Research and Development of New High-quality Short-season Cotton Varieties and the Industrial Application of High Efficiency Technologies in Shandong Province——Based on the Innovation of Building a Green and Efficient Farming System

Through the analysis of the impact of changes in the cotton planting industry on cotton production structure and benefit in Shandong under the national cotton production pattern in past ten years,based on the guarantee of food security and the overall ecological regional layout of Shandong s agricultural characteristic and advantageous industries,we proposed that through the development of high-quality short-season cotton and the industrial application of high-efficiency technologies,a green and high-efficiency farming system should be established to comprehensively reduce cotton planting costs,improve comparative benefits,and realize green and efficient optimization technologies that unify the stable production of cotton and high-quality cotton supply and the industrial path supported by the new industrial model.It is aimed to speed up the upgrading and transformation of the existing traditional cotton cropping system,reconstruct a ternary structure of grains,economic crops and fodder in the ecological suitable cotton areas and sub-suitable cotton areas in Shandong,and maintain a series of new green and ecological cotton rotation industrial models including the“double security”of the grain and cotton industries,the ecological“double superiority”of "cotton and fodder",and the high-efficiency"double increase"of cotton and garlic,providing a certain foundation for the research on technological integration innovation and industrial structure optimization of the green,efficient and high-quality development and transformation of the cotton industry in Shandong during the"14 th Five-Year Plan"period.

Breeding against mycorrhizal symbiosis:Modern cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties perform more poorly than older varieties except at very high phosphorus supply levels

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an importantfiber cash crop,but its root traits related to phosphorus (P) acquisition,including mycorrhizal root traits,are poorly understood.Eight cotton varieties bred in northwestern China that were released between 1950 and 2013 were grown in pots with or without one arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species(Funneliformis mosseae) at three P supply levels (0,50 and 300 mg P as KH_(2)PO_(4)kg^(-1)).Eleven root traits were measured and calculated after 7 wk of growth.The more recent accessions had smaller root diameters,acquired less P and produced less biomass,indicating an (inadvertent) varietal selection for thinner roots that provided less cortical space for AMF,which then increased the need for a high P fertilizer level.At the two lower P levels,the mycorrhizal plants acquired more P and produced more biomass than non-mycorrhizal plants (3.2 vs.0.9 mg P per plant;1.8 vs.0.9 g biomass per plant at P_(0);14.5 vs.1.7 mg P per plant;and 4.7 vs.1.6 g biomass per plant at P_(50)).At the highest P level,the mycorrhizal plants acquired more P than non-mycorrhizal plants (18.8 vs.13.4 mg per P plant),but there was no difference in biomass (6.2 vs.6.3 g per plant).At the intermediate P level,root diameter was significantly positively correlated with shoot biomass,P concentration and the P content of mycorrhizal plants.The results of our study support the importance of the outsourcing model of P acquisition in the root economics space framework.Inadvertent varietal selection in the last decades,resulting in thinner roots and a lower benefit from AMF,has led to a lower productivity of cotton varieties at moderate P supply (i.e.,when mycorrhizal,the average biomass of older varieties 5.0 g per plant vs.biomass of newer varieties 4.4 g per plant),indicating the need to rethink cotton breeding efforts in order to achieve high yields without very high P input.One feasible way to solve the problem of inadvertent varietal selection for cotton is to be aware of the trade-offs between the root do-it-yourself strategy and the outsourcing towards AMF strategy,and to consider both morphological and mycorrhizal root traits when breeding cotton varieties.

Efficiency of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) control of different Bt cotton varieties in North China

Background： The cotton bollworm （Helicoverpa armigera） is one of cotton＇s most destructive insect pests in terms of yield and quality. Since 1997, China has grown commercially available transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton. We aimed to investigate the variation in resistance of transgenic Bt cotton varieties to cotton bollworm in North China. Methods： Populations of cotton bollworm were monitored from 2008 to 2015 in environments where Bt cotton was planted adjacent to other non Bt crops. The study included 197 Bt cotton varieties planted in 42 counties/locations in three provinces （Hebei, Shandong and Henan） of North China, which were evaluated through field investigations, bioassays, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays （ELISA）. Results： The average number of cotton bollworms never exceeded the action threshold （10 larvae per 100 cotton plants）, however, their number reached 19.55 per 100 cotton plants in 2011. The ratios of damaged plants to total Bt cotton stem tips, buds, and bolls was low except in 2010, when the ratios reached 1.82%, 2.09%, and 10.63%, respectively. The results of bioassay showed that the corrected mortality were higher at the second generation cotton bollworm stage than the third and fourth germination stages. Totally, Bt protein content declined sharply at the seedling stage from 2008 to 2015. Conclusions： This study indicated that almost all Bt cotton varieties were capable to effectively control the populations of cotton bollworm in North China.

