The post-Paris approach to mitigating Arctic warming——perspectives from shipping emissions reduction

The availability of increased Arctic shipping as a consequence of sea ice decline is a regional issue that is closely linked with international climate governance and global governance of the maritime industry. Sea ice decline creates favorable circumstances for the development of merchant shipping, but is accompanied by increases in greenhouse gas emissions. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the shipping industry is of utmost importance to prevent the destruction of the fragile Arctic ecosystem. This paper focuses on the core content of the Paris Agreement and suggests that the International Maritime Organization could guide the shipping industry to reach a fair agreement with states that includes market-based measures, capacity building, and voluntary actions of shipping companies as non-state actors.

Can Air Quality be Influenced in Coastal Areas by Shipping?

The problem of pollution is a topical issue at global,regional but also at the local level.Starting from this idea,the question arises whether the coastal region in the North-East of the Black Sea is affected by the emissions resulting from the combustion of marine fuels in large ship engines,which manage to set in motion floating buildings intended for the transport of goods and passengers.This paper wants to evaluate the variation of the air quality indicators in the coastal area of Romania,taking into account the contribution that the ships by their number,size and destination can have on these qualitative factors.Such an approach is needed from the perspective of the more than 500,000 inhabitants possibly affected by the effects with which this industry is accompanied.As the Black Sea active fleet is already old,as its ages year by year,the premises for the need for this study can be set up.As in other regions,drastic measures are taken in order to reduce the effects of pollution due to such economic activity,the assessment of the effects that this industry produces in inhabited areas becomes necessary.In order to carry out this study,air quality data from the database provided by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network of the Workshop on the calitateaer.ro site were evaluated.

Impact of Aromatic Concentration in Marine Fuels on Particle Emissions

The fuel sulfur content in marine fuels has been regulated in Sulfur Emission Control Areas(SECAs) since January 2015. However, other fuel characteristics are also believed to have an impact on particle emissions, particularly on the number of particles emitted. This study investigates the impact of the content of aromatics in fuel. To achieve fuel blends with concentrations of aromatics similar to those found in marine fuel oils, i.e. 20%–30% by volume(%vol.), normal diesel oil(4%–5% vol. aromatics) is doped with a mixture of aromatics. Emission measurements are conducted in test-bed engine facilities and particle emissions over a wide size range are analyzed. Results show a decreased number of particles emitted(or not change) with an increase in the aromatic concentration in fuel. This is because there is a reduction in the cetane number of the fuel with an increased aromatic content, which effects the combustion process and results in decreased particle formation. However, when ignition improver is used to increase the cetane number, particle emissions remain at a lower level than for normal diesel oil; thereby emphasizing the presence of other factors in the formation of particles.

赛德西港用于船舶减排的陆上可再生能源供电评估

Air pollution from shipping is becoming a critical issue,particularly in dense hub port cities.One proposed solution to minimize ship-based emissions at ports is the implementation of an Onshore Power Supply(OPS)system.OPS allows ships to shut off their auxiliary engines and instead connect to the port grid.While there have been numerous studies conducted on ports in Europe and the United States,little research has been done on Egyptian ports.Therefore,this paper aims to investigate the feasibility of implementing OPS at Port Said West Port in Egypt,aligning with Egypt Vision 2030’s goals for addressing climate change.The research primarily focuses on analyzing data collected from calling ships to generate socio-economic and cost-effectiveness analyses of OPS.To further enhance the environmental benefits of OPS,the paper proposes the use of solar energy as the OPS electricity source.The findings of the study revealed that by relying on the national grid,emissions can be reduced by 28%.Moreover,it is predicted that this reduction could reach 100%if electricity generation is solely based on solar energy.Additionally,the economic analysis demonstrates promising profitability,with a payback period of approximately two years.

