔试验数据,对模型的准确性和可行性进行验证。设置4组不同叶片埋深的螺旋桩模型,分别施加不同角度的斜拉荷载,探讨了砂土地基中螺旋桩的承载性能与斜拉角度、叶片埋深的相关性。结果表明:砂土中螺旋桩的极限承载力随着斜拉角度的增大不断减小;当斜拉角度小于30°时,螺旋桩极限承载力与斜拉角度的关系曲线近似呈线性;螺旋桩极限承载力存在一个临界埋深比,当埋深比大于等于4时,承载力不随埋深比的增大而变化。推导了深埋状态下螺旋桩受斜拉荷载作用的极限承载力公式,经验证该公式能较好反映螺旋桩极限承载力随斜拉角度增大而逐渐下降的规律。

基于冲刷指数的雨水管渠冲刷淤积分析

流速、雷诺数、充满度等单因素指标虽然与雨水管渠的冲刷和淤积量有一定的关联,但是通过单因素指标不足以全面地判断雨水管道的冲刷和淤积。在起动流速和止动流速的基础上,提出了冲刷指数的概念。结合连续非恒定流不同工况下冲刷和淤积量模拟,计算了流速、雷诺数、充满度、冲刷指数4个因素与冲刷量的灰色关联度,其关联度大小依次为:冲刷指数>雷诺数>充满度>流速。根据不同工况的恒定流模型实验的结果,其关联度大小依次为:冲刷指数>>流速>雷诺数>充满度。可以认为,在恒定流与非恒定流工况下,冲刷量和冲刷指数有显著的强相关性,冲刷指数能代替具体的冲刷量计算实现对冲刷程度和趋势的合理判断。

山东深秋一次暴雪过程雪水比影响因子分析

利用地面气象观测站资料、加密地面观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)第五代大气再分析数据(ECMWF Reanalysis v5,ERA5;分辨率为0.25°×0.25°)逐小时资料,对山东2021年11月6—8日极端暴雪过程雪水比影响因子进行研究。结果显示:此次暴雪过程平均雪水比分布总体呈“北大南小、西大东小”的分布特征,降雪初期产生的雪水比小,降雪中后期产生的雪水比大;温度偏高、云内液态水含量较高的地区雪水比较小,温度偏低、云内液态水含量较低的地区雪水比较大;雪水比与地面气温、地表温度呈负相关,地面气温与雪水比的相关性最大,积雪产生之后地表温度与雪水比变化无明显相关。

磨粒有序化砂轮排布参数对磨削筋条表面影响

为了使用磨粒有序化砂轮磨削出减阻筋条表面,首先,分析了磨粒有序化砂轮的排布参数与磨削减阻筋条表面深宽比的关系,设计出了磨粒有序化砂轮的几何和数学模型,并且建立了磨粒运动轨迹方程;然后,建立了减阻筋条深宽比与有序化砂轮排布参数之间的数学方程;最后,由仿真结果得到了砂轮排布参数对减阻筋条表面形貌与深宽比的影响规律。研究结果表明,在磨粒有序化砂轮的排布参数中,倾斜角度、磨粒间距和磨削深度的改变会直接对减阻筋条尺寸有影响并且对其深宽比的大小起到决定性作用。

方形圆弧角养殖池径深比对水动力特性的影响

为研究方形圆弧角养殖池径深比对养殖池内流场的影响,本文建立以实际工厂化循环水养殖池尺寸按比例缩小的单通道排污结构养殖池物理模型实验系统,采用声学多普勒流速仪开展了进水管布设位置、水体日循环次数、入射角度等参数工况下不同径深比(即养殖池边长与水深之比)的流场监测,系统分析了径深比(2∶1~7∶1)对养殖池内流场特性的影响规律。研究表明:径深比参数明显影响养殖池内的水动力特性,随着径深比增大养殖池水体平均流速呈下降趋势,且在径深比为2∶1~4∶1时下降较快;当径深比为3∶1~6∶1时,养殖池具有较好的水动力特性,此径深比范围低流速区比例较低、水体较均匀,有利于养殖池空间高效利用和营养物质均匀分布。

表面微结构的宽深比与占空比对马氏体不锈钢空化和空蚀的影响

目的探究表面微结构尺寸变化对空蚀过程的影响以及作用机制。方法根据点阵型表面微结构的截面形状,改变其宽深比和占空比,用Gambit对其建立二维平面模型。使用Fluent软件对不同尺寸下微结构模型的空蚀过程进行模拟计算,得到绝对压力、含汽率以及气泡运动速度等参数。最后根据模拟计算的结果,在样品表面加工出不同占空比的微结构,使用磁致超声振动空化设备,在与数值模拟相同环境条件下进行空蚀试验,采用失重法对模拟结果进行验证。结果数值模拟分析显示,微结构的宽深比和占空比对空蚀过程均有影响。当宽深比小于2.5时,微结构底面的含汽率降至0.1以下,沟槽内形成一层“液垫”,减缓了空蚀。相较于其他占空比,当占空比为0.91时,含汽率最小,保持在0.4以下,样品表面同样形成“液垫”,缓冲了气泡溃灭时作用在材料表面的冲击力。此外,随着占空比的增大,微结构表面的绝对压力与液体的饱和蒸汽压差距增大,降低了空化程度,同样起到了减缓空蚀的作用。不同占空比下的微结构样品和光滑样品的空蚀试验结果表明,微结构样品的空蚀质量损失均小于光滑样品的空蚀质量损失,且当占空比为0.91时,空蚀质量损失最小,为5.95 mg,远小于占空比为0.71和0.38时,微结构样品。同样证明了表面微结构占空比越大,材料的耐空蚀性能越好。结论微结构宽深比主要影响微结构底面的含汽率,而占空比影响样品表面的绝对压力和微结构顶面的含汽率。相较于光滑表面,微结构样品可以有效减缓马氏体不锈钢的空蚀损伤。当宽深比较小、占空比较大时,材料表面的含汽率保持在较低的水平,有利于减缓空蚀损伤。

