The Challenges Posed by Autonomous Weapon Systems to Human Rights and Humanitarian Concerns and Relevant Legal Responses

By 2050,autonomous weapon systems may potentially replace humans as the main force on the battlefield,as per predictions.The development of autonomous weapon systems poses risks to human rights and humanitarian concerns and raises questions about how international law should regulate new technologies.From the perspectives of international human rights law and international humanitarian law,autonomous weapon systems present serious challenges in terms of invasiveness,indiscriminate killing,cruelty,and loss of control,which impact human rights and humanitarian principles.Against the backdrop of increased attention to the protection of human rights in China,it is necessary to clarify the existing regulatory framework and fundamental stance regarding autonomous weapon systems and proactively consider and propose countermeasures to address the risks associated with such systems.This will help prevent human rights and humanitarian violations and advance the timely resolution of this issue,which affects the future and destiny of humanity,ultimately achieving the noble goal of universal enjoyment of human rights.

Weapons system portfolio selection based on the contribution rate evaluation of system of systems

The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indicators to evaluate the role of a system,which can facilitate the weapons system portfolio selection.Therefore,combining the system contribution rate with system portfolio selection is the focus of this study.It also focuses on calculating the contribution rates of multiple equipment systems with various types of capabilities.The contribution rate is measured by establishing a hierarchical multi-criteria value model from three dimensions.Based on the value model,the feasible portfolios are developed under certain cost constraints and the optimal weapons system portfolios are obtained by using the classification optimization selection strategy.Finally,an illustrative example is presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed model.

Visualization analysis of the capability of weapon system of systems for multi-dimensional indicators

In the field of weapon system of systems (WSOS) simulation, various indicators are widely used to describe the capability of WSOS, but it is always difficult to describe the comprehensive capability of WSOS quickly and intuitively by visualization of multi-dimensional indicators. A method of machine learning and visualization is proposed, which can display and analyze the capabilities of different WSOS in a two-dimensional plane. The analysis and comparison of the comprehensive capability of different components of WSOS is realized by the method, which consists of six parts: multiple simulations, key indicators mining, three spatial distance calculation, fusion project calculation, calculation of individual capability density, and calculation of multiple capability ranges overlay. Binding a simulation experiment, the collaborative analysis of six indicators and 100 possible kinds of red WSOS are achieved. The experimental results show that this method can effectively improve the quality and speed of capabilities analysis, reveal a large number of potential information, and provide a visual support for the qualitative and quantitative analysis model.

Resilience approach for heterogeneous distributed networked unmanned weapon systems

Disconnection in the distributed heterogeneous networked unmanned weapon systems is caused by multiple weapon units＇ failure. The technical routes were analyzed to achieve resilience in the disconnection situation. A heterogeneous distributed network model of networked unmanned weapon systems was established. And an approach of adding relay weapon units was proposed to a- chieve fault tolerance after weapon units＇ failure due to attack or energy exhaustion. An improved ge- netic algorithm was proposed to determine and optimize the position of the relay weapon units. Simulation results in the MATLAB show that the improved resilience-based genetic algorithm can restore the network connection maximally when the number of relay units is limited, the network can keep on working after failure, and the implementation cost is controlled in a reasonable range.

Test of Generating Function and Estimation of Equivalent Radius in Some Weapon Systems and Its Stochastic Simulation

We discuss three-dimensional uniform distribution and its property in a sphere;give a method of assessing the tactical and technical indices of cartridge ejection uniformity in some type of weapon systems. Meanwhile we obtain the test of generating function and the estimation of equivalent radius. The uniformity of distribution is tested and verified with ω2 test method on the basis of stochastic simulation example.

