Non-destructive experimental testing and modeling of electrical impedance behavior of untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils

The characterization of ultra-soft clayey soil exhibits extreme challenges due to low shear strength of such material.Hence,inspecting the non-destructive electrical impedance behavior of untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils gains more attention.Both shear strength and electrical impedance were measured experimentally for both untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils.The shear strength of untreated ultra-soft clayey soil reached 0.17 kPa for 10% bentonite content,while the shear strengths increased to 0.27 kPa and 6.7 kPa for 10% bentonite content treated with 2% lime and 10% polymer,respectively.The electrical impedance of the ultra-soft clayey soil has shown a significant decrease from 1.6 kΩ to 0.607 kΩ when the bentonite content increased from 2% to 10% at a frequency of 300 kHz.The10%lime and 10% polymer treatments have decreased the electrical impedances of ultra-soft clayey soil with 10%bentonite from 0.607 kΩ to 0.12 kΩ and 0.176 kΩ,respectively,at a frequency of 300 kHz.A new mathematical model has been accordingly proposed to model the non-destructive electrical impedancefrequency relationship for both untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils.The new model has shown a good agreement with experimental data with coefficient of determination（R;）up to 0.99 and root mean square error（RMSE） of 0.007 kΩ.

Analysis of Capacity Decay, Impedance, and Heat Generation of Lithium-ionBatteries Experiencing Multiple Simultaneous Abuse Conditions

Abuse of Lithium-ion batteries,both physical and electrochemical,can lead to significantly reduced operational capabilities.In some instances,abuse can cause catastrophic failure,including thermal runaway,combustion,and explosion.Many different test standards that include abuse conditions have been developed,but these generally consider only one condition at a time and only provide go/no-go criteria.In this work,different types of cell abuse are implemented concurrently to determine the extent to which simultaneous abuse conditions aggravate cell degradation and failure.Vibrational loading is chosen to be the consistent type of physical abuse,and the first group of cells is cycled at different vibrational frequencies.The next group of cells is cycled at the same frequencies,with multiple charge pulses occurring during each discharge.The final group of cells is cycled at the same frequencies,with a partial nail puncture occurring near the beginning of cycling.The results show that abusing cells with vibrational loading or vibrational loading with current pulses does not cause a significant decrease in operational capabilities while abusing cells with vibrational loading and a nail puncture drastically reduces operational capabilities.The cells with vibration only experience an increase in internal resistance by a factor of 1.09–1.26,the cells with vibration and current pulses experience an increase in internal resistance by a factor of 1.16–1.23,and all cells from each group reach their rated lifetime of 500 cycles without reaching their end-of-life capacity.However,the cells with vibration and nail puncture experience an increase in internal resistance by a factor of 6.83–22.1,and each cell reaches its end-of-life capacity within 50 cycles.Overall,the results show that testing multiple abuse conditions simultaneously provides a better representation of the extreme limitations of cell operation and should be considered for inclusion in reference test standards.

Technological insights:combined impedance manometry for esophageal motility testing-current results and further implications

This review focuses on current aspects of the novel technology of combined impedance manometry for esophageal motility testing. It presents methodological features, summarizes current results and discusses implications for further research. The combined technique assesses simultaneously bolus transport and associated peristalsis, thus allowing detailed analysis of the relationships between bolus transit and esophageal motility. Recent studies demonstrate that combined impedance manometry provides important additional information about esophageal motility as compared to conventional manometry: (1) monitoring of bolus transport patterns, (2) calculation of bolus transit parameters, (3) evaluation of bolus clearance, (4) monitoring of swallow associated events such as air movement and reflux, and (5) investigation of the relationships between bolus transit and LES relaxation. Studies with healthy subjects have identified several useful parameters for comprehensive assessment of eosphageal function. These parameters were found to be pathological in patients with classical achalasia, mild GERD, and ineffective esophageal motility. The technology of combined impedance manometry provides an important new tool for esophageal function testing, advancing both clinical and basic research. However, several important issues remain to be standardized to make the technique suitable for widely clinical use.

