A spatiotemporal evolution model of a short-circuit arc to a secondary arc based on the improved charge simulation method

The initial shape of the secondary arc considerably influences its subsequent shape.To establish the model for the arcing time of the secondary arc and modify the single-phase reclosing sequence,theoretical and experimental analysis of the evolution process of the short-circuit arc to the secondary arc is critical.In this study,an improved charge simulation method was used to develop the internal-space electric-field model of the short-circuit arc.The intensity of the electric field was used as an independent variable to describe the initial shape of the secondary arc.A secondary arc evolution model was developed based on this model.Moreover,the accuracy of the model was evaluated by comparison with physical experimental results.When the secondary arc current increased,the arcing time and dispersion increased.There is an overall trend of increasing arc length with increasing arcing time.Nevertheless,there is a reduction in arc length during arc ignition due to short circuits between the arc columns.Furthermore,the arcing time decreased in the range of 0°-90°as the angle between the wind direction and the x-axis increased.This work investigated the method by which short-circuit arcs evolve into secondary arcs.The results can be used to develop the secondary arc evolution model and to provide both a technical and theoretical basis for secondary arc suppression.

Optimization of short-circuit transition parameters of Q235B steel GMAW based on orthogonal gray relational analysis

In gas metal arc welding(GMAW)process,the short-circuit transition was the most typical transition observed in molten metal droplets.This paper used orthogonal tests to explore the coupling effect law of welding process parameters on the quality of weld forming under short-circuit transition,the design of 3 factors and 3 levels of a total of 9 groups of orthogonal tests,welding current,welding voltage,welding speed as input parameters:effective area ratio,humps,actual linear power density,aspect ratio,Vickers hardness as output paramet-ers(response targets).Using range analysis and trend charts,we can visually depict the relationship between input parameters and a single output parameter,ultimately determining the optimal process parameters that impact the single output index.Then combined with gray the-ory to transform the three response targets into a single gray relational grade(GRG)for analysis,the optimal combination of the weld mor-phology parameters as follows:welding current 100 A,welding voltage 25 V,welding speed 30 cm/min.Finally,validation experiments were conducted,and the results showed that the error between the gray relational grade and the predicted value was 2.74%.It was observed that the effective area ratio of the response target significantly improved,validating the reliability of the orthogonal gray relational method.

Partitioning Calculation Method of Short-Circuit Current for High Proportion DG Access to Distribution Network

Aiming at the problemthat the traditional short-circuit current calculationmethod is not applicable to Distributed Generation(DG)accessing the distribution network,the paper proposes a short-circuit current partitioning calculation method considering the degree of voltage drop at the grid-connected point of DG.Firstly,the output characteristics of DG in the process of low voltage ride through are analyzed,and the equivalent output model of DG in the fault state is obtained.Secondly,by studying the network voltage distribution law after fault in distribution networks under different DG penetration rates,the degree of voltage drop at the grid-connected point of DG is used as a partition index to partition the distribution network.Then,iterative computation is performed within each partition,and data are transferred between partitions through split nodes to realize the fast partition calculation of short-circuit current for high proportion DG access to distribution network,which solves the problems of long iteration time and large calculation error of traditional short-circuit current.Finally,a 62-node real distribution network model containing a high proportion of DG access is constructed onMATLAB/Simulink,and the simulation verifies the effectiveness of the short-circuit current partitioning calculation method proposed in the paper,and its calculation speed is improved by 48.35%compared with the global iteration method.

CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF THE INDUCED OVERCURRENT GENERATED BY CLOSE TRIGGERED LIGHTNING ON THE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION POWER LINE

Techniques of artificially-triggered lightning have provided a significantly useful means to directly measure various physical parameters of lightning discharge and to conduct research on protection methods of lightning electromagnetic pulses.In this study,using capacitive and resistive dividers,current probes and optical fiber transmission devices,we measured and analyzed the induced overvoltage on the overhead transmission line and the overcurrent through Surge Protective Devices(SPD) when a lightning discharge was artificially triggered nearby on August 12,2008 at Conghua Field Lightning Experiment Site.The triggered lightning discharge contained an initial current stage and eight return strokes whose peak currents ranged from 6.6kA to 26.4kA.We found that overcurrents through SPD were induced on the power line both during the initial continuous current stage and the return stroke processes.During the return strokes,the residual voltage and the current through the SPD lasted up to the ms(millisecond) range,and the overcurrents exhibited a mean waveform up to 22/69μs with a peak value of less than 2kA.Based on the observed data,simple calculations show that the corresponding single discharge energy was much greater than the values of the high voltage pulse generators commonly used in the experiments regulated for SPD.The SPD discharge current peak was not synchronous to that of the residual voltage with the former obviously lagging behind the latter.The SPD discharge current peak was well correlated with the triggered lightning current peak and the wave-front current gradient.The long duration of the SPD current is one of the major reasons why the SPD was damaged even with a big nominal discharge current.