Approaches to the Elaboration of Regeneration and Transformation Systems for Elite Kazakh Cotton Varieties

The development and wide application of genetic transformation for cotton improvement are restrained by the unresolved problem of genotype dependence in regeneration in vitro.High embryogenic and regenerative potential have been obtained for limited number of Coker type genotypes。

Effect of Different Sowing Dates and Densities on Individual Morphological Development of Super Short-season Insect-resistant Cotton

[Objective] The paper was to explore the effect of different sowing dates and densities on individual morphological development of super short-season insect-resistant cotton,confirm their effects on vegetative and reproductive growth of cotton,so as to provide theoretical and practical guidance for sowing date and density management of cotton planting in Jidong cotton growing region in Yellow River Basin.[Method] With super short-season insect-resistant cotton＂546＂as materials,the effects of different sowing dates（sowing dateⅠ：May 20;sowing dateⅡ：June 2;sowing date Ⅲ：June 14）and densities（low density：120 000 plants/hm2;middle density：150 000 plants/hm2;high density：180 000 plants/hm2）on individual morphological development of super short-season insect-resistant cotton were explored.[Result] Different sowing dates and density treatments significantly affected the individual morphological development of super short-season insect-resistant cotton＂546＂.The effectiveness of sowing date was higher than the effectiveness of density,and the effectiveness of sowing date on development of number of individual fruit branches was higher than that on plant height and stem diameter.[Conclusion] The regulation of sowing date and density during the cultivation process of super short-season insect-resistant cotton ＂546＂ in Jidong cotton growing region in Yellow River Basin could effectively promote vegetative and reproductive growth of cotton,strengthening its production base.

Biochemical Genetic Mechanism and QTLs of Early Maturing without Yield Loss in Short-season Upland Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The short season cotton(SSC) was important Upland plant ecotype(Gossypium hirsutum L.).The growth of SSC was very short that is 105 ～ 110 days(after planting). SSC could increase

In-depth analysis of Bt cotton adoption:farmers'opinions,genetic landscape,and varied perspectives——a case study from Pakistan

Background Bt technology has played significant role in controlling bollworms and increasing cotton yield in earlier days of its introduction,a subsequent decline in yield became apparent over time.This decline may be attributed to various environmental factors,pest dynamics,or combination of both.Therefore,the present biophysical survey and questionnaire were designed to evaluate the impact of Bt cotton on bollworms management and its effect on reducing spray costs,targeting farmers with varied landholdings and educational backgrounds.Additionally,data on farmers'cultivated varieties and the prevalence of bollworms and sucking insects in their fields were recorded.Subsequently,about eleven thousand cotton samples from farmer fields were tested for Cry1Ac,Cry2Ab and Vip3A genes by strip test.Results In this analysis,83% of the farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology control bollworms,while 17% hold contradictory views.Similarly,among farmers cultivating unapproved varieties,77% agree on effectiveness of Bt technology against bollworms,while 23% disagree.On the other hand,67% of farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology does not reduce spray costs,while 33% agree with the effectiveness.Similarly,78% of farmers cultivating unapproved varieties express doubt regarding its role to reduce spray costs,while 22% are in favour of this notion.Differences in opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton in controlling bollworms and reducing spray cost between farmers planting unapproved and approved varieties may stem from several factors.One major cause is the heavy infestation of sucking insects,which is probably due to the narrow genetic variation of the cultivated varieties.Additionally,the widespread cultivation of unapproved varieties(21.67%)is also an important factor to cause different opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton.Conclusion Based on our findings,we propose that the ineffective control of pests on cotton crop may be attributed to large scale cultivation of unapproved varieties and non-inclusion of double and triple transgene technologies in country's sowing plan.On the basis of our findings,we suggest cotton breeders,regulatory bodies and legislative bodies to discourage the cultivation of unapproved varieties and impure seed.Moreover,the adoption of double and triple Bt genes in cottons with a broad genetic variation could facilitate the revival of the cotton industry,and presenting a promising way forward.

