Architecture of stem and branch affects yield formation in short season cotton

The cotton direct seeding after wheat(rape) harvested is under trial and would be the future direction at the Yangtze River Valley region of China.The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of branch and stem architecture on cotton yield and identify the optimal cotton architecture to compensate the yield loss due to the reduction of individual production capacity under high planting density in the direst seeding after wheat harvested cropping system.The characteristics of the stem and branch architecture and the relationships between architecture of the stem and branch with yield formation were studied on eight short season cotton cultivars during 2015 and 2016 cotton growth seasons.Based on the two years results,three cultivars with different architectures of stem and branch were selected to investigate the effect of mepiquat chloride(MC) application on the architecture of the stem and branch,boll retention,and the yield in 2017.Significant differences were observed on plant height,all fruiting nodes to branches ratio(NBR) in the cotton plant,and the curvature of the fruiting branch(CFB) among the studied cultivars.There were three types of stem and fruiting branch structures: Zhong425 with stable and suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5,respectively),high CFB(more than 10.0),and high boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;Siyang 822 with excessive plant height and NBR,low CFB,and low boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;and other studied cultivars with unstable structure of stem and branch,boll retention speed,and seed cotton yield across years.And MC application could promote the appropriate plant height and NBR and high CFB and thus resulted in high boll retention speed and the yield.The results suggested that the suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5 respectively),and high CFB(more than 10.0),which was related to both genotype and cultural practice,could promote the higher boll retention speed and seed cotton yield.

Analysis of short fruiting branch gene and Marker-assisted selection with SNP linked to its trait in upland cotton

Background： With the rapid development of genomics, many functional genes have been targeted. Molecular marker assisted selection can accelerate the breeding process by linking selection to functional genes. Methods： In a study of upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.）, the F2 segregated population was constructed by crossing X1570 （short branches） with Ekangmian 13 （long branches） to identify the short fruiting branch gene and marker assisted selection with SNP（Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNP） linked to its trait. Result： The result demonstrated that linked SSR marker BNL3232 was screened by BSA（Bulked segregant analysis, BSA） method; one SNP locus was found, which was totally separated from the fruiting branches trait in upland cotton. Conclusion： It was verified that this SNP marker could be used for molecular assisted selection of cotton architecture

Analysis of Short-Shoot Fuji Apple Tree Structure and Correlative Factors

In order to clarify the correlation between short-shoot Fuji apple tree structure and different factors under different trimming and pruning modes,we investigate the trunk taperingness of free-spindle short-shoot Fuji and slender-spindle short-shoot Fuji,respectively,as well as the total thickness,average thickness,total length and average length of small main branches in the standard demonstration apple garden in Xingtang County of Hebei Province. By SPSS analysis,we study the correlation between trunk taperingness of trees with different shapes and the growth indices of their small main branches. The results show that the trunk taperingness of free-spindle short-shoot Fuji apple is negatively correlated with the total thickness,average thickness,total length and average length of small main branches,but the correlation is not significant; the trunk taperingness of slender-spindle short-shoot Fuji apple is negatively correlated with the total thickness but positively correlated with other factors,and the correlation with average length reaches a significant level. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for guiding the high-density dwarf rootstock short-shoot Fuji apple tree trimming technology.

免套袋栽培富士苹果果实品质与树体结构相关性分析

为明确免套袋栽培富士苹果果实品质与树体结构、枝类组成比例的相关性,以山东省31个果园的“富士”苹果为试材,研究外观品质、内在品质与树高、干径、冠径、枝类组成比例等参数的相关性。结果表明,单果重、果形指数与树高呈显著负相关,代表红色的a值与树高呈极显著负相关,与冠幅和树冠体积呈显著正相关,着色指数与树高呈显著负相关,与冠幅呈显著正相关,光洁度指数与冠幅呈显著正相关,和树冠体积呈极显著正相关;内在品质硬度、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、V C及钙含量与树体结构无显著相关性,可滴定酸含量与冠幅、树冠体积呈极显著负相关,花青素含量与干高呈极显著负相关。代表黄色的b值与枝长呈显著负相关,与叶丛枝比例呈显著正相关;可溶性固形物含量与枝长呈极显著负相关,与叶丛枝比例呈极显著正相关,与长枝比例呈显著负相关,可滴定酸含量与枝长呈显著负相关,与叶丛枝比例呈显著正相关,V C含量与主枝数呈显著正相关,与枝长呈极显著负相关,花青素含量与枝条数呈显著正相关。分析认为,初盛果期(<12 a生)富士果园,树高、干高、冠幅等树体结构指标对果实外观品质的影响大于对内在品质的影响,而枝类组成比例对内在品质的影响大于对外观品质的影响。