Optimization of short-circuit transition parameters of Q235B steel GMAW based on orthogonal gray relational analysis

In gas metal arc welding(GMAW)process,the short-circuit transition was the most typical transition observed in molten metal droplets.This paper used orthogonal tests to explore the coupling effect law of welding process parameters on the quality of weld forming under short-circuit transition,the design of 3 factors and 3 levels of a total of 9 groups of orthogonal tests,welding current,welding voltage,welding speed as input parameters:effective area ratio,humps,actual linear power density,aspect ratio,Vickers hardness as output paramet-ers(response targets).Using range analysis and trend charts,we can visually depict the relationship between input parameters and a single output parameter,ultimately determining the optimal process parameters that impact the single output index.Then combined with gray the-ory to transform the three response targets into a single gray relational grade(GRG)for analysis,the optimal combination of the weld mor-phology parameters as follows:welding current 100 A,welding voltage 25 V,welding speed 30 cm/min.Finally,validation experiments were conducted,and the results showed that the error between the gray relational grade and the predicted value was 2.74%.It was observed that the effective area ratio of the response target significantly improved,validating the reliability of the orthogonal gray relational method.

Improved dynamic testing by impedance control

In this paper, the issue of actuator-structure interaction in dynamic testing of structures is considered. The problem is approached from the novel standpoint of impedance control. It is shown that an effective strategy to design controls for dynamic testing is by designing the test system impedance. It is also shown that this can be achieved using feedforward compensation. The analysis is carried out in the context of displacement controlled dynamic testing, when the tested structure has a high and nonlinear stiffness. It is demonstrated that stable and accurate dynamic testing can be achieved using the proposed strategy, when this is not possible using traditional feedback control techniques. Furthermore, the impedance control and feedforward strategies are applied in the context of hybrid simulation, a technique of coupling computational and physical substructures applied in earthquake engineering. Here, a delay compensation scheme is necessary in addition to feedforward. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate both improved dynamic testing performance when impedance control is employed, and its applicability in hybrid simulation.

Research on Numerical Simulation of 3D Leakage Magnetic Field and Short-circuit Impedance of Axial Dual-low-voltage Split-winding Transformer

It is difficult to accurately calculate the short-circuit impedance, due to the complexity of axial dual-low-voltage split-winding transformer winding structure. In this paper, firstly, the leakage magnetic field and short-circuit impedance model of axial dual-low-voltage split-winding transformer is established, and then the 2D and 3D leakage magnetic field are analyzed. Secondly, the short-circuit impedance and split parallel branch current distribution in different working conditions are calculated, which is based on field-circuit coupled method. At last, effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model is verified by comparison between experiment, analysis and simulation. The results showed that the 3D analysis method is a better approach to calculate the short-circuit impedance, since its analytical value is more closer to the experimental value compared with the 2D analysis results, the finite element method calculation error is less than 2%, while the leakage flux method maximum error is 7.2%.

An Electrical Impedance Imaging System Towards Edge Intelligence for Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete

In the construction industry,to prevent accidents,non-destructive tests are necessary and cost-effective.Electrical impedance tomography is a new technology in non-invasive imaging in which the image of the inner part of conductive bodies is reconstructed by the arrays of external electrodes that are connected on the periphery of the object.The equipment is cheap,fast,and edge compatible.In this imaging method,the image of electrical conductivity distribution(or its opposite;electrical impedance)of the internal parts of the target object is reconstructed.The image reconstruction process is performed by injecting a precise electric current to the peripheral boundaries of the object,measuring the peripheral voltages induced from it and processing the collected data.In an electrical impedance tomography system,the voltages measured in the peripheral boundaries have a non-linear equation with the electrical conductivity distribution.This paper presents a cheap Electrical Impedance Tomography(EIT)instrument for detecting impurities in the concrete.A voltage-controlled current source,a micro-controller,a set of multiplexers,a set of electrodes,and a personal computer constitute the structure of the system.The conducted tests on concrete with impurities show that the designed EIT system can reveal impurities with a good accuracy in a reasonable time.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease in pediatric esophageal atresia:Assessment of clinical symptoms and pH-impedance data

