Shock Initiation Experiments with Modeling on a DNAN Based MeltCast Insensitive Explosive

2,4-dinitroanisole(DNAN)is a good replacement for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)in melt-cast explosives due to its superior insensitivity.With the increasing use of DNAN-based melt-cast explosives,the prediction of reaction violence and hazard assessment of the explosives subjected to shock is of great significance.This study investigated the shock initiation characteristics for a DNAN-based melt-cast explosive,DHFA,using the one-dimensional Lagrangian apparatus.The embedded manganin gauges in the apparatus record the pressure histories at four Lagrangian positions and show that shock-todetonation transition in DHFA needs a high input shock pressure.The experimental data are analyzed to calibrate the Ignition and Growth model.The calibration is performed using an objective function based on both pressure history and the arrival time of shock.Good agreement between experimental and calculated pressure histories indicates the high accuracy of the calibrated parameters with the optimization method.

A new Ignition-Growth reaction rate model for shock initiation

Accurately predicting reactive flow is a challenge when characterizing an explosive under external shock stimuli as the shock initiation time is on the order of a microsecond.The present study constructs a new Ignition-Growth reaction rate model,which can describe the shock initiation processes of explosives with different initial densities,particle sizes and loading pressures by only one set of model parameters.Compared with the Lee-Tarver reaction rate model,the new Ignition-Growth reaction rate model describes better the shock initiation process of explosives and requires fewer model parameters.Moreover,the shock initiation of a 2,4-Dinitroanisole(DNAN)-based melt-cast explosive RDA-2(DNAN/HMX(octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoncine)/aluminum)are investigated both experimentally and numerically.A series of shock initiation experiments is performed with manganin piezoresistive pressure gauges and corresponding numerical simulations are carried out with the new Ignition-Growth reaction rate model.The RDA-2 explosive is found to have higher critical initiation pressure and lower shock sensitivity than traditional explosives(such as the Comp.B explosive).The calibrated reaction rate model parameters of RDA-2 could provide numerical basis for its further application.

Effect of chemical reactivity on the detonation initiation in shock accelerated flow in a confined space

The interactions of a spherical flame with an incident shock wave and its reflected shock wave in a confined space were investigated using the three-dimensional reactive Navier-Stokes equations, with emphasis placed on the effect of chemical reactivity of mixture on the flame distortion and detonation initiation after the passage of the reflected shock wave. It is shown that the spatio-temporal characteristics of detonation initiation depend highly on the chemi- cal reactivity of the mixture. When the chemical reactivity enhances, the flame can be severely distorted to form a reactive shock bifurcation structure with detonations initiating at different three-dimensional spatial locations. Moreover, the detonation initiation would occur earlier in a mixture of more enhanced reactivity. The results reveal that the detona- tions arise from hot spots in the unburned region which are initiated by the shock-detonation-transition mechanism.

Integrated Equipment Health Prognosis Considering Crack Initiation Time Uncertainty and Random Shock

With integrated equipment health prognosis, both physical models and condition monitoring data are utilized to achieve more accurate prediction of equipment remaining useful life （RUL）. In this paper, an integrated prognostics method is proposed to account for two important factors which were not considered before, the uncertainty in crack initiation time （CIT） and the shock in the degradation. Prognostics tools are used for RUL pre- diction starting from the CIT. However, there is uncertainty in CIT due to the limited capability of existing fault detection tools, and such uncertainty has not been explic- itly considered in the literature for integrated prognosis. A shock causes a sudden damage increase and creates a jump in the degradation path, which shortens the total lifetime, and it has not been considered before in the integrated prognostics framework either. In the proposed integrated prognostics method, CIT is considered as an uncertain parameter, which is updated using condition monitoring data. To deal with the sudden damage increase and reduction of total lifetime, a virtual gradual degradation path with an earlier CIT is introduced in the proposed method. In this way, the effect of shock is captured through identifying an appropriate CIT. Examples of gear prog- nostics are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Effect of microstructure on short pulse duration shock initiation of TATB and initial response mechanism