Weapons equipment portfolios selection based on equipment system contribution rates

Equipment selection is an essential work in the research and development planning of equipment.The scientific and rational development of weapons equipment portfolios is of considerable significance to the optimization of equipment architecture design,the adequate resources allocation,and the joint combat performance.From the system view,this paper proposes a method of weapons equipment portfolios selection(WEPS)based on the contribution rate of weapon systems,providing a new idea for weapon equipment portfolio selection.Firstly,we analyze the WEPS problem and the concept of the contribution rate under the systems background.Secondly,we propose a combat network modeling method for weapon equipment systems based on the function chain.Thirdly,we propose a WEPS method based on the contribution rate,fully considering the correlation relationships between potential weapons and the old weapon systems by the combat network model,under the limitation of capability demands and budget resources,with the objective to maximally increasing the combat ability of weapon systems.Finally,we make a case study with a specific WEPS problem where the whole calculation processes and results are analyzed and exhibited to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method model.

Response surface method using grey relational analysis for decision making in weapon system selection

A proper weapon system is very important for a na- tional defense system. Generally, it means selecting the optimal weapon system among many alternatives, which is a multiple- attribute decision making （MADM） problem. This paper proposes a new mathematical model based on the response surface method （RSM） and the grey relational analysis （GRA）. RSM is used to obtain the experimental points and analyze the factors that have a significant impact on the selection results. GRA is used to an- alyze the trend relationship between alternatives and reference series. And then an RSM model is obtained, which can be used to calculate all alternatives and obtain ranking results. A real world application is introduced to illustrate the utilization of the model for the weapon selection problem. The results show that this model can be used to help decision-makers to make a quick comparison of alternatives and select a proper weapon system from multiple alternatives, which is an effective and adaptable method for solving the weapon system selection problem.

Research on Top-layer Planning and Overall Design Project Decision of Weapon System Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

Based on analytic hierarchy process(AHP) theory,a vital important problem for top-layer planning and overall design of modern self-propelled gun-howitzer system,namely overall project decision-making,was analyzed.A hierarchy model was built to solve the complex and uncertain problem,and a decision-making index system was established.Then,the weights in all layers of the model were determined by simulating experts.Finally,according to the calculated results of the elements in each layer,the weights of the alternatives to the overall goal were calculated to conduct the hierarchy total decision.A decision example shows that the overall project of a self-propelled gun-howitzer A is much better than that of another self-propelled gun-howitzer B,digitalized in comprehensive efficiency,operability,system accuracy and economy,but inferior to it in the information capability,and there exists relatively larger gap between them in the information sharing index.

Adaptive Signal Conditioning Technology in Fighter Weapon System Test

In order to realize the real-time and precise test for a weapon system of a certain type of fighter,a signal classification method according to attributes is proposed,common input channels for multiple signals are configured optimally,and a test adapter and an adaptive signal conditioning module is designed. The hardware of conditioning module can be configured flexibly and the programmable test range can be adjusted owing to programmable multiplexer. An FPGA adaptive filter is designed by the calculated filter coefficient vectors with LMS method to solve the problem of parallel test of fighter weapon system in electromagnetic interference environment. The adaptive signal conditioning technology is characterized by high efficiency,precision and integration. Its application makes the test system successful to conduct real-time and parallel test for a weapon system,which is developed based on VXI bus and virtual-instrument technology.

Analysis of Design Approach for Navy Weapon System Operation Environment

This study is a preparation phase for visualization of utilized information using ergonomic user interface and standardization of elements for anti-air weapon system. Therefore, we investigated the instances of Navy Weapon System operation environment for defense advanced country. Based on the collected data, we compared and analyzed the weapon system operation environment design. Ultimately, it is essential to share a variety of battle field conditions such as enemy threat, enemy/friendly information, terrain information that can be effectively recognized. In this paper, we conduct case study for ergonomically development of Operation Environment. It is expected that this research improves the situational awareness and reduces the operator’s task load.