季节因素对二冲程船用柴油机性能参数及排放影响研究

In comparison to onshore facilities,ships,and their machinery are subjected to challenging external influences such as rolling,vibration,and continually changing air&cooling water temperatures in the marine environment.However,these factors are typically neglected,or their consequences are deemed to have little effect on machinery,the environment,or human life.In this study,seasonal air&seawater temperature effects on marine diesel engine performance parameters and emissions are investigated by using a full-mission engine room simulator.A tanker ship two-stroke main engine MAN B&W 6S50 MC-C with a power output of 8600 kW is employed during the simulation process.Furthermore,due to its diverse risks,the Marmara Region is chosen as the application area for real-time average temperature data.Based on the research findings,even minor variations in seasonal temperatures have a significant influence on certain key parameters of a ship’s main engine including scavenge pressure,exhaust temperatures,compression and combustion pressures,fuel consumption,power,and NOx-SOx-COx emissions.For instance,during the winter season,the cylinder compression pressure(pc)is recorded at 94 bar,while the maximum pressure(pz)reaches 110 bar.In the summer,pc experiences a decrease of 81 bar,while pz is measured at 101 bar.The emission of nitrogen oxides(NOx)exhibits a measurement of 784 parts per million(ppm)during winter and 744 in summer.The concentration of sulfur oxides(SOx)is recorded at 46 ppm in winter and 53 in summer.Given the current state of global warming and climate change,it is an undeniable fact that the impact of these phenomena will inevitably escalate.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Alternative Marine Fuels for Marine Gas Turbine Power Plants

The marine shipping industry faces challenges to reduce engine exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases （GHGs） from ships, and in particular, carbon dioxide. International regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organization and National Environmental Agencies of many countries have issued rules and regulations to drastically reduce GHG and emissions emanating from marine sources. This study investigates the possibility of using natural gas and hydrogen as alternative fuels to diesel oil for marine gas turbines and uses a mathematical model to assess the effect of these alternative fuels on gas turbine thermodynamic performance. Results show that since natural gas is categorized as a hydrocarbon fuel, the thermodynamic performance of the gas turbine cycle using natural gas was close to that of the diesel case. However, the gas turbine thermal efficiency was found to be slightly lower for natural gas and hydrogen fuels compared to diesel fuel.

Numerical Modeling of Air Pollutants Emitted by Waterway Transportation

The world maritime transportation is suffering a large increase in recent years and as a result of this increased on global trade, there is a consequent increase in waterway transportation and demand for fossil fuels, resulting in emissions of air pollutants. Consequently, the impact of transport emissions on climate change was put on the list of priorities. It has a high fuel demand as a result of continuous use of main engines for propulsion, electricity and heat production. The highest exposure levels of air pollution are found in ports and near them because most of the world fleet is positioned in these areas. The port of Rio de Janeiro city, in the Southeast Brazilian coastal, is inserted in the Guanabara Bay (GB), where the breezes recirculate pollutants in Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro (MRRJ). Therefore, the aim of this research was to use the Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS) to generate the wind fields in the MRRJ and to calculate the trajectories of pollutants emitted on GB related to the waterway transportation, using a 3D kinematic trajectories model. Results demonstrated that for the periods analysed, the Central and west areas in the coastal region of the Rio de Janeiro city were the local most affected in the summer. In winter the trajectories reached the cities of the Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias. Both in summer and winter, the trajectories followed towards the South Atlantic Ocean in the morning. Conclusions about this study show the need of decision-making process for better management of waterway transportation sector, improving the harmful effects on air quality in cities located in coastal regions.

Investigation of formaldehyde sources and its relative emission intensity in shipping channel environment

Formaldehyde(HCHO)is considered one of the most abundant gas-phase carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere,which can be directly emitted through transportation sources.Long-Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(LP-DOAS)was used to observe HCHO in the river channel of Wusong Wharf in Shanghai,China for the whole year of 2019.Due to the impact of ship activity,the annual average HCHO level in the channel is about2.5 times higher than that in the nearby campus environment.To explain the sources of HCHO under different meteorological conditions,the tracer-pair of CO and O_(x)(NO_(2)+O_(3))was used on the clustered air masses.The results of the source appointment show that primary,secondary and background account for 24.14%(3.34±1.19 ppbv),44.78%(6.20±2.04ppbv)and 31.09%(4.31±2.33 ppbv)of the HCHO in the channel when the air masses were from the mixed direction of the city and channel,respectively.By performing background station subtraction at times of high primary HCHO values and resolving the plume peaks,directly emitted HCHO/NO_(2)in the channel environment and plume were determined to be mainly distributed between 0.2 and 0.3.General cargo ships with higher sailing speeds or main engine powers tend to have higher HCHO/NO_(2)levels.With the knowledge of NO_(2)(or NO_(x))emission levels from ships,this study may provide data support for the establishment of HCHO emission factors.