Evolution of Main Characteristics of the Registered Cotton Cultivars in National Cotton Regional Trials in Yangtze River Valley

[Objective] The aim of this study was to characterize the national regis- tered varieties selected from cotton regional trials in Yangtze River Valley （YaRV） in recent years. [Method] Cotton cultivar classification and comprehensive evaluation index were set up based on national cotton registration standard. GGE biplot method was adopted to analyze the correlation of major breeding target characters of 53 national registered cotton varieties in cotton regional trials in YaRV during 1981-2012. According to the shift of check cultivars in cotton regional trials in the past, the cotton regional trial practice since 1981 was divided into five periods. The dynamic of cultivar type＇s proportion and the evaluation index scores was analyzed across the five periods. [Result] There existed intricate interrelationship among cotton breeding target traits, which constrained it necessary to construct indices for com- prehensive evaluation of cotton varieties. The dynamic of cultivar types in the five periods indicated that type II varieties emerged since Simian 3 period and then its proportion decreased gradually; type Ⅲ varieties maintained a certain proportion in each period and kept on the rise overall; type Ⅳvarieties occupied the majority pro- portion of registered cultivars before 1993, but a minor proportion since Simian 3 period. On the other side, the change trend of the evaluation index demonstrated that the varieties registered before 2003 did not pass the qualified line at present. The peak scores appeared in the varieties registered during 2004-2008. The scores of the varieties registered after 2009 were only slightly over the qualified line. [Conclusion] More attention should be paid to the improvement and evaluation of micronaire, so as to guide the simultaneous development of high yielding and fiber quality in cotton breeding and registration procedure in YaRV.

Selection of Cotton Variety Suitable for Cottonwheat Intercropping in Rainy and Poor Sunshine Years

The year of 2013 is a typical rainy and poor sunshine year, and the monthly sunshine hours from May to October were all lower than the average, which from July to September was only 69.3%,71.1% and 56.2% of average, respectively. In cotton-wheat system 10 cotton varieties （lines） were planted to select the most suitable varieties for cotton-wheat system in rainy and poor sunshine years through investigating cotton growing traits in 2013. The results showed that in cotton-wheat system the vegetative growth of cotton was mainly from late June to middle July especially in rainy and poor sunshine years. And with the increase of the cotton growth period the peak of vegetative growth delayed, the ratio of the autumn bolls increased, and the ratio of pre-frost yield decreased. In all the varieties unginned cottonyield of Zhongmiansuo 50 with shorter growth period, higher rate of summer bolls and better fiber quality, seed yield reached 3 814.1 kg/hm2, higher than that of other varieties （lines） significantly, and the rate of pre-frost yield reached 83.4%, which was the most suitable variety for cotton-wheat system in rainy and poor sunshine years.

Relationship between plant canopy characteristics and photosynthetic productivity in diverse cultivars of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Genotype and plant type affect photosynthetic production by changing the canopy structure in crops.To analyze the mechanism of action of heterosis and plant type on canopy structure in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.),we had selected two cotton hybrids(Shiza 2,Xinluzao 43) and two conventional varieties(Xinluzao 13,Xinluzao 33) with different plant types in this experiment.We studied canopy characteristics and their correlation with photosynthesis in populations of different genotypes and plant types during yield formation in Xinjiang,China.Canopy characteristics including leaf area index(LAI),mean foliage tilt angle(MTA),canopy openness(DIFN),and chlorophyll relative content(SPAD).The results showed that LAI and SPAD peak values were higher and their peak values arrived later,and the adjustment capacity of MTA during the flowering and boll-forming stages was stronger in Xinluzao 43,with the normal-leaf,pagoda plant type,than these values in other varieties.DIFN of Xinluzao 43 remained between0.09 and 0.12 during the flowering and boll-forming stages,but was lower than that in the other varieties during the boll-opening stage.Thus,these characteristics of Xinluzao 43 were helpful for optimizing the light environment and maximizing light interception,thereby increasing photosynthetic capability.The photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic area were thus affected by cotton genotype as changes in the adjustment range of MTA,increases in peak values of LAI and SPAD,and extension of the functional stage of leaves.Available photosynthetic area and canopy light environment were affected by cotton plant type as changes in MTA and DIFN.Heterosis expression and plant type development were coordinated during different growth stages,the key to optimizing the canopy structure and further increasing yield.

Investigation of the Properties of Fibrous Cotton Seeds, for Sorting on a Mesh Surface

In the article the research of cotton seeds for the purpose of increasing the fiber in the enterprise is investigated, separated from the mass of the derivatives of ginning of fibrous seeds by means of effective cleaning and sorting on the mesh surface.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHINESE AND AMERICAN COTTONS

Thirty-six Chinese cottons were investigated for their physical properties using ASTM stand-ard test methods. Conventional methods using stelometer, fibrograph, and micronaireinstrumentation provided physical properties of tenacity, elongation, length, and fineness. Varietaland regional variations were examined. The Chinese cottons were compared with upland varietiesof American cottons grown across the country. In general, American cottons were stronger, butperhaps a little shorter than Chinese cottons. American cottons were no more mature on the aver-age, and they had lower elongations than did the Chinese cottons. The American cottons alsotended toward higher length uniformity than those varieties grown in China. High yarn strengthwas strongly favored by American cottons.

