Causal effects of shelter forests and water factors on desertification control during 2000–2010 at the Horqin Sandy Land region, China

The Horqin Sandy Land（HSL）, the largest sandy land in the semi-arid agro-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China, has been subject to desertification during the past century. In response, and to control the desertification,government implemented the Three-North Shelter/Protective Forest Program, world＇s largest ecological reforestation/afforestation restoration program. The program began in1978 and will continue for 75 years until 2050. Understanding the dynamics of desertification and its driving forces is a precondition for controlling desertification.However, there is little evidence to directly link causal effects with desertification process（i.e., on the changing area of sandy land） because desertification is a complex process,that can be affected by vegetation（including vegetation cover and extent of shelter forests） and water factors such as precipitation, surface soil moisture, and evapotranspiration.The objectives of this study were to identify how influencing factors, especially shelter forests, affected desertification in HSL over a recent decade. We used Landsat TM imagery analysis and path analysis to identify the effects of spatiotemporal changes in water and vegetation parameters during2000–2010. Desertification was controlled during the study period, as indicated by a decrease in desert area at a rate of163.3 km2year-1and an increase in the area with reduced intensity or extent of desertification. Total vegetation cover in HSL increased by 10.6 % during the study period and this factor exerted the greatest direct and indirect effects on slowing desertification. The contribution of total vegetation cover to controlling desertification increased with the intensity of desertification. On slightly and extremely severe desertified areas, vegetation cover contributed 5 and 42 % of the desertification reduction, respectively. There were significant correlations between total vegetation cover and water conditions（i.e., evapotranspiration and precipitation）and the area of shelter forests（P ／ 0.0001）, in which water conditions and the existence of shelter forests contributed49.7 and 12.8 % to total vegetation cover, respectively. The area of shelter forests increased sharply due to program efforts, but only shrub forests had significant direct effects on reducing the area of desertification categorized as slightly desertified. The reason for the lack of direct effect of increased arbor forests（accounting for 95.3 % of the total increase in shelter forests） on reducing desertification might be that the selected arbor species were not suited to water conditions（low precipitation, high evapotranspiration） prevailing at HSL. The establishment of shelter forests aided control of desertification in the HSL region, but the effect was less than expected. Effective control of desertification in the HSL region or other similar sandy areas will require greater improvements in vegetation cover. In particular,shrub species should be selected for plantation with reference to their potential to survive and reproduce in the harsh climatic and weather conditions typical of desertified areas.

Formation mechanisms and remediation techniques for low-efficiency artificial shelter forests on the Chinese Loess Plateau

The construction of artificial shelter forests(ASFs)has resulted in substantial ecological,economic,and societal benefits to the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP).However,the health and benefits of ASFs are being increasingly threatened by the formation of low-efficiency artificial shelter forests(LEASFs).In this study,LEASFs are systematically analyzed in terms of their status,formation mechanisms,and developmental obstacles.The key restoration techniques and schemes were summarized to improve the quality and efficiency of LEASFs.LEASFs are formed by relatively complex mechanisms,but they arise mainly due to poor habitat conditions,improper tree species selections,mismatch between stands and habitat,extensive forest management measures,and human interferences.The restoration and improvement of LEASFs are hindered by water deficits,mismatch between stands and habitat,single management purpose,and low efficiency.LEASFs are becoming more complex due to their wide range,the challenges associated with their restoration,and insufficient technological measures for their restoration.The key techniques of the quality and efficiency improvement of LEASFs include basic forest tending methods,near-natural restoration,multifunction-oriented improvement,and systematic restoration.An understanding on the formation mechanisms of LEASFs and a scientific approach toward their restoration are urgently needed and critical for the ecological protection and high-quality development of LEASFs on the CLP.Based on these analyses,we recommend strengthening the monitoring and supervision of LEASFs,considering the bearing capacity of regional water resources,implementing multiple restoration techniques,promoting multifunction-oriented ecological development,and exploring new management concepts to achieve the sustainable development of ASFs on the CLP.

THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE LAND RESOURCES SYSTEM IN THE FARMLAND SHELTER FOREST REGION IN THE NORTHEAST PLAIN

The structure and dynamics of land resources system in the shelter forest region in the Northeast Plain is discussed according to the remote sensing and statistical information from the typical profiles and spots. For agricultural utilization, the land resources system is made up of five components, i.e. man, land resources, water resources,climatic resources and barren land. The local economy depends heavily upon its land resources, especially farm land. Having been exploited for 50-60 years from the 1930s to 1980s, it has already changed from the reclaiming period into the declining period.There is no waste land to be reclaimed. Facing the increase of population and requirements and the decrease of farmland fertility, proper management of land resources is indispensable if local economic and living level is maintained. It is imperative to make artificial regeneration (highest input) for the land resources and to keep fine circle of thesystem. If only natural regeneration if relied, the system will be changed to vicious circle.

Path Analysis on Environmental Factors Controlling Runoff and Sediment Yields in Shelter Forests in Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Effects of environmental factors such as climate,topography,vegetation and soil in shelter forests in Three Gorges Reservoir Region on runoff and sediment yields were monitored to identify dominant environmental factors controlling runoff and sediment yields in 15 runoff plots in study area by soil sampling,laboratory analysis,stepwise regression analysis and path analysis,and to establish the main control environmental factors that affect runoff and sediment yields. The results showed that soil bulk density,herbaceous cover,slope,and canopy density were the significant factors controlling runoff,and the direct path coefficient of each factor was ranked as canopy closure(-0. 628) > litter thickness(-0. 547) > bulk density( 0. 509) > altitude( 0. 289). The indirect path coefficient was ranked as soil bulk density( 0. 354) >litter thickness(-0. 169) > altitude( 0. 126) > canopy closure(-0. 104). Therefore,canopy closure and litter thickness mainly had direct effects on runoff,while soil bulk density mainly had indirect effects through their contributions to other factors. Herbaceous cover,litter thickness,slope,canopy density,and altitude were the significant factors controlling sediment yields. The direct path coefficient of each factor was ranked as herbaceous cover(-0. 815) > litter thickness(-0. 777) > canopy closure(-0. 624) > slope( 0. 620). The indirect path coefficient was ranked as slope( 0. 272) > litter thickness(-0. 131) > canopy closure(-0. 097) > herbaceous cover(-0. 084). Therefore,herbaceous cover and litter thickness mainly had direct effects on sediment yields,while slope mainly had indirect effects through their contributions to other factors. All the selected environmental factors jointly explained 85. 5% and 78. 3% of runoff and sediment yield variability,respectively. However,there were large values of remaining path coefficients of other factors influencing runoff and sediment yields,which indicated that some important factors are not included and should be taken into account.

LAND RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS AND RATIONAL LAND-USE ARRANGEMENT FOR FARMING,FORESTRY AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN “THREE NORTHS” SHELTER FOREST AREA

The "Three Norths" (Northeastern China, Northern China, and Northwestern China)Shelter forest area is located in the north part of china. The area of this region occupies41% of the total area of China. This region is eager for being managed because of its fragileecological conditions. Therefore, the basic approach to realize the harmonious developmentof ecological and economic benefits is the rational arrangement of farming, forestry and pas-ure land according to the characteristics of land resources of this region.

Characteristics of the soil microbial population in forest land irrigated with saline water in the desert area

The study of soil microbial populations and diversity is an important way to understanding the soil energy process.In this study we analyzed the characteristics of soil microbial populations of the Tarim Desert Highway shelter-forest,by identifying microbial fatty acids and using methods of conventional cul-tivation.The results illustrated that the amount of soil microbial activity and the diversity of soil microbial fatty acid increased significantly with the plantation age of the shelter-forest;the soil microbial population was dominated by bacteria.The fatty acids of C14︰0,C15︰0,C16︰0,C17︰0,C18︰1ω9,C18︰0,C18︰2ω6 and C21︰0 were found to be dominant soil microbial fatty acids in the shelter-forest soil.Prin-cipal analysis and regression analysis showed that(1) concentrations of fatty acids of C14︰0,C16︰0 and C18︰0 could be used as indicators of total soil microbial population;(2) soil bacteria and actinomycetes populations were closely correlated with the amount of fatty acids of C15︰0 and C17︰0;and(3) soil fungi were closely correlated with the amount of fatty acids of C18︰1ω9 and C18︰2ω6.