美国定向能机动近程防空计划进展分析

美国定向能机动近程防空(directed energy maneuver-short range air defense,DE M-SHORAD)计划通过击伤、摧毁或压制旋转翼无人机、固定翼无人机以及火箭弹、火炮炮弹、迫击炮弹(rockets,artillery and mortar,RAM)等威胁目标,为机动部队提供伴随防空,对抗新兴威胁,属于美国陆军防空反导现代化的优先项目之一。首先介绍了DE M-SHORAD研制计划;其次详细分析了系统结构,并由系统参数评估了系统的作战性能;最后梳理了系统的研制进展。通过综合分析可知,DE M-SHORAD系统采用最佳组件,通过快速原型方法实现激光武器系统在装甲车上的集成;为降低技术风险,该计划在发展方式上分为两个阶段,首先集成、测试2 kW~5 kW机动实验型高能激光器(mobile experimental high-energy laser,MEHEL),然后再研制50 kW级的多任务高能激光器(multi-mission high-energy laser,MMHEL)。经计算可得:MEHEL和MMHEL对无人机的最大射程分别约为0.77 km、4.8 km。

结合定向能武器的舰载武器火力兼容和电磁兼容综述

随着现代海战向全方位、多层次、高密度的立体战争加速演变,舰载武器系统在作战使用中日渐暴露出防空反导效能发挥不充分、武器交叉干扰构成安全威胁等突出问题,制约和影响着整体作战效能的发挥。聚焦定向能武器参与下的舰载武器火力兼容和电磁兼容,从概念内涵、发展概况、技术原理等方面综述其主要特点和内在规律,并从应用目的、方法思路、流程地位等方面辨析二者关联性和差异性,提出构建火力、电磁一体化兼容管理系统的研究思路和冲突交叉判断、兼容消解控制方面的发展展望,可为进一步优化舰艇总体设计、拓展整体作战效能提供参考。

基于Delphi-AHP的轻武器训练安全风险因素分析

轻武器是军队数量最多、使用频率最高,也是训练中出现安全事故较多的一类装备。为解决轻武器训练安全风险因素缺乏量化分析的问题,采用“Delphi构建指标-AHP确定权重-事故分析对比验证”的方法,首次构建了轻武器训练安全评价指标体系,系统分析风险因素。结果表明:基于Delphi-AHP确定的指标权重与事故分析结果较为一致,研究方法科学合理;轻武器训练风险性高、影响因素多,需重点考虑人员和管理因素,关注受训者技能水平、受训者安全意识、组织指挥、风险评估及隐患排查等因素,组训时需考虑不同种类轻武器风险因素差异。

遥控武器站伺服系统的模糊LQR控制方法

针对遥控武器站伺服控制系统中存在负载力矩变化大、跟踪精度要求高等特点,提出一种模糊LQR控制策略,运用于武器站转速控制,以解决PI控制器存在快速性和稳态精度之间的矛盾,以及鲁棒性较差的问题。基于永磁同步电机转速跟踪模型设计了LQR控制器;针对LQR控制器权重系数固定、调参困难,且电机在不同转速和负载条件下运行时参数适应性较差的问题,提出了一种基于转速跟踪误差的LQR权重系数模糊调整策略,并以此设计模糊LQR控制器。通过仿真与实物试验,验证了控制器的控制性能。结果表明,设计的模糊LQR控制器在不同转速下均具有较高的跟踪精度与稳定性,同时对负载扰动和系统参数摄动具有较强的鲁棒性。

自行加榴炮系统反应时间优化研究

武器系统反应时间是反映武器装备自动化水平和火力反应能力的重要战技指标。针对某大口径自行加榴炮系统反应时间过长、作战效率较低、无法适应现代战场需求的问题,推导了操瞄解算模型,按照操瞄解算模型自动调炮,研究了操瞄调炮与弹药装填机构动作的特点和时长,设计分步并行的方法,优化了调炮动作与装填动作的联动过程,并进行试验对比分析。试验结果表明,相较于传统方法,优化后的方法使得该型自行加榴炮的平均系统反应时间减少了7.02 s,系统反应速度提高了32.3%,使之可以快速、高效地完成规定的战术动作,明显提升其战场生存能力和作战效率。