A New Proposal of Inverse-Time Characteristics for Overcurrent Relay Based on Microcomputer

The conventional time function of electromechanical relays is hard to coordinate with other relays. In order to promote the application of inverse-time overcurrent relays, a new time function for microprocessor-type relay is proposed. The setting of the trip time for this relay is performed by determining the shortest trip time and the longest trip time, respectively. The results of analysis show that with the new time function, the inverse-time overcurrent relay is easy to coordinate with other relays and has a comparatively shorter trip time, and that the fault happens in the protective zone.

IGBT Overcurrent Protection of Welding Inverter Power Source

The IGBT protection techniques applied in the design of inverter are proposed.Effective protection circuits are developed according to various conditions of overcurrent.Fast overcurrent protection circuit should be used widely, so as to ensure reliableoperation of IGBT inverter.

Simulation Studies of an Integrated Overcurrent Relay Protection Scheme for Distribution Systems

This paper presents an integrated protection technique for power distribution systems. A novel integrated protection scheme based on overcurrent protection technique for distribution system is described, in which a specially designed protection relay is installed at each substation of a network and responsible for the protection of every line sections connected to the substation busbar The conventional directional overcurrent and the new adaptive accelerated protection algorithms with multiple settings are implemented into the relay to cover all the protected line sections. The paper includes studies of a typical multi section distribution network to demonstrate the principle of the scheme. Studies show that the new scheme not only offer the new protection features for individual power line section, but also provide the characteristics of integrated protection.

Simulation Analysis of Suppression of Resonant Overcurrent by Nonlinear Components

For the development of distributed power supply active distribution network system, the instability of the power supply side causes the system frequency to be disturbed, and harmonics, voltage fluctuations, or ferromagnetic saturation causes resonance and other series of power quality problems;what resulting in the over-voltage and over-current can easily damage components and threaten the system's safe and stable operation. In order to solve these problems, this paper compares some harmonic detection and filtering methods, devices and methods for suppressing resonance in recent years, and combines the principle of resonance to design a nonlinear inductive circuit that can suppress resonant overcurrent according to the characteristics of nonlinear inductors. Compared with the Resistance (R) series Induct Capacitance (LC) parallel circuit composed of common inductors, the circuit described in this paper is not affected by overcurrent, and the influence of overvoltage is relatively greatly reduced. The simulate-on proves that this circuit suppresses the effects of resonant overvoltage and overcurrent.

Stability analysis of CO_(2)gas shielded welding short-circuit transition process based on GMAW dynamic model

Base on the arc phase and short-circuit phase and their relationship, the paper considers the changes of the extension of wire, the arc length, liquid bridge resistance and mass of liquid bridge, combines the improved “mass-spring” model with the loop model of welding power system, puts forward the critical judgment condition of droplet transition, and establishes a more accurate dynamic model for describing the short-circuit transition process. The dynamic changes of short-circuit transfer frequency, welding current and voltage, contact droplet and residual droplet equivalent radius and droplet equivalent radius at different wire feeding speeds were calculated and analyzed, and compared with the experimental results. It shows that the fluctuation of droplet displacement, velocity and wire extension length at the optimal arc starting point is the smallest. The smaller the initial liquid bridge curvature radius is, the better the stability of short-circuit transfer is.

MATLAB fitting for overcurrent relay and a new digital algorithm study

The overcurrent (OC) protection limit is set usually accorging to a OC protection setting table on digital integrated protection equipment in mine explode isolation high voltage (HV) vacuum switch. For digital integrated protection equipment, OC protection setting table must be converted to be a microcomputer algorithm. This paper first intro-duced a method of the fitting OC protection setting table to be OC relay inverse time characteristics equations using MATLAB least square fitting. On the basis of analyzing these fitting equations, a notion, “integral limit rate” was put forward initially and a OC in-verse time digital algorithm was developed. MATLAB simulation results and a digital signal processor (DSP) based digital integrated protection equipment running test indicate that this algorithm has less calculation amount, less taking up memory, high control accuracy, implements the no-grade setting of OC delay values, suits for all kinds of low-middle mi-crocomputer system implementation.