依据归一化植被指数物候特征对第八师150团农田防护林的信息获取

以新疆生产建设兵团第八师150团为研究区域,选用2021年、2022年4个季度共计10期陆地卫星8号陆地成像仪(Landsat8 OLI)遥感数据作为信息获取的数据源;在进行预处理后,应用分层分类的方法,掩膜并去除其他非植被地物,结合时间序列的Landsat8 OLI获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)物候特征获取农田防护林信息,应用外业调查数据对其进行精度评价。结果表明:150团的农田防护林面积为3099.87 hm^(2)。实地样地调查结果显示,在选取的35个农田防护林样点中,有31个被正确获取,分类准确率达到88.5%。150团的农田防护林均匀分布于各个连队中,但在整个团场范围内分布不均匀,并伴有断带现象。运用分层分类的方法和依据时间序列的遥感图像,能够有效获取农田防护林信息。

筑牢北方重要生态安全屏障之认知六人谈

为了治理北方生态环境,我国改革开放之初实施了“三北”防护林工程,实施的手段主要是植树造林,用以防沙固沙,业已取得重大成果。北方生态环境明显好转,沙漠治理工作取得显著成效。生态人类学立足“三北”生态环境的特殊性,从生态治理与区域可持续发展的视角,指出该工程下一步应重视草与树的比例,确保固沙植物水资源分配达到平衡状态。同时,要利用当地形成的地方性知识,在保护生态环境的同时,带动当地经济的增长,筑牢北方重要生态安全屏障的同时,实现当地乡村振兴的目标。

Precipitation Controls on Carbon Sinks in an Artificial Green Space in the Taklimakan Desert

Control of desertification can not only ameliorate the natural environment of arid regions but also convert desertified land into significant terrestrial carbon sinks,thereby bolstering the carbon sequestration capacity of arid ecosystems.However,longstanding neglect of the potential carbon sink benefits of desertification management,and its relationship with environmental factors,has limited the exploration of carbon sequestration potential.Based on CO_(2) flux and environmental factors of artificial protective forest in the Taklamakan Desert from 2018 to 2019,we found that the carbon storage capacity of the desert ecosystem increased approximately 140-fold after the establishment of an artificial shelter forest in the desert,due to plant photosynthesis.Precipitation levels less than 2 mm had no impact on carbon exchange in the artificial shelter forest,whereas a precipitation level of approximately 4 mm stimulated a decrease in the vapor pressure deficit over a short period of about three days,promoting photosynthesis and enhancing the carbon absorption of the artificial shelter forest.Precipitation events greater than 8 mm stimulated soil respiration to release CO_(2) and promoted plant photosynthesis.In the dynamic equilibrium where precipitation stimulates both soil respiration and photosynthesis,there is a significant threshold value of soil moisture at 5 cm(0.12 m^(3) m^(-3)),which can serve as a good indicator of the strength of the stimulatory effect of precipitation on both.These results provide important data support for quantifying the contribution of artificial afforestation to carbon sequestration in arid areas,and provide guidance for the development and implementation of artificial forest management measures.

三北防护林的长期经济效益——基于空间断点的研究

三北防护林工程主要有两个目标:生态效益和经济效益。现有研究多集中于三北防护林的生态效益,而对经济效益还缺乏来自经济学视角的严格分析。本文使用空间断点回归方法,利用2010年夜间灯光数据进行实证检验,发现三北防护林实现了长期的经济效益。具体来说,相比三北防护林边界外的县市,三北防护林对边界内100公里的县市经济发展具有显著的促进作用,其大小换算成GDP年均增速约为0.57%。一系列稳健性检验和安慰剂检验均支持上述结论。同时,成本收益分析表明,三北防护林的经济效益远大于成本,从而其大幅度改善了总体社会福利,实现了环境保护和经济发展的双赢。机制分析发现,三北防护林工程显著促进了第一产业的发展。