装备体系可靠性概念、建模与预计方法研究

武器装备体系执行任务复杂多样,其可靠性直接影响装备战备完好性与效能。传统可靠性建模与预计方法未充分考虑装备体系组成系统之间的资源共享与信息融合特征,难以满足现代化装备体系化和集群化需求。因此,分析给出装备体系可靠性相关概念,并提出了一种基于广义有效OODA(observation,orientation,decision,action)环的装备体系可靠性建模与预计方法。首先,对装备系统与体系可靠性相关概念进行辨析,分析装备体系可靠性、维修性、测试性、保障性和安全性概念内涵。其次,考虑装备体系节点异质性与连边有向性,建立资源与信息共享条件下的装备体系OODA网络模型。然后,考虑装备体系节点与通信链路的随机、蓄意攻击失效和重构策略,提出基于广义OODA环的装备体系可靠性建模与预计方法。最后,以100个无人机组成的无人装备体系为对象验证所提方法的有效性与实用性,进而提升其作战效能。

基于目标运动方程的引导函数模型

在大惯量武器系统的跟踪瞄准及其系统性能试验中,火控系统的引导控制对实现平稳调炮起到了重要作用。分析了传统引导函数具有形式多样、计算复杂的局限性,提出了一种新的引导函数模型,模型以带参数的多项式为基础,引入了系统姿态角函数、目标运动角函数和引导时间,要求模型的角位置、角速度和角加速度在引导起始时刻与系统姿态角无衔接突变、在引导结束时刻与目标运动角无衔接突变,并以此为条件求解出了模型参数,确定了引导函数形式。通过仿真给出了角度静态调转、目标跟踪、目标动态切换和正弦周期运动四种不同引导需求下的引导效果,仿真结果表明,引导函数的信号很好地实现了角位置、角速度和角加速度的平稳衔接,为大惯量武器系统跟踪瞄准及性能试验时的引导控制提供了有效方法。

基于障碍函数内点法的防御武器配系部署建模与智能优化

针对防空任务中我方多平台、多武器、多区域部署带来的防御武器配系难以建模和实时优化难的问题,在考虑敌我双方攻防武器对抗博弈的条件下,提出了一种基于障碍函数内点法的我方防御武器部署优化模型,并综合武器防御效能、防御成本、保卫目标的资产价值等指标对模型进行智能优化解算与分析.首先,建立我方部阵地、防御武器与保卫目标的参数化模型,并建立我方武器对于敌方武器拦截的概率函数与约束条件;然后,将防御武器优化部署问题转化为性能指标函数为凸函数的无约束优化问题;最后,引入障碍函数内点法对其进行快速求解,给出了防御阵地武器部署的最优配置方案.所提方法充分考虑了来袭目标的不同类型、异构特性以及大气层内外防御的多元化火力运用方式;能够在具有混合整数非线性、约束强耦合、变量规模大等特征的防御武器配系场景下快速给出最优配置结果.并且,通过数值仿真验证了在对抗博弈条件下所提部署建模与智能优化方法的有效性与优越性.

多场景舰炮激光制导弹药照射指示特性研究

为提高舰炮武器系统作战效率,对舰炮激光制导弹药在典型条件下激光照射指示与跟踪探测进行仿真验证。针对舰炮武器系统激光精确制导弹药使用场景,建立了激光照射指示与弹药探测跟踪模型,编制了激光制导光区仿真计算软件,研究了不同气象能见度条件、不同攻击目标、舰艇本舰照射指示、无人机载照射指示等条件下激光精确制导弹药与照射器间的协同方法及指示、探测能力,并进行仿真计算。得到反射激光能量密度随着角度θ_(c)的增大过程中,反射激光的能量密度在逐渐减小,激光入射角度θ_(z)越大,反射激光的能量密度越大,两种照射方式产生的激光制导光区较为接近。无人机激光制导方式与舰船激光制导方式各有优劣,可适用于不同应用场景。

火工驱动开盖装置研究

针对预置武器开盖发射采用传统电机驱动开盖技术响应慢的缺点,设计了一种火工驱动开盖装置,对其装药结构进行了设计及校核,并开展了开盖过程的动力学仿真及试验研究。结果表明:火工驱动开盖装置可快速打开发射筒盖,输出推力为20000 N,动作时间小于1 s,动力学仿真预示了筒盖展开过程,与试验结果一致。该开盖系统输出推力大,动作速度快,可实现装备的预先锁定与快速开舱功能。