混凝土深受弯构件力学性能分析与裂缝宽度检测

为保证混凝土深受弯构件的服役寿命,分析了其在载荷作用下的力学性能,并检测其裂缝宽度。在制备4种不同剪跨比的混凝土深受弯构件后,制定加载方案。然后基于有限元模型分析构件在载荷下的应力分布情况,并通过构件受剪分析模型计算混凝土深受弯构件的受剪承载力,同时利用拉压杆模型检测裂缝宽度。试验结果显示:剪跨比能够直接影响构件的力学性能。剪跨比为0.26、载荷达到600 kN左右时,跨中位移最高值为8.6 mm;剪跨比为1.04、载荷为300 kN左右时,跨中位移达到12.5 mm,构件从剪切破坏状态变化成剪弯破坏;根据构件裂缝之间的受力情况,可以准确获取裂缝最大宽度值;剪跨比较大时,构件裂缝较宽位置,大部分均位于支座附近。

砂土地基中螺旋锚上拔承载特性试验与理论研究

目前多锚片螺旋锚上拔承载的理论研究需人为引入临界埋深比和临界间距比的概念,这将一个连续演化问题割裂成多种特殊工况,但两个临界值的取值标准又存在不统一的问题,导致理论的工程应用存在风险。基于模型试验并结合数字照相测量技术开展砂土地基中螺旋锚上拔承载特性研究,主要得到以下结论:①单、双锚片螺旋锚上拔荷载位移曲线的变化均可分为增长区间和震荡下降区间两个阶段,埋深比越大,荷载峰值越高,但随之增强的土拱效应也导致曲线震荡幅度越显著。②抗拔承载力突破因子Nγ随埋深比的变化曲线存在峰值特征,先快速增大后缓慢减小;下层锚承载力发挥系数η随间距比的增大呈先快后缓的增加趋势。③多锚片螺旋锚的各层锚片对应的破坏滑动面均可用随埋深比增大长短轴比逐渐减小的椭圆来刻画,首层锚滑动面与同埋深下单锚片滑动面形态一致,下层锚滑动面的椭圆长短轴之比受到间距比变化的影响可分为3个阶段。④多锚片螺旋锚的首层锚和下层锚各自有3种滑动面工况,对应3种力学模型,这取决于埋深比和间距比,螺旋锚总的上拔承载力学模型由它们组合而成。⑤推导建立了多锚片螺旋锚上拔承载力计算方法,该方法可以考虑任意锚片数量、埋深比和间距比,并通过对4个松砂和中密砂地基中试验案例的计算验证了该方法的有效性。

基于循环神经网络的超大直径盾构掘进地表沉降预测方法研究

为了研究超大直径盾构掘进过程地面沉降规律,以武汉市和平大道南延线盾构工程为研究对象,首先收集了超大直径盾构下穿过程掘进参数和地层地质参数,并使用盾构掘进过程深跨比描述超大直径盾构影响特征;其次,通过收集现场沉降测点数据分析盾构隧道施工阶段地表沉降的影响范围,计算了90%、95%、99%三种置信区间下地表沉降影响范围;最后,选取不同范围内的多元时序数据作为输入参数,分别建立了基于贝叶斯优化算法(BO)的长短期记忆(LSTM)、BP神经网络和随机森林(RF)大直径盾构地面沉降预测模型.模型运行过程中,通过贝叶斯优化算法分别寻找三种不同模型下的最优超参数,并通过四种评价指标对比模型精度.结果如下:①在90%置信水平下三种算法均表现出最高精度,通过区间计算筛选有效输入参数能有效提高模型预测精度;②LSTM对隧道沉降的预测结果优于传统机器学习算法模型,MAPE最低达到8.91%,R^(2)达到90%.

同轴兆声辅助射流电解加工工艺研究

针对电解加工的杂散问题,提出了同轴兆声辅助射流电解加工方法,利用该方法对304不锈钢的电解加工过程进行理论分析与实验研究。分析结果表明,兆声辅助不仅能增强电解液流速,使阳极被加工区域的电解液不断更新,还能促进反应气体排出,从而提高电解加工精度与加工效率。研究结果表明,固定电解液流量0.9 L/min、电解电压50 V时,22 W兆声功率下的电解圆形凹坑的深径比为0.173,相比无兆声下提高12.34%,同时也进一步提升了沟槽刻蚀深宽比,验证了兆声辅助射流电解的有效性。