BACKGROUND Esophageal atresia(EA)is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract.Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)is a frequent and lifelong problem in these patients.GERD can be asymptomatic and the incidence of esophageal gastric and intestinal metaplasia(Barrett’s esophagus)is increased in adults with EA compared with the general population.Timely and accurate diagnosis of GERD is important to reduce long-term problems and this may be achieved by pH-impedance testing.AIM To assess symptoms and pH-impedance data in children after EA,in order to identify their specific features of GERD.METHODS This study was conducted from November 2017 to February 2020 and involved 37 children who had undergone EA via open surgical repair(51.35%boys,48.65%girls;age range:1-14 years,median:4.99 years).GERD diagnosis was made based on multichannel intraluminal impedance/pH study and two groups were established:EA without GERD,n=17;EA with GERD,n=20.A control group was established with 66 children with proven GERD(68.18%boys,31.82%girls;median age:7.21 years),composed of a nonerosive reflux disease(referred to as NERD)group(n=41)and a reflux esophagitis group(n=25).Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with a mucosal esophageal biopsy was performed on all patients.RESULTS The most frequently observed symptom in EA patients with GERD and without GERD was cough(70%and 76.5%respectively).The number of patients with positive symptom association probability in the EA groups was significantly larger in the EA without GERD group(P=0.03).In the control reflux esophagitis group,prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms was significantly higher than in the NERD group(P=0.017).For both EA groups,there was strong correlation with index of proximal events(IPE)and total proximal events(EA with GERD:0.96,P<0.001;EA without GERD:0.97,P<0.001)but level of IPE was significantly lower than in GERD patients without any surgical treatment(P<0.001).Data on distal mean nocturnal baseline impedance were significantly different between the EA with GERD group(P<0.001)and the two control groups but not between EA without GERD and the two control groups.CONCLUSION Mean nocturnal baseline impedance may have diagnostic value for GERD in EA children after open surgical repair.IPE might be an additional parameter of pHimpedance monitoring.

Investigation on gunner's hearing organ damage:ear drum inspection and acoustic impedance measurement

The ear drums of 279 long-range gunners and 156 short-range gunners who hadparticipated in a battle for 4 months were inspected and 442 ears were subjected to acousticimpedance measurement.The results showed that retraction was the main change of the ear drums,then,opacity and atrophy.The average static compliance was 1.06,tympanograms were 75.6% oftype A and 21.1% of AD.No obvious difference in acoustic reflex threshold at different frequencieswas found between the 2 sorts of gunners.But the short-range cannon gunners suffered a more seri-ous high frequency hearing loss.

Determination of failure degree of 1.2 kV SiC MOSFETs after short-circuit test using an improved test setup

Analysis of the short-circuit characteristics of SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs)is very important for their practical application.This paper studies the SiC MOSFET short-circuit characteristics with an improved test setup under different conditions.A high-current Si insulated gate bipolar transistor is used as a circuit breaker in the test circuit rather than the usual short-circuit test conducted without a circuit breaker.The test platform with a circuit breaker does not influence the calculation results regarding the shortcircuitwithstand time and energy,but the SiCMOSFETwill switch off after failure in a very short time.In addition,the degree of failure will be limited and confined to a small area,such that the damage to the chip will be clearly observable,which is significant for short-circuit failure analysis.

