Fluidization science,its development and future

By revisiting the three stage theory for the progress of science proposed by Taketani in 1942, the footmarks of fluidization research are examined. The bubbling and fast fluidization issues were emphasized so that the future offluidization research can be discussed among scientists and engineers in a wider perspective. The first cycle of fluidization research was started in the early 1940s by an initial stage of phenomenology. The second stage of structural studies was kicked off in the early 1950s with the introduction of the two phase theory. The third stage of essential studies occurred in the early 1960s in the form of bubble hydrodynamics. The second cycle, which confirmed the aforementioned three stages closed at the turn of the century, established a general understanding of suspension structures including agglomerating fluidization, bubbling, turbulent and fast fluidizations and pneumatic transport; also established powerful measurement and numerical simulation tools.After a general remark on science, technology and society issues the interactions between fluidization technology and science are revisited. Our future directions are discussed including the tasks in the third cycle, particularly in its phenomenology stage where strong motivation and intention are always necessary, in relation also to the green reforming of the present technology. A generalized definition of ＇fluidization＇ is proposed to extend fluidization principle into much wider scientific fields, which would be effective also for wider collaborations.

Comparisons of the English and Chinese Language Networks:Many Similarities and Few Differences

With words as nodes,and a link exits between two neighboring words,the weighted directed English and Chinese written human language networks are constructed from one English novel and two Chinese ones.We hereby analyze in detail the topological structure of them,in order to clarify their similar and different statistical properties.The empirical results show that the English and Chinese language networks all possess the shifted power law(SPL)degree distribution,the small-world property and the hierarchical structure,the connections among the words have positive assortativity coefficient and reciprocal characteristics.We also investigate the features of the strength and the centrality,which describe the importance of a specific word.Furthermore,considering the growth properties of the language networks and part of topological property,we find that the English written human language network grows slower than the Chinese one,which implies different mechanisms of the English and Chinese languages.