聚乙烯分子链结构差异对其介电性能的影响

为探究国内外聚乙烯电缆料性能差异产生的原因,本文通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、旋转流变测试以及自成核退火热分级(SSA)等方法测试了材料的分子量分布、长支链含量以及短支链含量,探讨了一种国产和两种进口500kV交联聚乙烯电缆料的分子链结构与其介电性能的关系。结果表明:聚乙烯体内长支链含量从小到大的顺序为:国产样品、进口B样品、进口A样品;短支链含量从小到大的顺序为:进口B样品、进口A样品、国产样品。其中,进口A样品中较高的长支链含量,有利于分子有序排列和结晶的形成,进而提高其耐压等级;国产样品过高的短支链含量会阻碍分子结晶,导致其击穿场强较低。此外,3种聚乙烯分子链结构的差异对其介电常数、介质损耗因数和电阻率影响不大。

基于多模式分解和多分支输入的光伏功率超短期预测

针对光伏发电功率随机性强、波动性大导致其预测精度不高的问题,提出一种基于自适应近邻传播聚类(adaptive affinity propagation clustering,adAP)、多模式分解、多分支输入组合的光伏功率预测方法。首先,基于相关性分析找到与光伏发电功率高度相关的气象因素,并利用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)将光伏输出功率从时域转换到频域,与相关度高的气象因素一起作为adAP算法的聚类特征,对具有相似气象特征的日场景进行分类;其次,对聚类相似日较少且输出功率波动剧烈天气类型中的气象相关因素和光伏输出功率添加高斯白噪声,并将其与原始数据合并,达到倍增样本的效果,以提升模型的泛化能力和鲁棒性;然后,使用变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)、奇异谱分解(singular spectrum decomposition,SSD)和群分解(swarm decomposition,SWD)对光伏功率、辐照度和温度进行分解,削弱原始序列的波动性,丰富模型的输入特征;最后,搭建多分支的残差网络(residual network,ResNet)和长短期记忆网络(long short term memory network,LSTM)模型,提取数据的时间特征和波动特征,合并后输入到门控循环单元网络(gated recurrent unit network,GRU)中,建立历史特征和未来光伏输出功率的联系,得到预测结果。实验结果表明,所提出的多模型组合预测方法在光伏功率波动较缓天气情况下,能够保持较高的预测精度;在波动剧烈天气情况下,能够较大地提升预测精度。

多层次特征融合与超图卷积的生成对抗壁画修复

针对现有壁画深度学习修复方法,存在上下文信息关注不足及结果欠佳的问题,提出了一种多层次特征融合与超图卷积的生成对抗修复模型。首先,利用金字塔特征分层对壁画进行多尺度层次特征提取,并采用混合空洞卷积单元扩大多层特征提取感受野,以克服单尺度卷积操作对于壁画特征提取能力不足的问题。然后,提出多分支短链融合层及门控机制融合多分支特征方法,将相邻分支间的特征信息进行融合,使融合后的壁画特征图中既有同分支的特征,又有相邻分支的特征,以提高特征信息的利用率;并引入门控机制对特征进行选择融合,以减少细节信息的丢失。接着,将融合特征通过卷积长短期记忆网络(ConvLSTM)特征注意力方法,增强对壁画上下文信息的关注。最后,设计超图卷积壁画长程特征增强模块,通过在编码器和解码器的跳跃连接之间建立超图卷积层,利用超图卷积捕获编码器的空间特征信息,并将其迁移到解码器中,有助于解码器更好地生成壁画图像,以加强特征的长程依赖关系,并与SN-PatchGAN判别器对抗博弈从而完成修复。通过敦煌壁画数字化修复实验,结果表明:所提方法客观评价优于对比算法,对于破损壁画修复结果更加清晰自然。