Research on Inter-turn Short-circuit Fault Diagnosis Method Based on High Frequency Voltage Residual for PMSM

Inter-turn fault is a serious stator winding short-circuit fault of permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM). Once it occurs, it produces a huge short-circuit current that poses a great risk to the safe operation of PMSM. Thus, an inter-turn short-circuit fault(ITSCF) diagnosis method based on high frequency(HF) voltage residual is proposed in this paper with proper HF signal injection. First, the analytical models of PMSM after the ITSCF are deduced. Based on the model, the voltage residual at low frequency(LF) and HF can be obtained. It is revealed that the HF voltage residual has a stronger ITSCF detection capability compared to the LF voltage residual. To obtain optimal fault signature, a 3-phase symmetrical HF voltage is injected into the machine drive system, and the HF voltage residuals are extracted. The fault indicator is defined as the standard deviation of the 3-phase HF voltage residuals. The effectiveness of the proposed ITSCF diagnosis method is verified by experiments on a triple 3-phase PMSM. It is worth noting that no extra hardware equipment is required to implement the proposed method.

基于动作时限曲线拟合思想的含DG型配电网后备保护新方法

分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)的接入可能会改变电力系统的短路电流特性,从而影响到反时限过流保护的选择性和配合关系。为此,提出一种基于动作时限曲线拟合思想的含DG型配电网后备保护新方法。从配电网主保护和后备保护的动作时间差入手,建立曲线拟合模型,并运用梯度下降法对反时限过流保护的动作时限曲线进行优化。通过在优化整定计算中考虑保护的选择性以及DG接入所带来的影响,使优化参数适用于配电网中各分段位置。然后,在配电网中设置两相、三相短路故障,并根据故障位置、类型进行整定参数再调整,最终得到参数的全局最优解。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件进行仿真分析,验证了所提方法的有效性和实用性。

自适应调节有功功率偏差的虚拟同步发电机暂态控制策略

虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制的并网逆变器在电网电压跌落时存在功角暂态失稳及过电流现象,为此提出一种VSG暂态控制策略。根据VSG功角特性,推导出有功功率与功角暂态稳定性之间的联系,并基于VSG暂态电流特性,分析VSG无功动态响应特性与暂态功角变化的关系。在此基础上,以角频率偏差、有功功率偏差及有功功率偏差变化率三者的正负作为功角特性曲线的区间划分依据,设计出有功功率偏差系数分段自适应调节策略,通过控制有功功率偏差抑制功角增大,并对VSG输出过电流进行抑制,基于等面积准则证明了VSG的暂态稳定性。仿真分析结果表明,采用所提控制策略能够有效消除VSG控制并网逆变器的功角暂态失稳及过电流现象,且无论暂态期间是否存在稳定运行平衡点,所提策略均可确保VSG功角稳定。

手跳线路分相断路器失灵时预防事故扩大的方法

现场出现了几起手跳分相断路器时一相或两相断路器失灵的情况,但目前的规范并未要求手跳断路器失灵时启动失灵保护,若由零序过流保护动作切除负荷电流,可能导致事故扩大。目前南网220 kV线路保护通过修改软件实现了三相不一致和单相运行三跳动作后远跳线路对侧,但国网以及南网有些地区的保护不具备软件升级条件,提出了将手跳继电器触点和断路器三相位置不一致状态触点串联后接入纵联电流差动保护的其他保护动作开入方法。该方法简单可靠,便于实施。

新型本质安全电源保护电路设计

为了解决本安电源过流和短路的安全问题,设计了一种用于本质安全电源的新型保护电路。该电路通过电流镜电路按一定的比例复制主路电流,并由副电路采样电流信号,经过放大、移位处理后接入比较器负输入端,比较器正输入端接入短路检测信号。该新型电路的功能是当电源负载发生过流或短路故障时,滞回比较器输出过流或短路控制信号,迅速关断主电流开关,从而实现对负载主电路截断的保护;同时启动微电流开关,检测短路故障是否消除,使得故障消除后能够自动恢复主电流开关电路。此外,电源保护电路的软启动电路可用于解决电源启动过程中的浪涌电流可能会造成过流保护误动作的问题。

适用于送端系统电压稳定分析的换相失败期间直流过电流解析计算与分析方法

换相失败期间直流电流大幅上升,引发大量无功消耗,对设备安全及送端电压稳定造成威胁。当前对换相失败期间过电流问题关注不足,该文提出适用于送端系统电压稳定分析的换相失败过电流机电暂态模型,从快速计算、影响因素等角度展开分析。首先,该文指出低压限流测量环节在定量计算时不可忽略;其次,推导换流母线电压与直流电流的近似线性关系,进一步结合奇异摄动建立分析过电流的代数解耦二阶模型。基于梯形积分法则,该文提出过电流峰值快速估算方法,结合相图分析控制参数与电网结构对过电流和送端电压的影响。最后,该文初步探究换相失败过电流可能引发的送端电压无解失稳问题,分析结果与快速估算方法经算例分析得到验证。