Micro-TATB particles with different sizes and 3D nanoporous TATB architectures with different specific surface areas were prepared through recrystallization to study short pulse duration shock initiation properties by electric gun technology.For micro-TATB,the initiation threshold significantly decreases with TATB average size ranging from 79.7μm to 0.5μm.For 3D nanoporous TATB architecture,the initiation threshold decreases and then increases with specific surface areas increased from 9.6 m^2/g to36.2 m^2/g.The lowest initiation thresholds are obtained for the micro-TATB with average sizes of 1.3μm and 0.5μm,and 3D nanoporous TATB architecture with specific surface area of 22.4 m^2/g.The shock initiation thresholds of micro-TATB and 3D nanoporous TATB architectures show significantly decreases with the porosity increased.The decomposition reaction and thermal conductivity properties were further investigated to understand the initial response mechanism.High porosity provides more collapse sites to generate high temperature for formation of hot spots.The low thermal conductivity and decomposition temperature could enhance the formation and ignition of the hot spots,and initial decomposition reaction of TATB.The effect of the decomposition temperature is higher than that of the thermal conductivity on the shock initiation properties.The enhanced decomposition reaction could pro mote energy release and transfer process from the ignition to the combustio n.This work offe rs a new insight to understand the effects of microstructure on the shock initiation properties and the initial response mechanism of TATB.

Numerical simulation of shock initiation of the coated-type projectile penetrating target

The behavior of the charge initiation of the coated-type projectile penetrating target is researched by means of numerical simulation. The influences on charge initiation of the projectile shape, shell thickness, charge diameter, and projectile velocity are analyzed. Results show that projectile shape takes an obvious impact on critical detonation velocity, that for the projectile with the same quality, it is more vulnerable for the cylindrical projectile with the one length-diameter ratio to occurring shock initiation than the spherical projectile, the charge diameter is an important factor that affecting critical detonation velocity, which significantly decreases as the charge diameter increases.

Experimental Investigation of Two-Dimensional Shock Initiation Process of Cast Composition B

A two-streak high-speed photography measuring system is designed, which can successfully record the reactive shock front and the reaction profile within the run distance of shock initiation under two-dimensional shock initiation. The strong reaction delay time and the shape of reaction shock front are determined in the cast composition B (RDX/TNT/60/40). A low level reaction zone has been found and analyzed..

A melt-cast Duan-Zhang-Kim mesoscopic reaction rate model and experiment for shock initiation of melt-cast explosives

A melt-cast Duan-Zhang-Kim(DZK)mesoscopic reaction rate model is developed for the shock initiation of melt-cast explosives based on the pore collapse hot-spot ignition mechanism.A series of shock initiation experiments was performed for the Comp B melt-cast explosive to estimate effects of the loading pressure and the particle size of granular explosive component,and the mesoscopic model is validated against the experimental data.Further numerical simulations indicate that the initial density and formula proportion greatly affect the hot-spot ignition of melt-cast explosives.

Shock initiation performance of NTO-based polymer bonded explosive

3-nitro-1,2,4-tri-azol-5-one(NTO) is a high energy insensitive explosive. To study the shock initiation process of NTO-based polymer bonded explosive JEOL-1(32%octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine(HMX), 32% NTO, 28% Al and 8% binder system), the cylinder test, the gap experiments and numerical simulation were carried out. Firstly, we got the detonation velocity(7746 m/s) and the parameters of Jones-Wilkins-Lee(JWL) equation of state(EOS) for detonation product by cylinder test and numerical simulation. Secondly, the Hugoniot curve of unreacted explosive for JEOL-1 was obtained calculating the data of pressure and time at different Lagrangian positions. Then the JWL EOS of unreacted explosive was obtained by utilizing the Hugoniot curve as the reference curve. Finally, we got the pressure growth history of JEOL-1 under shock wave stimulation and the parameters of the ignition and growth reaction rate equation were obtained by the pressure-time curves measured by the shockinitiation gap experiment and numerical simulation. The determined trinomial ignition and growth model(IG model) parameters can be applied to subsequently simulation analysis and design of insensitive ammunition with NTO-based polymer bonded explosive.

Investigation on the Determination of Initial Shock Pressure at Near Interface Field of TNT Charge and Water for Underwater Explosion

There are few report on the directly measurement of the initial shock pressure of explosive charge at its interface of water for underwater explosion. The special technologies have been taken to the measurement system with manganin piezoresistive gauge （PRG） in order to measure the initial shock pressure at the interface and its near field of TNT chare and water. The free-holding PRG film gauge can directly determine the shock peak pressure at the interface and near field of TNT charge up to 12.85 GPa, which is satisfying for the good agreement to the 12.97 GPa with one dimensional theoretical analysis and 12.86 GPa with numerical simulation. The maximum discrepancy is 0.93 %. The results show that it is precise and reliable to determine the initial shock pressure of underwater explosion charge with the PRG technology.