朔州市小叶杨防护林带间植被多样性与土壤理化性质的相关性分析

以朔州市作为试验研究地点,分析小叶杨防护林带间植被多样性和土壤理化性质相关性。方法于小叶杨防护林划分3组不同带间距,分别为5 m、10 m和15 m带间距,测定其不同带间距植被多样性和其土壤理化性质,分析二者相关性。结果:①植被多样性:带间距大小对小叶杨防护林植被多样性有显著影响,植被天然状态下,植被多样性、群落稳定性表现为15 m带间距>10 m>5 m(P<0.05);②土壤理化性质:随着带间距的增加,土壤理化性质(有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾)表现为15 m>10 m>5 m(P<0.05),而土壤容重与其相反,表现为15 m<10 m<5 m(P<0.05);③相关性:植被多样性与土壤理化性质为相辅相成的关系,其中土壤容重与物种多样性指数呈显著负相关,有机碳、全氮、速效磷土壤理化性质与物种多样性指数呈显著正相关,速效磷相关性不显著。经试验研究结果表明,在小叶杨防护林中,适当增加防护林带间距有助于提升植被多样性,增强群落稳定性,改良土壤理化性质,以15 m效果最佳。

林分郁闭度对林下天然构树生长的制约性

通过对鲁西南砂石山构树胁迫防护林生长的调查研究,平茬2 a后构树灌木平均株数、分枝数分别比对照株增加了132.95%、-24.50%,证明构树灌木平茬能够刺激伐桩萌蘖,短期内会加剧对目标林分的生长胁迫。林分郁闭度≥0.75时,林下构树覆盖度≤5%,林下构树种籽或平茬构树失去必须的生存环境;林分郁闭度≤0.3时,林下构树覆盖度≥95%,会对目标林分造成严重的生长胁迫。研究表明,郁闭度低于临界值(郁闭度≤0.3)的目标林分或存在林中空地的林分,有目的选择原生灌木枝条进行人工促进天然更新或补植造林的方式提高林分郁闭度能够使低质低效林达到快速林相改造的目的。

中山杉良种繁育及不同场景下造林技术的应用

中山杉具有速生、耐水、耐旱、耐盐碱、抗风性强、树形优美等特点,被广泛应用于湿地生态修复,以及沿海防护林、城乡绿化和农田林网建设等,生态、经济和社会效益显著。本文结合中山杉在凤台县森林苗圃繁育和在淮南市不同应用场景造林的情况,对中山杉的繁育技术和造林技术进行总结,以期为类似地区开展优良树种中山杉的繁育、造林和推广应用提供参考。

三北防护林退化现状及成因分析——以乌拉特中旗为例

三北地区是我国典型的干旱、半干旱地区,经过几十年的防护林建设,进入了林木自然演替和更新时期,三北地区的林木退化问题也日益凸显。为准确和真实地反映三北防护林体系退化现状和成因,以乌拉特中旗为研究对象,通过对其三北工程建设现状和退化状况研究分析,得出结论:乌拉特中旗三北防护林退化程度以重度退化为主,主要原因为灾害,尤以旱灾为主;乌拉特中旗退化乔木林以杨树为主,经过20 a的工程建设,杨树进入了自然成熟期,按照其生长规律,进入成熟期后其生理机能衰退,单位面积蓄积量下降,防护效能降低,退化属于自然演替的过程。

岩质海岸防护林土壤微生物数量及其与酶活性和理化性质的关系

研究了亚热带基岩海岸不同类型防护林土壤微生物分布特点 ,并用数学方法探讨了它与土壤酶活性和理化性质的关系 ,结果表明 :(1)土壤中各类微生物数量相关极显著 ,其数量关系是细菌 >放线菌 >真菌 ,不过真菌所占的比例较泥质海岸高 ;(2 )不同林地土壤微生物差异很大 ,胡柚、桃形李等经济林土壤微生物多 ,马尾松和杨梅成林较少 ;(3)土壤微生物数量与土壤酶活性有一定的相关性 ;(4)土壤微生物数量与土壤理化性质密切相关。最后 。

西南地区松属侧根的强度特征对其防护林固土护坡作用的影响

Soil reinforcement of tree roots is the main mechanical effect of shelter-forest on soil stability and slope protection, and the traction effect of lateral roots plays an important role in this concern in mountainous areas. The magnetite of this role rises positively with the tensile strength of the roots in the soil. This study developed a mechanical model of relationship between the tensile strength of roots and the traction effect used in pine forests. The results showed that the tensile strength of the pines mostly lays in a range of 5～25MPa, and decreased with diameter of the roots. In the depth interval of 0～60cm, the density of lateral roots of the three pines is relatively high, and the roots are able to increase the tensile strength of the rooted soil by 6 85～9 50 kPa, through traction effect. Though the strength of the pine roots and its role in increasing strength of the rooted soil are significant, the strength of the pines is lower than those of some broad leaved trees. This means that the pines have certain limitation on their role of shallow slope stability.

