Comparative Analysis of the Erosion Mechanism of Different Profiles in the Arcuate Foreshore under Typhoon Action

The comparison results of three beach profile data repeatedly measured before and after the typhoon in Shuidong Bay,west Guangdong province which show that there are significant differences in beach profile erosion and response process.And the changes of beach profile can be divided into:strong downward overall low shoreline regressive type and overall slight erosion shoreline regressive type.Application of the modified mildslope equation along three beach profile are simulated wave high reflection to the sea side,to the section vertical shore pressure gradient and including water roll force and radiation stress,the vertical shore forces one dimensional profile along the momentum conservation equation(radiation stress and water roll force)bottom friction and lateral mixing reaction between numerical solution,the momentum conservation equations of the wave increases the water flow velocity and section along the profile distribution of wave height and related forces.The analysis shows that the extent and difference of coastal erosion depend on the shoreline erosion mode stimulated by the maximum surge water of the coastal current and the maximum velocity of the coastal current and the dynamic state of the profile topography under the action of the profile location,morphology and incident wave elements.

Failure Envelopes of Wide-Shallow Composite Bucket Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines in Silty Sand

The wide-shallow composite bucket foundation(WSCBF) is a new type of offshore wind power foundation that can be built on land and rapidly installed offshore, there by effectively reducing the construction time and costs of offshore wind power foundation. In this study, the horizontal bearing capacity is calculated by finite element simulation and compared with test results to verify the validity of results. In this process, the vertical load and bending load are respectively calculated by the finite element simulation. Under the vertical load effect, the bucket foundation and the soil inside are regarded as a whole, and the corresponding buckling failure mode is obtained. The ultimate vertical bearing capacity is calculated using empirical and theoretical formulas; the theoretical formula is also revised by finite element results. Under bending load, the rotational center of the composite bucket foundation(in a region close to the bucket bottom) gradually moves from the left of the central axis(reverse to loading direction) to the nearby compartment boards along the loading direction. The H–M envelope line shows a linear relationship, and it is determined that the vertical and bending ultimate bearing capacities can be improved by an appropriate vertical load.

Dynamic Ice-Induced Responses of Offshore Fixed Platforms

The dynamic responses of offshore fixed platforms under ice loads are analysed in this paper. The responses calculated include the displacement and the hot spot stresses on the basis of a dynamic equation of ice-induced forced vibration for offshore structures. The results obtained can be cited and used for the design and operation of offshore fixed platforms against ice loading.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Wave-Induced Long-Shore Currents on A Mild Slope Beach

The long-shore current distribution on a mild slope beach is studied by combining the numerical model and the physical experiment. The experiments of long-shore currents under the action of regular and irregular waves are conducted on mild beaches with different slopes in a wave basin. A numerical model is established, which includes a wave propagation model, a wave breaking model and a long-shore current model. The validity of the numerical model is proved by the comparison of its results with the results of the experimental model. It is concluded that the wave-ioduced long-shore current is influenced significantly by the incident wave height, the wave angle and the beach slope. Its application to the Bohai Bay indicates that the wave-induced currents have the same order of magnitude as the tide currents in the near-shore zone of mill slope beach. In the design of wastewater ouffall locations on a mild-slope beach with shallow water of the Bohai Bay, the position of the outfall should be 10 km away from the shoreline, which is outside of the surf-zone.

THE EROSIONAL PROCESS OF THE SOFT SHORE OF CHINA IN THE RECENT DECADES

Coastal erosion phenomena in China have become increasingly evident since the end of the 1950s, and the process of coastal erosion has been speeding up simce the end of the 1970s. Almostall the coastal types, the rock coasts, the muddy coastS, the sandy coasts, the coral coasts, ets. on 32,000-km iong coastline of China are in danger of erosion, especially the beaches in open coasts and the coasts of abandoned river deltas. Although coastal erosion phenomena are extensively distributed in China, the nit6nsities of erosional processes in different regions are quite different. There are various causes of coastal erosion in China, and different factors often concurred in the coastal erosional processes. The main causes for coastal erosion are sand exploitation on shores and the decrease in river sediment discharged. Coastal erosion process has endangered the houses, roads, engineering works and tourism resources in the coastal zones.

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Distribution Features in Water and Sediment off Fujian Shore

This study on the distribution features of petroleum hydrocarbon in water and sediment off the Fujian shore using data obtained from the baseline research on oceanic contamination in Fujian showed that: during the research period, petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in water varied from 5.77 μg/L to 37.28 μg/L, averaged 14.48 μg/L; was lower in the wet season than in the dry season; and was highest in the Minjiang Estuary and Jiulong Estuary in both seasons. The petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in shore sediment varied from 14.48 mg/kg to 784.36 mg/kg, averaged 133.3 mg/kg, and was closely related to sediment types (granularity).