套袋与不套袋对‘宫崎短枝’苹果果实品质及产量的影响

本研究旨在研究套袋、不套袋两种方式对苹果果实品质、产量及果园生产成本的影响,为果园轻简化栽培提供理论依据。本文以‘宫崎短枝’苹果为试材,测定并分析套袋和不套袋两种栽培方式对‘宫崎短枝’苹果外观品质、内在品质、产量以及成本投入的影响。结果表明,不套袋苹果的果面光洁度指数降低1.63%、果锈指数提高6.73%,果实可溶性固形物提高4.22%,硬度提高8.99%,可滴定酸提高29.27%,产量提高9.1%,果实风味浓郁,果园生产成本降低14 468.25元/hm^(2)。通过不套袋栽培既能显著改善苹果内在品质、提高果实产量,同时能有效节约果园生产成本。

考虑纵向动态边端效应的短初级直线感应电机等效电路改进模型

直线感应电机由于纵向动态边端效应的存在,在运行过程中会产生附加损耗和附加力,使得电机性能表现变差。针对该问题,本文从传统等效电路出发,通过在原有励磁支路上添加并联边端效应支路的方式,构建了考虑纵向动态边端效应的短初级直线感应电机等效电路改进模型,并推导了边端效应支路上的电磁参数。试验结果表明,本文提出的等效电路改进模型与传统等效电路相比,推力计算误差更小,验证了本文提出的改进模型准确性。

细纱机短车集聚纺负压系统应用分析

为了提高纱线质量、实现节能降耗,介绍短车集聚纺负压系统的技术要求及主要组成;根据负压主风管结构将集聚纺负压系统分为八边形大风管型、八边形小风管型、上置八边形风管型、上置双列圆风管型,从节电性能、负压平衡度、性价比及对粗纱架排列要求等方面,详细分析不同类型集聚纺负压主风管的优缺点,并阐述各型集聚纺负压系统的发展应用。指出:上置双列圆风管型集聚纺负压系统节电性能优,支风管车头车尾压差小、负压平衡度好,主风管制造成本低,安装工作量小,使用效果良好。

ANALYSIS OF BRANCHING DISTRIBUTION IN POLYETHYLENES BY DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY

Short chain branching has been characterized using thermal fractionation, a stepwise isothermal crystallizationtechnique, followed by a melting analysis scan using differential scanning calorimetry. Short chain branching distributionwas also characterized by a continuous slow cooling crystallization, followed by a melting analysis scan. Four differentpolyethylenes were studied: Ziegler-Natta gas phase, Ziegler-Natta solution, metallocene, constrained-geometry single sitecatalyzed polyethylenes. The branching distribution was calculated from a calibration of branch content with meltingtemperature. The lamellar thickness was calculated based on the thermodynamic melting temperature of each polyethyleneand the surface free energy of the crystal face. The branching distribution and lamellar thickness distribution were used tocalculate weight average branch content, mean lamellar thickness, and a branch dispersity index. The results for the branchcontent were in good agreement with the known comonomer content of the polyethylenes. A limitation was that high branchcontent polyethylenes did not reach their potential crystallization at ambient temperatures. Cooling to sub-ambient wasnecessary to equilibrate the crystallization, but melting temperature versus branch content was not applicable after cooling tobelow ambient because the calibration data were not performed in this way.

The Choice of Appropriate Scenario in Order to Reduce the Effect of Thermal Pollution at the Damietta Branch Caused by Cooling Water Discharged from Kafr-Al-Batek Power Station

The main purpose of this research effort was to investigate and reduce the volume of thermal polluted cooling water from returning to the Kafr-Al-Batek power station. Traditional cooling systems, such as cooling towers or ponds can be very challenging with regards to implementation in developing countries;mainly due to the lack of financial capacity. This research focused on low-cost simulation solutions that could improve thermal outcomes. Comparisons were performed between three different scenarios to decrease the elevated temperature of the discharged water (43 °C) released by the Kafr-Al-Batek power station on the Damietta branch. The different scenarios were simulated by using Star CCM+ software. The base scenario examined the discharge angle of an existing outlet. The second scenario examined a new outlet downstream from the existing outlet. The third scenario increased the width of the existing outlet in order to reduce flow velocity. A comparative analysis is provided between the aforementioned solutions to identify the most suitable and cost-effective alternative. Simulation results show that changing the discharge angle from 90° to 135° is the most effective solution. Applying this solution has the potential to decrease the water temperature at the inlet by 7 degrees Celsius (from 32 °C to 25 °C).