NONLINEAR STABILITY OF VISCOUS SHOCK WAVES FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL NONISENTROPIC COMPRESSIBLE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS WITH A CLASS OF LARGE INITIAL PERTURBATION

We study the nonlinear stability of viscous shock waves for the Cauchy problem of one-dimensional nonisentropic compressible Navier–Stokes equations for a viscous and heat conducting ideal polytropic gas. The viscous shock waves are shown to be time asymptotically stable under large initial perturbation with no restriction on the range of the adiabatic exponent provided that the strengths of the viscous shock waves are assumed to be sufficiently small.The proofs are based on the nonlinear energy estimates and the crucial step is to obtain the positive lower and upper bounds of the density and the temperature which are uniformly in time and space.

Initial-boundary value problem of nonlinear hyperbolic system for conservation laws with delta-shock waves

For a nonlinear hyperbolic system of conservation laws, the initial-boundary value problem is concerned with the boundary conditions. A boundary entropy condition is derived based on Dubois F and Le Floch P＇s results by taking a suitable entropy-flux pair （Journal of Differential Equations, 1988, 71（1）： 93-122）. The solutions of the initial-boundary value problem for the system are constructively obtained, in which initial-boundary data are in piecewise constant states. The delta-shock waves appear in their solutions.

THE CALCULATION OF INITIAL SHOCK WAVE IN ROCK WITH UNCOUPLING CHARGE BLASTING

According to the structure of explosive charge in rock blasting, a physical model has been set up in this paper. Based on the model, a methodology for calculating initial shock wave of uncoupling charge has been given. The pressure p3 has been calculated when high explosives act on granite, limestone, marble and shaIe respectively. Some important conclusions are also gained by the analysis of results.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR DYNAMIC INITIAL SHOCK PARAMETERS OF COUPLING CHARGE ON BOREHOLE WALL UNDER THE ACTION OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES

According to detonation theory and hydrodynamic principle, a physical model has been set up in this paper. Based on the model a methodology for calculating dynamic initial shock parameters such as shock pressure pm shock wave velosity Dm etc. of coupling charge on borehole wall has ben developed. The shock parameters have been calculated when high explosives works on granite, limestone and marble respectively. The magnitude of every parameter on borehole wall has been obtained from ignited dot to the end of borehole along axial direction. Some important conclusions are also gained.

3种典型炸药水中爆炸初始冲击波的近场参数测试

为了探索水中爆炸初始冲击波近场的传播特性和衰减差异,扩展水箱法测爆压试验的研究范围,采用高速摄影狭缝扫描测试方法,对3种典型的柱状炸药(TNT、JH-14、JO-9159)水中爆炸过程进行了测试研究,测量获得了一维正平面水中初始冲击波传播的时间历程演化曲线;由此拟合计算出柱状炸药的水中初始冲击波传播速度随时间的变化曲线,进一步由水的冲击雨果尼奥方程和冲击波动量方程、界面上压力和质点速度连续的条件及声学近似理论,计算得到了水中爆炸初始冲击波阵面压力的衰减曲线和炸药试样的爆压、多方指数等爆轰参数。结果表明,水中爆炸初始冲击波阵面压力近似以指数形式衰减,初始阶段衰减极快;当炸药爆压为20~37 GPa时,水中冲击波初始速度处于5.66~6.81 km/s的范围,波阵面初始压力与炸药的爆压近似成线性关系;虽然JO-9159的爆速和爆压均高于JH-14和TNT,但其水中初始冲击波传播仅在7μs后,其冲击波速度与波阵面压力下降至最低,说明以HMX为基的理想炸药水中爆炸初始冲击波速度和波阵面压力的衰减率要高于以RDX为基的理想炸药和TNT,高爆速、高爆压类理想炸药在水中初始冲击波性能方面优势不显著。

机械起爆引信改装方法及传爆能力分析

为解决机械起爆引信失效率高的问题,探索出一种保留传爆序列的起爆引信改装方法和解除保险方法。运用Autodyn软件仿真分析工业8号雷管在空气中爆炸的冲击波超压,发现在距离雷管端面2 mm内的空气冲击波超压大幅下降,要引爆不保留传爆序列(只含传爆药)的起爆引信,雷管端面与传爆药的理论最大允许间隙约为0.33 mm。分别对保留传爆序列和不保留传爆序列2种起爆引信进行钢凹试验,设置无间隙和有间隙2种起爆情形,试验结果表明:无间隙起爆时,2种起爆引信的传爆能力相当,钢凹深度分别为1.80 mm和2.08 mm。间隙2 mm起爆时,不保留传爆序列的起爆引信未完全作用,钢板表面无形变;带传爆序列的起爆引信完全作用,钢凹深度2.04 mm。试验结果既印证了仿真分析的准确性,也说明了带传爆序列的起爆引信对雷管端面间隙不敏感,具有很高的传爆可靠性,配合解除保险方法,将显著提高机械起爆引信的作用安全性和有效性。