An Experimental Study on Constant Current Load Test of Reinforced Concrete based on 3D Paraffin Isolation

Aiming at the complex corrosion degradation factors of reinforced concrete and clearing the deterioration mechanism in the constant stress state,a new type of constant current accelerated corrosion method in the saline soil environment was developed.The three-dimensional paraffin isolation specimens and the three-dimensional penetration specimens were taken as the research objects,and the Cl−content and AC impedance Bode diagram were measured.The macro morphology and micro analysis were also used to evaluate the corrosion degradation laws of the two groups of specimens.A constant current three-factor system accelerated model was established for the current acceleration factor,chloride ion,and sulfate ion acceleration factor.The experimental results show that,in the constant stress test of the saline soil environmental conditions,the paraffin isolation layer can effectively isolate corrosive chloride ions,which is a brand-new research method of single factor variable control in the constant stress test.According to the basic corrosion data,the law of constant current acceleration test is summarized and divided into five corrosion degradation stages,and each stage has significant changes in the accelerated corrosion efficiency.The corrosion degradation of a constant stress test is the combined effect of constant current,positive and negative penetration of chloride ions and sulfate ions.

基于特征阻抗及滑动t方法的变电流快充析锂检测方法

在低温、高倍率等充电情况下,锂离子电池的石墨负极会发生析锂现象,对电池的寿命和安全性造成严重影响。为了解决锂离子电池在变电流快充工况下析锂的在线检测问题,该文提出了一种基于特征阻抗与滑动t检验的在线析锂检测方法。采用在直流充电电流的基础上叠加1 Hz正弦交流激励电流来实时测量特征频率阻抗,探究变电流充电时阻抗随电池析锂的变化规律;继而利用特征阻抗实部的变化与电池负极析锂的相关性,针对变电流快充工况,提出了基于滑动t方法的在线检测析锂起始点的检测方法。结果表明:该方法可以实现充电过程中5%SOC的延迟内识别析锂起始点,有利于形成闭环充电策略,最大限度地减少析锂危害。

轻质隔声夹层板结构声振耦合拓扑优化

为了满足夹层板结构轻质及隔声性能优化需求,提出了一种基于线性材料插值模型的三场浮动投影动力学拓扑优化方法,进行夹层板结构声振耦合拓扑优化设计。首先,结合混合位移/声压(u/p)有限元格式和线性材料插值模型,解决多场耦合界面依赖性问题和低密度区域局部模态问题;其次,面向三维轻质夹层板结构声振耦合特性,建立以隔声性能最大化为目标,轻量化体积分数为约束的优化范式;第三,依托阻抗管隔声性能试验场景,对三维夹层板结构有限元数值模型进行拓扑优化设计,并结合阻抗管试验验证方法的准确性和有效性;最后,将所得优化构型与常见夹层板构型的隔声性能进行对比。研究结果表明:采用所提方法可获得性能优越的新颖拓扑构型,1100~1300 Hz优化目标频段对应的优化目标隔声性能即传声损失总值从197.62 dB提升到205.09 dB,且数值仿真结果与试验结果吻合良好。在结构同等质量下,优化目标频段拓扑构型的隔声量性能优于常见开孔/闭孔矩形蜂窝状、蜘蛛网状夹层板结构的隔声量性能。

复配功能填料对无溶剂环氧涂层防腐性能的影响

针对不同种类的功能型填料对无溶剂环氧涂层性能的影响进行研究,选择了云母氧化铁协同钙交换SiO_(2)作为防锈填料来增强涂料的耐腐蚀性,沉淀硫酸钡配合陶瓷粉来增强涂料的耐磨性,在合适的颜基比下采用正交试验法制备出不同填料复配的无溶剂型环氧涂料。通过基础性能测试、电化学交流阻抗(EIS)以及耐盐雾测试等,分析研究了复配填料的质量比对涂层性能的影响。结果表明:在成膜物质与填料的质量比为3∶2,填充填料与防锈填料质量比为1∶1,陶瓷粉与沉淀硫酸钡质量比为2∶1,云母氧化铁与钙交换SiO_(2)质量比为3∶1时,制备的涂层在物理性能优异的同时,还拥有很高的涂层电阻,经3.5%NaCl溶液浸泡3000 h后,涂层电阻仍能保持在6.486×10^(10)Ω·cm^(2),展现出了良好的耐腐蚀性。