A Bayesian Network Approach for Offshore Risk Analysis Through Linguistic Variables

This paper presents a new approach for offshore risk analysis that is capable of dealing with linguistic probabilities in Bayesian networks （ BNs）. In this paper, linguistic probabilities are used to describe occurrence likelihood of hazardous events that may cause possible accidents in offshore operations. In order to use fuzzy information, an f-weighted valuation function is proposed to transform linguistic judgements into crisp probability distributions which can be easily put into a BN to model causal relationships among risk factors. The use of linguistic variables makes it easier for human experts to express their knowledge, and the transformation of linguistic judgements into crisp probabilities can significantly save the cost of computation, modifying and maintaining a BN model. The flexibility of the method allows for multiple forms of information to be used to quantify model relationships, including formally assessed expert opinion when quantitative data are lacking, or when only qualitative or vague statements can be made. The model is a modular representation of uncertain knowledge caused due to randomness, vagueness and ignorance. This makes the risk analysis of offshore engineering systems more functional and easier in many assessment contexts. Specifically, the proposed f-weighted valuation function takes into account not only the dominating values, but also the a-level values that are ignored by conventional valuation methods. A case study of the collision risk between a Floating Production, Storage and Off-loading （FPSO） unit and the anthorised vessels due to human elements during operation is used to illustrate the application of the proposed model.

Fuel Saving and Emissions Cut Through Shore-Side Power Concept for High-speed Crafts at the Red Sea in Egypt

The progress of economic globalization,the rapid growth of international trade,and the maritime transportation has played an increasingly significant role in the international supply chain.As a result,worldwide seaports have suffered from a central problem,which appears in the form of massive amounts of fuel consumed and exhaust gas fumes emitted from the ships while berthed.Many ports have taken the necessary precautions to overcome this problem,while others still suffer due to the presence of technical and financial constraints.In this paper,the barriers,interconnection standards,rules,regulations,power sources,and economic and environmental analysis related to ships,shore-side power were studied in efforts to find a solution to overcome his problem.As a case study,this paper investigates the practicability,costs and benefits of switching from onboard ship auxiliary engines to shore-side power connection for high-speed crafts called Alkahera while berthed at the port of Safaga,Egypt.The results provide the national electricity grid concept as the best economical selection with 49.03 percent of annual cost saving.Moreover,environmentally,it could achieve an annual reduction in exhaust gas emissions of CO2,CO,NOx,P.M,and SO2by 276,2.32,18.87,0.825 and 3.84 tons,respectively.

Research on Comprehensive Control of Power Quality of Port Distribution Network Considering Large-Scale Access of Shore Power Load

In view of the problem of power quality degradation of port distribution network after the large-scale application of shore power load,a method of power quality management of port distribution network is proposed.Based on the objective function of the best power quality management effect and the smallest investment cost of the management device,the optimization model of power quality management in the distribution network after the large-scale application of large-capacity shore power is constructed.Based on the balance between the economic demand of distribution network resources optimization and power quality management capability,the power quality of distribution network is considered comprehensively.The proposed optimization algorithm for power quality management based on Matlab and OpenDSS is proposed and analyzed for port distribution networks.The simulation results show that the proposed optimizationmethod can maximize the power qualitymanagement capability of the port distribution network,and the proposed optimization algorithm has good convergence and global optimization finding capability.

Spatial distribution and structure of benthic polychaete communities of Essaouira intertidal rocky shores(Atlantic coast of Morocco)

Polychaetes are one of the most important groups ofmacrobenthic organisms in coastal and marine environments,in terms of diversity and abundance,and play an important role in the functioning of ecosystem.This study aims to describe the structure and spatial distribution ofpolychaete communities along Essaouira's rocky shoreline(Atlantic coast of Morocco)in relation to the major environmental variables such as granulometry,salinity,temperature,pH,and intertidal range.Twelve sites from these intertidal rocky shores were sampled using a quadrat method during the summer 2016.A total of 4435 individuals belonging to 34 taxa were recorded.Among the families,Sabellaridae(24%)and Nereididae(23%)were ranked first in terms of abundance of individuals.Sabellaria alveolata(24%)and Perinereis cultrifera(13%)were the dominant species.Diversity(H')values varied from 2.28 to 3.95.Pielou's index(J')varied between 0.62 and 0.89.This was essentially due to the low dominance of few species.Cluster analysis was used to characterise Essaouira's rocky shores on the basis of benthic polychaete communities.SIMPER analysis confirmed the presence of three distinct communities.According to canonical correspondence analysis,the structure and distribution of faunal assemblages of benthic polychaetes was mainly related to topographical complexity,water temperature,hydrodynamic conditions and upwelling.We conclude that these rocky shores show typically high benthic polychaete diversity compared to the taxonomic list of other rocky coasts.In addition,these results constitute a baseline data for the development of a sustainable network for long-term monitoring of benthic polychaete community changes due to ecological factor influences and anthropogenic activity impacts.