聚能射流侵彻有限厚钢靶后效参数的特性

为研究聚能射流对有限厚钢靶的侵彻后效参数特性,开展了小口径聚能装药射流成型及侵彻带有靶后效应物的有限厚靶板实验,利用ANSYS/LS⁃DYNA有限元软件进行了聚能射流侵彻有限厚靶板作用过程数值模拟计算,分析了靶板厚度、炸高及靶后效应物密度对聚能射流侵彻后效参数的影响,包括剩余射流头部直径d、头部速度v及后效引爆炸药能力参数v^(2)d。研究结果表明:随着靶厚的增加,后效引爆威力v^(2)d呈现线性衰减趋势,厚度每增加20 mm约损失初始引爆威力参数的16%;在聚能射流保持连续的炸高范围内,随着炸高的增加,后效引爆威力参数v^(2)d呈现先增大后减小的趋势,其驻点出现于炸高为8倍聚能装药口径处;在常见的炸药密度范围内,随着靶后效应物密度ρ的增大,引爆威力参数v^(2)d衰减速率呈现先减小后增大的趋势;在相同时刻下,v^(2)d⁃ρ曲线存在一个驻点,v^(2)d最大值分布于ρ=1.6~1.8 g·cm^(-3),且驻点位置随侵彻时间增大而右移。

HMX含量对PBT基推进剂撞击感度和非冲击点火反应特性的影响

为了研究HMX的含量对PBT基推进剂撞击感度和非冲击点火反应特性的影响,开展了BAM落锤撞击感度试验、脆性试验和Susan试验。结果表明:随着HMX含量的增加,PBT基推进剂爆炸概率为50%时的特性落高(H50)减小,即推进剂的撞击感度随着HMX含量的增加而增大。对于HMX的质量分数分别为0、5%、10%和15%的PBT基推进剂,其临界撞击点火速度分别为168、147、136、131 m/s,临界撞击点火速度随HMX含量的增加而减小;在撞击速度为120~300 m/s的非冲击作用下,4种PBT基推进剂的反应等级为爆炸或部分爆轰,相同撞击速度下,HMX的质量分数为10%的PBT基推进剂相较于其他3种PBT基推进剂具有更剧烈的反应等级。

水下非接触爆炸下冲击波载荷与速度场等效关系研究

对于平板在水下非接触爆炸下的结构响应问题,学界目前常采用仿真和试验手段开展研究。但目前的仿真手段主要采用任意拉格朗日欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler, ALE)方法进行,计算效率低且在中远场计算中难以得到真实的结果,而试验手段成本较高。基于能流密度公式和TAYLOR板理论对平板水下非接触爆炸冲击波载荷与速度场等效关系展开研究,提出了冲击波载荷和等效初速度场的等效换算方法,建立了平板初速度场与水下爆炸参数的等效关系并开展试验验证。结果表明,基于能流密度的冲击波等效初速度场具有更好的计算精度和效率,这一方法可作为研究平板或者简单板架在水下爆炸冲击波作用下结构响应的一个重要的等效计算方法。

累积损伤对B炸药冲击起爆影响的仿真研究

采用LS-DYNA软件进行数值仿真,通过改变炸药撞击速度以改变损伤程度,探究损伤和垫层材料对B炸药起爆行为的影响。计算结果表明,当第2次撞击速度一定时,起爆时间t与第1次撞击速度v_(1)的关系为:t=-0.02 v_(1)+C_(1),冲击起爆的距离也随之减小。主要因为第1次撞击速度增大,导致B炸药发生轻微变形,内部的损伤程度随之增大,第2次撞击时更容易被起爆。3种不同垫层中,波阻抗较大的材料抗撞击能力强,B炸药内部不易产生损伤,冲击起爆的时间和距离较长;而B炸药的临界起爆压力差别不大,临界起爆压力的范围在31.4832.98 GPa之间。表明不同垫层材料会影响损伤后B炸药冲击起爆的时间和距离,而不会影响临界起爆压力。