超、特高压交流线路反时限零序过流后备保护的整定建议

针对国家电网“六统一”线路保护装置,提出了超、特高压交流线路反时限零序过流保护的整定原则。反时限零序过流保护在保证灵敏性方面并无困难,整定原则的核心问题是解决选择性和速动性的矛盾。根据该保护的原理和逻辑提出了转折电流的概念以及接地距离保护与反时限零序过流保护的配合原则;充分考虑配合时间定值和最小时间定值对保护动作特性的影响,综合超、特高压电网实际短路电流水平和接地距离保护的过渡电阻耐受能力,将反时限零序过流保护低电流区的选择性与接地距离保护高电流区的选择性进行结合,提升了对接地故障全域电流范围的选择性切除能力;提出了方向元件投退原则。通过对某省级电网进行算例分析,验证了整定原则的有效性,该整定原则已经在实际电网中进行了应用。

基于改进灰狼算法的配电网反时限过电流保护定值优化

随着分布式电源接入配电网,改变了电网结构,导致故障电流特征越发复杂。本文针对配电网反时限过电流保护定值优化问题,提出一种基于改进灰狼算法的反时限过电流保护(ITOCP)定值优化算法。首先,针对反时限过电流保护参数约束复杂、关联性强的特点,引入静态惩罚函数对约束项进行处理,建立一个含静态惩罚函数和保护动作总时间的新颖的配电网ITOCP优化模型;其次,为了避免参数寻优陷入局部最优,引入比例调节因子改变全局搜索和局部搜索的比例,浮动因子优化灰狼个体的活动范围。提出一种改进的灰狼算法对ITOCP的时间系数和启动电流进行优化整定,缩短配电网故障保护动作时间,实现故障的快速有效切除。最后,以含分布式电源的IEEE 15节点配电网的两相短路电流故障和三相短路电流故障为例,验证所提方法的有效性和优越性。

基于相位与幅值补偿的虚拟同步发电机低电压穿越控制

虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)通过模拟同步发电机的工作原理,引入虚拟惯量与阻尼系数,提高了分布式电源并网的稳定性。但是当电网发生电压跌落时,电压的跌落与恢复均会使电网电压的相位与幅值发生跳变,而传统的VSG控制策略难以解决该问题。为此,文中提出一种基于相位与幅值补偿的VSG低电压穿越控制方法。首先,分析电网电压跌落与恢复对电网造成的不同影响。其次,在电网电压跌落期间,通过将VSG输出电压和电网电压之间的相位与幅值差控制在允许范围内来实现过流抑制、输出功率的快速稳定以及无功补偿的目的。然后,在电网电压恢复时,通过快速补偿消除VSG输出电压和电网电压之间的相位与幅值差,从而抑制因电网电压跳变而造成的过流等问题。最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证所提控制策略的有效性。根据仿真结果可知,文中提出的控制策略可以有效抑制过流的产生并且能够实现无功补偿。

Thermal runaway evolution of a 280 Ah lithium-ion battery with LiFePO_(4) as the cathode for different heat transfer modes constructed by mechanical abuse

Lithium iron phosphate batteries have been increasingly utilized in recent years because their higher safety performance can improve the increasing trend of recurring thermal runaway accidents.However,the safety performance and mechanism of high-capacity lithium iron phosphate batteries under internal short-circuit challenges remain to be explored.This work analyzes the thermal runaway evolution of high-capacity LiFePO_(4) batteries under different internal heat transfer modes,which are controlled by different penetration modes.Two penetration cases involving complete penetration and incomplete penetration were detected during the test,and two modes were performed incorporating nails that either remained or were removed after penetration to comprehensively reveal the thermal runaway mechanism.A theoretical model of microcircuits and internal heat conduction is also established.The results indicated three thermal runaway evolution processes for high-capacity batteries,which corresponded to the experimental results of thermal equilibrium,single thermal runaway,and two thermal runaway events.The difference in heat distribution in the three phenomena is determined based on the microstructure and material structure near the pinhole.By controlling the heat dissipation conditions,the time interval between two thermal runaway events can be delayed from 558 to 1417 s,accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of in-situ gas production during the second thermal runaway event.