Effects of insect-resistant transgenic cotton on ground-dwelling beetle assemblages(Coleoptera)

We compared the ground-dwelling beetle assemblages under four scenarios in which transgenic Bt（Cry 1Ac） cotton（33B）,transgenic Bt（Cry 1Ac）＋CpTI cotton（SGK321）,conventional cotton（33）,conventional cotton（Shiyuan 321） in North China.During the survey in two years（2009-2010）,24 ground beetle species were captured with pitfall traps in 20 plots which included five replicates for each cotton type.No significant difference was observed in the number of ground beetle species captured,activity density,evenness and Shannon-Wiener diversity among the four cotton varieties.Chlaenius posticalis was less abundant in transgenic Bt＋CpTI cotton（SGK321） fields than its conventional cotton（Shiyuan 321）,but more abundant in transgenic Bt cotton（33B） fields compared with its conventional cotton（33）.There was no significant difference for other abundant species between in transgenic cotton and in conventional cotton fields.Based on non-metric multidimensional scaling（NMDS） analysis,ground-dwelling beetle assemblages were similar in transgenic and conventional cotton over the two years,but the ground-dwelling beetle assemblages in transgenic cotton 33 B significantly differed from that in the conventional cotton（strain 33） in 2010.No strong evidence that the transgenic cotton effect on ground-dwelling beetle assemblages was found in this study.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Boll Rot and Associated Microorganisms in South Texas Fields

A rise in cotton boll rot in south Texas has been generally associated with increased yield losses. Here, we measured boll rot incidence during two growing seasons (2011 and 2012) at a south Texas (Kleberg County) research farm Variety Trial and in producer fields. The Variety Trial was conducted to compare boll rot susceptibility between five current cultivars. The commercial fields surveyed were located along the Coastal Bend (Wharton County) and Rio Grande Valley regions (Cameron and Willacy Counties). Bolls with evidence of external damage potentially inflicted by piercing-sucking insect vectors were dissected for disease detection and plated for microorganism isolation and characterization. Microbial isolates were putatively identified based on standard fatty acid methyl ester profile analysis. In the Variety Trial, the highest incidence of disease occurred in July for both growing seasons, and significant differences in susceptibility to boll rot between cultivars were determined (P Bacillus spp. as a potential and prevalent causative agent(s).

早熟优质宜机采棉花新品种‘徐棉608’的选育

针对粮棉争地、棉花生产用工多及劳动力成本逐渐增加等问题,以‘鲁棉19号’为母本‘、徐棉266’为父本,采用杂交育种技术育成早熟棉花新品种‘徐棉608’,该品种可以满足麦(蒜、油)后棉一年两熟种植制度且适宜机械化采收。在2018—2019年江苏省棉花新品种区域试验中,‘徐棉608’生育期99 d,衣分为40.1%,皮棉产量为1221.0 kg/hm^(2),较对照‘中棉所50’增产3.9%。株高87.5 cm,第一果枝节位高度20.8 cm,符合机采棉株型标准。纤维上半部平均长度为28.1 mm,断裂比强度为29.2 cN/tex,马克隆值为5.1。在2020年江苏省生产试验中,平均皮棉产量为1340.3 kg/hm^(2),较对照‘中棉所50’增产幅度高达10.5%。该品种衣分高,耐枯萎病和黄萎病,抗棉铃虫,耐盐性强,对脱叶催熟剂较敏感,适宜在江苏省及长江流域、黄河流域早熟棉区推广种植。

早熟陆地棉金垦1402脱叶效果的比较研究

[目的]针对早熟陆地棉品种金垦1402,研究棉花叶片形态学指标与药剂脱叶催熟效果的规律研究,为生产中提供脱叶催熟效果优良的早熟机采棉品种提供理论依据。[方法]分析金垦1402不同类型叶片脱叶规律及催熟效果,寻找影响该品种在脱叶剂作用下单株叶片脱落率的重要影响因素。[结果]金垦1402主茎叶、果枝叶、叶枝叶叶量均高于新陆早61号,但脱叶速度、脱叶率均高于新陆早61号,在药后21 d,脱叶效果优于新陆早61号;金垦1402药后单株吐絮铃数较新陆早61号多,且单株吐絮率高,优于新陆早61号;纤维品质指标达到“双31”以上,优于新陆早61号。[结论]金垦1402生育期119 d左右,在喷施脱叶剂后21 d,脱叶效果好,说明该品种属于对脱叶剂敏感型品种;该品种施药后,吐絮率高,纤维品质优。