Near shore seismic movements induced by seaquakes using the boundary element method

This study quantifies seismic amplifications in near-shore arising from seaquakes. Within the Boundary Element Method, boundary elements are used to irradiate waves and force densities obtained for each element. Huygens′ Principle is implemented since the diffracted waves are constructed at the boundary from which they are radiated, which is equivalent to Somigliana′s theorem. Application of boundary conditions leads to a system of integral equations of the Fredholm type of second kind and zero order. Several numerical configurations are analyzed： The first is used to verify the present formulation with ideal sea floor configurations to estimate seismic amplifications. With the formulation verified, simple slope configurations are studied to estimate spectra of seismic motions. It is found that P-waves can produce seismic amplifications from 1.2 to 3.9 times the amplitude of the incident wave. SV-waves can generate seismic amplifications up to 4.5 times the incident wave. Another relevant finding is that the highest amplifications are at the shore compared to the ones at the sea floor.

Lake Shore低温传感器应用研究

Lake Shore低温传感器是由美国Lake Shore公司生产,类型多,应用广,其可靠性以及测量精确度等都比较高,具有较突出的温度测量应用优势。本文以该公司DT 670低温传感器为例,从该低温传感器的测温原理以及特征、封装校准、安装等方面,对其在实际温度测量中的应用进行研究和分析。

Use of Shore Hardness Tests for In-Process Properties Estimation/Monitoring of Silicone Rubbers

Casting is an important rubber manufacturing process for both production and material developments. A quick and flexible way of testing the constitutive materials properties of rubber products is very important for optimising the processing parameters and quality control. In many cases, standard tests such as tensile or compression tests are time consuming and require a large volume of materials. This work reports some recent work in using a combined numerical and experimental approach to characterise the properties of rubber materials during a casting process. Durometer shore hardness is used to test silicone rubbers (as a model material) with different compositions on different moulding planes and the linear elastic property is estimated from the hardnesses. The predicted properties are systematically compared with the experimental tests on hard and soft silicone rubber samples with different compositions. The work shows that shore hardness can be used as an effective way to monitor the materials properties during amoulding process for process optimisation and quality control.

Development characteristics of the third-order sequence of Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous shore-mixed shelf in Tarim Basin, NW China

Based on the study of stratigraphic sedimentary facies of the prototype sedimentary basin formed in the Late Devonian to Permian Period in the Tarim Basin, the prototype sedimentary basin are divided into five order sequences according to the theory of sequence stratigraphy. It is considered that the Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous shore-mixing shelf in the lower part of the prototype sedimentary basin is a typical third-order sequence and a sequence development model is established. The third-order sequence is actually a transgression systems tract and highstand systems tract cycle assemblage, and the type I sequence(no lowstand systems tract) is a typical developmental mode of the third order sequence, and the identification mark is the existence of huge mudstone and limestone wedges from sea to land. The fifth-order parasequence is the basic sequence, which is a single cycle sequence. The thin layer limestone isochronous sediments, which are easy to be identified in the mixed shelf areas, are the isochronous sediments of the largest or secondary marine-flooding surface. The mixed shelf area belongs to the equilibrium sedimentary profile of internal and external sediments, and there is no condensed section. The inclined deposition phenomenon of extraneous source sediments in the sea area weakens or disappears in the mixed shelf area. The paleogeomorphology at the bottom of the third-order sequence is a terrace-slope break zone. This paleogeomorphological feature is not only the main reason for the sedimentary diachronism of Donghe sandstone, but also the main reason for the formation of the transgression-highstand fourth-order cyclic sequences of the Donghe sandstone section and its upper gravel-bearing sandstone section.