树体调控对不同树形核桃生长发育的影响

为明确不同树形核桃最适树体调控模式,通过拉枝、短截、刻芽等调控措施,研究其对不同树形核桃生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:拉枝能控制过旺营养生长并改变枝条类型组成;中、短果枝数量以自然开心形最多,疏散分层形最少;纺锤形的新梢最长,自然开心形最短;不同树形间的新梢粗度差别不大。短截越重,新梢生长越快,但短截后树冠变小;短截越轻抽生的枝条越多,Y形轻短截后萌发数量最多。1a生枝条刻芽后以自然开心形萌芽率最高,疏散分层形最低;2a生枝条刻芽后以自然圆头形、自然开心形萌芽率最高,Y形最低;多年生枝条刻芽后萌芽率差异很小;随着枝条生长年份的增加,刻芽后萌芽率逐渐减低。

短枝型红富士芽变的生物学特性研究

以3个红富士芽变优系和2个红富士品种为试材,采用对比分析法,观测不同短枝型红富士芽变的物候期、坐果率等生物学特性,测定单果质量、可溶性糖和维生素C含量等果实品质,研究红富士芽变的生物学特性及果实品质的异同,评价芽变的综合性状,以期为优良芽变选育提供参考依据。结果表明:3个芽变与“长富2号”和“新红1号”开花、枝叶及坐果的物候期相对一致,生育期180~190 d,营养生长期210~220 d;芽变“N-1”的花序和花朵坐果率分别为82.94%和58.15%,比“长富2号”高26.76%和40.90%;“N-1”的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、还原糖含量和糖酸比明显高于“长富2号”,“N-1”维生素C含量为2.79 mg·(100g)^(-1),高于“长富2号”,但低于“新红1号”。综上,“N-1”具有坐果率高、产量高和果实色泽鲜艳等特点,是综合性状较优的芽变。

基于有限量测信息的多分支配电线路故障定位方法

准确快速的故障定位对配电系统的运行质量和可靠性至关重要。目前多分支配电系统故障定位方法大多通过在配网中增加量测装置实现,但配电网拓扑结构复杂,监控设备数量有限,大规模安装额外量测设备的成本较高,难以在实际系统中广泛应用。为此,提出了一种基于有限量测信息的多分支配电线路故障定位方法。首先,对多分支配电线路中电气量信息与故障距离的非线性关系进行理论分析,证明了采用深度学习构建映射函数完成故障定位任务的可行性;其次,利用堆栈自编码器和长短期记忆网络建立故障测距模型,降低配电线路多分支对故障定位产生的误差;再次,结合配电自动化系统的量测信息,通过逻辑推理和智能测距模型实现故障线路判定和测距;最后,基于深度迁移学习提出一种智能定位实施方案,以增强所提方法泛化能力。在MATLAB/SIMULINK平台上对所提方法进行测试验证,仿真结果证明了该方法在复杂工况和分布式电源接入条件下的有效性和鲁棒性。研究结果可为现有故障定位方法提供辅助决策功能。

不同施肥处理对红富士苹果光合特性的影响

以新疆阿克苏地区引进的“烟富3号”苹果为试材,采用沟状水溶施肥法,利用便携式光合仪、便携式SPAD叶绿素仪研究不同氮磷钾配施处理对初果期“烟富3号”苹果枝叶生长、光照分布及光合特性的影响,比较在坐果期(4月下旬)、生理落果期(6月中旬)、果实膨大期(8月上旬)施入不同氮磷钾配比对叶幕变化、叶片SPAD值及光合特性的影响,以期为新疆南疆“烟富3号”苹果施肥管理提供参考依据。结果表明:叶片的SPAD值与施氮量和施钾量呈正相关,磷肥能有效提高叶片面积和增加枝条长度,叶面积与SPAD之间呈极显著负相关(r=-0.758),施磷增加枝条长度会导致树体郁闭度增加,进而影响光照,枝条与树体光照之间为显著负相关(r=-0.538)。不同的施肥处理会影响苹果树枝叶生长状况、叶片SPAD值、光合参数指标等,各项数据组内差异显著(P<0.05)。适量磷素利于提升苹果叶片的Pn。综上所述,不同施肥处理会对叶片光合特性造成影响,坐果期到膨大期间(4月下旬至8月上旬)以单次施肥用N肥534.77 g·株^(-1)、P_(2)O_(5)肥652.17 g·株^(-1)、K_(2)O肥588.23 g·株^(-1)为最优配比。