Bi-level optimization model applications in managing air emissions from ships:A review

Ship air emissions are recognized as one of the key concerns of the maritime industry.Competent authorities have issued various regulations to manage air emissions from ships.Although the authorities are policy makers,the effectiveness of policies is up to the shipping industry who operates the vessels and terminals to fulfill maritime transportation works.Given this characteristic,bi-level optimization model has been widely adopted in studies that optimize policy design or evaluate its effectiveness.The framework of a typical bi-level optimization model for ship emission management problem is given to show the basic structure of similar issues.A series of applications of bi-level optimization model in managing ship emissions is reviewed,including cases of Energy Efficiency Design Index,Emissions Control Area,Market Based Measure,Carbon Intensity Indicator,and Vessel Speed Reduction Incentive Program.We hope this paper can enlighten scholars interested in this area and provide help for them.

Emission and optical characteristics of brown carbon in size-segregated particles from three types of Chinese ships

Brown carbon(BrC)is one of the important light absorption substances that have high light absorption ability under short wavelength light.However,limit studies have focused on the BrC emission from ships.In this study,size-segregated particulate matters(PM)were collected from three different types of ships,light absorption characteristics and size distribution of methanol-soluble BrC and water-soluble BrC in PM from ship exhausts were investigated.Results showed that four-stroke low-power diesel fishing boat(4-LDF)had the highest mass concentrations of methanol-soluble organic carbon(MSOC)and water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC),followed by 2-stroke high-power heavy-fuel-oil vessel(2-HHV),and fourstroke high-power marine-diesel vessel(4-HMV).While 2-HHV had obviously higher light absorption coefficients of methanol-soluble BrC(Abs365,M)and water-soluble BrC(Abs365,W)in unit weight of PM than the other two types of ships.The tested ships presented comparable or higher absorption efficiency of BrC in water extracts(MAE365,W)compared with other BrC emission sources.Majority of BrC was concentrated in fine particles,and the particle size distributions of both Abs365,Mand Abs365,Wshowed bimodal patterns,peaking at0.43–0.65μm and 4.7–5.8μm,respectively.However,different particle size distributions were found for MAE365,Mbetween diesel and heavy fuel oil ships.Besides,different wavelength dependence in particles with different size were also detected.Ship exhaust could be confirmed as a non-ignorable BrC emission source,and complex influencing factor could affect the light absorption characteristics of ship emissions.Particle size should also be considered when light absorption ability of BrC was evaluated.

Emphasizing the importance of using cold-ironing technology by determining the share of hotelling emission value within the total emission

Considering the number of deaths due to air pollution,it is clear that it poses a great danger to public health.Sources that cause air pollution can be divided into two groups:natural resources(such as desert storms,fires and volcanic eruptions)and artificial sources(residences,industrial sector and motor vehicles),which cause a much higher rate of air pollution than natural resources.It is known that air pollutants originating from ships and port operations have an important share among vehicle sourced pollutants.Considering the emissions from both ships and operational reasons and their proximity to human habitats,it is obvious that port regions are important points in terms of emissions harmful to human health.The use of cold-ironing technology in ports instead of providing the energy needed from ship auxiliary machinery during the hotelling period at the port is the most effective method used to reduce the amount of ship-sourced emissions in the port area.On the other hand,it is seen that the number of ports where cold-ironing technology is used,which is extremely effective in reducing emissions harmful to human health,is quite limited.In this context,the share of the emission amount during the hotelling period in the total emission amount in the port area was calculated according to ship type and duration of hotelling in the port,and the importance of the use of cold-ironing technology in reducing the port-originated emissions was emphasized.