Predicting Net Cross-Shore Total Load Transport: A Phase-Averaging, Quasi-Steady Approach Incorporating Undertow Contribution

Wave shapes that induce velocity skewness and acceleration asymmetry are usually responsible for onshore sediment transport, whereas undertow and bottom slope effect normally contribute to offshore sediment transport. By incorporating these counteracting driving forces in a phase-averaged manner, the theoretically-based quasi-steady formula of Wang （2007） is modified to predict the magnitude and direction of net cross-shore total load transport under the coaction of wave and current. The predictions show an excellent agreement with the measurement data on medium and fine sand collected by Dohmen-Janssen and Hanes （2002） and Schretlen （2012） in a full-scale wave flume at the Coastal Research Centre in Hannover, Germany. The modified formula can predict the net onshore transport of fine sand in sheet flows. In particular, it can predict the net offshore transport of medium sand in rippled beds through enlarged bed roughness, as well as the net offshore transport of fine-to-coarse sand in sheet flows with the aid of a new criterion to judge the occurrence of net offshore transport.

Mollusk Species Richness on the Rocky Shores of the State of Guerrero, Mexico, as Affected by Rains and Their Geographical Distribution

Natural processes in ecosystems shows significant variations in species richness with regular cycles that can be altered by natural or anthropogenic activities;the present research was in order to understand on some of these variations. The objectives were: 1) determine the species richness of rocky intertidal mollusks;2) track their geographical distribution at State level;and 3) determine the changes in species richness as a result of rainfall on an annual cycle. For these purposes it was sampled in March, June, September and December 2005, the sampled area was 20 m2for each collecting site;the sampling unit was a PVC rectangle frame one by two meter per side. The mollusks found within the sampling units were collected, identified and counted. The species distribution was analyzed by sites and regions, considered species richness per season, and the distributional patterns by rainy season historical records. A total of 62 mollusks species were found, its richness associated with substrate stability and wave intensity on each site, Gastropods had the highest species richness. When analyzing the regional distribution and sites, it was found a pattern of species richness roughly constant in the proportion of species with wide distribution (generalists) versus those of restricted spatial representation (specialists). Gastropods had the highest number of species with restricted spatial representation. Seasonal rainfall differences did not quantitatively altered on the overall the species of mollusks in the rocky intertidal sampled zone however, in the analysis per Class, Gastropoda indicated changes in species richness influenced by rainfall, which were not observed in Bivalvia and Polyplacophora, suggesting that those changes might depend on adaptive processes or the lack of adaptation of gastropod species to the characteristics of the rocky intertidal habitat.

Off-shore Duty-free Consumption in Hainan Surges

On June 28,the first Hainan International Off-shore Duty Free Shopping Festival opened in Sanya International Duty Free Shopping Complex.During the festival that is set to last for six months,Hainan will hold more than 50 marketing campaigns throughout the Province.While the global tourism consumption industry has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic as a whole,the off-shore duty-free consumption market in Hainan has surged thanks to the effective pandemic prevention and control measures in China and a series of new favorable duty-free policies,which has attracted an obvious return of overseas consumption.

Stability Analysis of Tubular Steel Shores

The design of tubular steel scaffold-type shoring is usually performed by calculating the load capacity of the elements, taking into account their axial strength, mainly. Geometric stiffness effects and changes in the stiffness of connections are seldom considered. This paper assesses the stability of tubular steel shores using experimental and numerical approaches that take into account geometric nonlinearities as well as the features of the elements used to make the link between the steel tubes （pressed double coupler--right angle）. The increase in overall stiffness generated by diagonal bars used in the analyzed models was examined. The results obtained show the importance of using P-delta analyses in this kind of structure in order to evaluate structure＇s overall stability even when compressive stresses are within acceptable ranges of code limits.

THE KEYS TO CHINA’S SUCCESS Dialogue with Professor Kishore Mahbubani from the National University of Singapore

Kishore Mahbubani hasbeen called the strongestspokesperson for the rise ofAsia, a title he gladly embraces.A professor at the NationalUniversity of Singapore (NUS)and former rotating presidentof the UN Security Council,Mahbubani advocates Asianvalues, increased Asianself-confidence and otherpenetrating perspectivesoutlined in his books.What is his take on theopportunities and challengesChina faces in the globalizationera and on the modernizationof China’s system and capacityfor governance? Mr. Mahbubaniillustrated his feelings on thematter in an interview withChina Report ASEAN.

WHAT MAKES CHINA DIFFERENT?A dialogue with Kishore Mahbubani,author of Has China Won?

July 1,2021 marks the centenary of the Communist Party of China(CPC).Under its leadership,China has achieved remarkable progress.What makes China different from other socialist countries?Reporter Wen Qing had an exclusive interview with Kishore Mahbubani,a senior Singaporean diplomat and author of Has China Won?,to share his insights on the CPC and China.