一种改进残差深度网络的多目标分类技术

由于受场景、视角、光照、尺度变化以及局部变形等因素的影响,对重叠目标、拥挤目标、小目标的识别精度较低,提出了一种改进多支路的残差深度卷积神经网络来提高多目标识别的准确度;在第一个卷积残差块layer1后保留恒等映射的同时,增加一个1×1的短接分支尽可能多的保留原始特征;再平行嵌入一个修改激活函数ReLU6的空间_通道注意力机制模块(CBAM);融合以上3个特征图;融合后的特征层着重关注空间和通道中比较显著的信息,从而增强特征图的特征表达能力,以至于卷积神经网络(CNN)获得更多的判别特征,从而大大提高物体识别精度;在FashionMNIST和Cifar10两个数据集的对比性实验显示改进的resnet50算法是准确性-速度较为折中的目标识别模型。

基于断路器支路故障电流的短路电流评估方法

随着负荷快速增长,电网密度不断提升,短路电流超标问题日益严重,精确评估系统短路电流水平对保障电网的安全稳定运行至关重要。对此,提出一种基于断路器支路故障电流的短路电流评估方法。针对220 kV及以下电压等级双母双分段接线变电站和500 kV 3/2接线变电站,分析不同故障位置、断路器拉停等情况下流过断路器的短路电流,并提出线路出口单相故障单跳单重阶段断路器所需遮断短路电流的计算方法,明确了变电站内断路器所需遮断最大短路电流,将短路电流校核标准精准化到故障后流过各断路器的最大短路电流不超过其遮断能力。最后通过算例分析验证了所提评估方法的有效性。

短/支链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症患者临床生化及基因分析

目的探讨福建地区短/支链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症(SBCADD)临床特征及基因变异特点。方法2016年8月至2022年3月该院新生儿疾病筛查中心采用串联质谱分析技术对111547名新生儿进行遗传代谢病筛查发现C5升高患儿11例,均在该中心进行诊治及随访,其中8例患儿确诊为SBCADD(推测患病率约为1/13943),3例患儿确诊为IVA(推测患病率约为1/37182)。回顾性分析8例SBCADD患儿的临床特征、生化资料及基因测序结果。结果8例SBCADD患儿中男1例,女7例;汉族7例,苗族1例。8例患儿均有异戊酰基肉碱不同程度升高,最高为1.04μmol/L;均有尿2-甲基丁基甘氨酸水平增加。8例患儿生长、发育大致正常,无临床症状。8例患儿中检测到6种ACADSB基因变异。这些患儿均有2个等位基因变异,其中纯合变异3例,复合杂合变异5例。3种基因变异已有文献报道[c.1165A>G(p.M389V)、c.275C>G(p.S92*)和c.923G>A(p.C308Y)],3种变异未见文献报道[c.1232C>T(p.T411M)、c.421A>C(p.1141L)和c.919G>A(p.G307R)]。8例患儿中最常见的基因变异是c.275C>G[56.25%(9/16)]。结论大多数SBCADD患儿是无症状的,但进行临床监测是有必要的,特别是在应激情况下。建议对有症状和无症状的SBCADD患儿均进行纵向临床和生化随访。该研究发现了新的基因变异,扩展了ACADSB基因变异谱。

基于混合神经网络的短期供热负荷预测模型研究

短期供热负荷预测对促进节能减排以及建设智慧供热系统有着重要意义。由于热负荷数据呈现较强的非线性、滞后性和耦合性,常规预测模型难以取得令人满意的效果。针对传统的长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络的研究,提出了1种以小波分解(WD)和卷积神经网络(CNN)为基础的混合神经网络模型。首先,采用WD将序列分解为不同的子序列;其次,采用CNN提取局部特征,对输入变量进行解耦合;然后,采用LSTM对时间子序列分别进行预测;最后,通过融合计算子序列预测结果得出预测序列。试验结果表明,与LSTM、CNN、CNN-LSTM等网络相比,WD-CNN-LSTM的平均绝对误差、决定系数、均方根误差等指标都更好,能够满足换热站对供热负荷高精度预测的要求。