福建建溪流域常绿阔叶防护林物种多样性特征研究

从生物多样性保护原则出发，物种多样性应是评价防护林综合效益的重要指标之一。本文采用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌ分布模型分析建溪流域防护林乔木层、灌木层的种－多度关系，用多种公式计算防护林各层次的物种多样性并与我国暖温带落叶阔叶林的物种多样性相比较，得出以下结论：１）该流域防护林乔木层的种－多度关系符合Ｗｅｉｂｕｌ分布模型，说明个体数量较多的乔木仅限于少数几种主要的树种，群落的均匀度相对较小；２）该流域防护林主要群落内乔木层、灌木层和草本层的丰富度、均匀度和总多样性指数都较我国暖温带落叶阔叶林相对应的指数高。

三北防护林工程区植被覆盖变化与影响因子分析

利用1982~2006年间GIMMSAVHRR NDVI植被覆盖数据和气象站点气候数据,分析了三北防护林工程区25a来植被覆盖的时空变化特征及其与气温、降水变化的相关性,并在此基础上通过采用残差分析法探讨了人类活动对研究区植被覆盖变化影响的空间格局.结果表明：研究区25a的年植被变化量增加幅度略大于减少幅度,植被覆盖整体呈缓慢上升趋势,其中Ⅰ区和Ⅳ区NDVI值上升最明显（P〈0.001）,Ⅱ区则呈微弱下降趋势,而四大建设区植被覆盖度有不同程度提高;研究区植被和气温、降水整体呈正相关关系,17.74%的地区植被与气温呈负相关,而6.84%的地区呈正相关,10.60%的地区植被与降水呈负相关,19.53%的地区则呈正相关,植被与降水正相关面积明显大于植被与气温正相关面积,说明降水是研究区植被生长的关键因子;研究区植被残差年际变化显著正相关面积大于显著负相关面积,人类活动对植被建设作用要强于破坏作用,三北防护林建设工程带来的生态效益正在呈现.

海岸带防护林4种树木的风压应力分析

依据４种主要的海岸带防护林树种的调查数据，计算了各树种不同高度处和不同风压下的应力分布，分析了各树种遭受台风袭击时所受到的弯曲应力。结果发现树种的受害程度与其树冠形状密切相关。杨树和水杉的枝下高和树高之比（Ｌ／Ｈ）均小于０．２２，树冠宽度和树冠高度的比值（Ｗｃ／Ｈｃ）均小于０．３６；刺槐和泡桐枝下高和树高的比值（Ｌ／Ｈ）均大于０．４３，树冠宽度和树冠高度的比值（Ｗｃ／Ｈｃ）均大于０．５４，这是形成杨树和水杉有两个受力点，而刺槐和泡桐只有一个受力点的根本原因。在相同的风压下，无论在树干的任何部位，杨树所受应力超过水杉、刺槐和泡桐２．３、５．０和５．３倍以上，因而杨树的受损程度也最为严重。

林带对太湖地区农业非点源污染的控制

通过林带对太湖地区农业非点源污染的控制效应研究,结果表明:农田生态系统中N、P等主要水污染物的迁移、淋失状况随轮作方式、作物种类及施肥状况而变化;农田与沟渠间的缓冲林带有利于截留和净化土壤径流中的N、P等物质,从而在一定程度上控制农业非点源污染。杨树生长快、用途广,适于太湖地区营造水环境保护林带。根据缓冲林带模型研究结果,农田与林带宽度比例(100～150)∶40或(150～200)∶60较为合理,这种模型既能少占耕地,又能净化水质、保护生态环境。