航空多层铆接结构内层裂纹的远场涡流检测

多层铆接结构是飞机机身蒙皮与型材的主要结构。由于周期性载荷作用,其内部型材等承力部位易产生疲劳裂纹,该位置隐蔽性强,采用目视或常规无损检测技术难以检测出这些缺陷。而远场涡流检测技术可检测埋藏深度大的缺陷,采用该技术对飞机多层铆接结构的内层裂纹进行检测。结果表明:选择合适的检测频率时,检测信号阻抗的幅值与裂纹深度、检测信号阻抗的相位角与裂纹埋藏深度均呈良好的线性关系,对于确定的被检材料和检测传感器,得出的拟合公式可为裂纹损伤的定位、定量检测提供理论参考依据,从而获得裂纹的准确信息,实现裂纹损伤的准确定位和定量检测。

Thermal runaway evolution of a 280 Ah lithium-ion battery with LiFePO_(4) as the cathode for different heat transfer modes constructed by mechanical abuse

Lithium iron phosphate batteries have been increasingly utilized in recent years because their higher safety performance can improve the increasing trend of recurring thermal runaway accidents.However,the safety performance and mechanism of high-capacity lithium iron phosphate batteries under internal short-circuit challenges remain to be explored.This work analyzes the thermal runaway evolution of high-capacity LiFePO_(4) batteries under different internal heat transfer modes,which are controlled by different penetration modes.Two penetration cases involving complete penetration and incomplete penetration were detected during the test,and two modes were performed incorporating nails that either remained or were removed after penetration to comprehensively reveal the thermal runaway mechanism.A theoretical model of microcircuits and internal heat conduction is also established.The results indicated three thermal runaway evolution processes for high-capacity batteries,which corresponded to the experimental results of thermal equilibrium,single thermal runaway,and two thermal runaway events.The difference in heat distribution in the three phenomena is determined based on the microstructure and material structure near the pinhole.By controlling the heat dissipation conditions,the time interval between two thermal runaway events can be delayed from 558 to 1417 s,accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of in-situ gas production during the second thermal runaway event.

功率超声铆焊变幅杆的设计与分析

功率超声塑料铆焊变幅杆的设计中,纵波谐振频率和振幅是设计的关键。某工程实践中以阶梯形铆焊变幅杆为设计对象,有限元模态分析中,其纵波固有频率为19982 Hz,谐波扫频响应共振频率为20082 Hz,阻抗测试频率为19813 Hz,三者误差率较小,且在材料阻尼率为0.004时,变幅杆端头有仿真最大振幅59.16μm,与激光测振仪测量的振幅49.8μm同样误差较小,实践加工验证,铆焊效果较好。结果表明有限元固有模态、谐波响应、阻抗分析、振幅测试分析可为超声变幅杆的工程设计提供高效的设计、分析、测试方法。

基于时序聚类及改进Pettitt的系统谐波阻抗估计

针对谐波电压与电流数据出现严重无序性,导致常规非干预式方法难以对系统谐波阻抗进行准确的实时估计,提出一种基于时序聚类及改进Pettitt的系统谐波阻抗估计方法。首先,运用时序聚类中互相关系数原理使谐波电压和电流序列平移对齐并筛选出强相关性的数据。然后,为了规避阻抗突变的影响,提出基于二元分割的Pettitt方法对阻抗突变点进行检验。最后,使用再生权最小二乘法,通过赋权重系数进一步减小异常值对结果的影响。仿真与实例结果表明,本文方法可以有效降低背景谐波波动和阻抗突变对系统谐波阻抗估计带来的误差。