1986—2022年河南省夏棉品种遗传改良成效

本研究目的是为河南省夏棉遗传改良提供理论依据。以1986—2022年河南省审定的43个夏棉品种为试验材料,对其早熟性、产量、品质、抗病性等方面的遗传改良成效进行分析。结果表明:河南省夏棉品种的早熟性、产量、纤维品质遗传改良成效显著。其中,子棉、皮棉、霜前皮棉产量每个时期分别以142.110、70.119和70.121 kg/hm^(2)的速度递增,同时生育期缩短4~15 d,现有品种产量的增长主要是通过提高单株铃数和衣分来实现的;纤维长度和断裂比强度每个时期分别以0.083 mm和0.407 cN/tex的平均速度递增,遗传改良效果显著;但马克隆值逐渐变大,纤维变粗趋势明显。枯萎病、黄萎病指数每个时期分别以1.015和2.233的平均速度递增,需进一步加强枯、黄萎病的抗性育种。

不同种植模式和品种对棉花光合物质生产及产量的影响

【目的】研究不同种植模式与品种对棉花光合物质生产及产量的影响。【方法】试验于2022年在新疆阿克苏地区沙雅县海楼镇进行,选择2种不同株型结构的棉花品种源棉11号、新陆中80号、新陆中84号和J206-5,选用2种种植模式:76 cm等行距(1膜3行)和(66+10)cm宽窄行(1膜6行),设置田间试验分析不同种植模式及品种对棉花生育进程、植株形态、叶面积指数、净光合速率、干物质积累和产量的影响。【结果】不同棉花品种在1膜3行处理下较1膜6行处理生育期缩短4~6 d,株高、始果枝高度、果枝夹角和平均果枝长度受种植模式影响较大。盛铃前期之前,不同株型棉花品种在1膜3行处理下的叶面积指数较高。但随着生育期推移,株型松散型的源棉11号、J206-5和株型紧凑的新陆中80号、新陆中84号分别在1膜3行处理、1膜6行处理下叶面积指数下降幅度较小,在棉花生育后期能维持较高的叶面积指数。盛花期前,不同株型棉花品种的净光合速率均表现为1膜3行处理高于1膜6行处理,但在盛花期至吐絮阶段,株型松散型的源棉11号、J206-5和株型紧凑的新陆中80号、新陆中84号净光合速率分别在1膜3行处理、1膜6行处理下达到最大值且下降缓慢,延长了光合作用持续时间,有利于棉花后期产量形成。株型松散型的源棉11号、J206-5在1膜3行处理下较1膜6行处理皮棉产量增加15.45%~17.23%,株型紧凑的新陆中80号、新陆中84号在1膜6行处理下皮棉产量较1膜3行处理增产9.23%~12.00%。【结论】不同株型棉花品种应选择适宜的种植模式,才能进一步发挥其增产潜力。株型松散的棉花品种适宜在76 cm等行距下种植,株型紧凑的棉花品种适宜在(66+10)cm模式下种植。

棉花MNP标记位点开发及其在DNA指纹图谱构建中的应用

棉花是重要的经济作物,棉属植物基因组复杂,分子标记开发困难且滞后于其他二倍体农作物。本研究利用多态性好、准确性高的MNP (multiple nucleotide polymorphisms, MNP)标记法,构建我国棉花主栽品种指纹图谱,为品种鉴定、遗传多样性分析、分子育种等提供技术指导和数据支撑。本研究根据现有棉花基因组数据开发了940个MNP位点,对98份棉花样品进行多重PCR扩增,构建文库并测序,提取每个样品中940个MNP标记的基因型,构建棉花品种指纹图谱。对98个样品进行两两比对,获得每2个样品之间的遗传差异。利用遗传差异比例对98个棉花样品绘制系统发育树。940个MNP位点在98份棉花样品中均获得有效扩增产物,扩增产物长度分布在163~274 bp,平均长度270 bp。在98份样品中平均区分度(discriminative power, DP)为0.46,任意2个品种间两两比较遗传差异,平均有410.26个MNP位点存在差异,平均差异为44.84%。从98份棉花品种的系统发育树可以看出,利用MNP标记可以依据地理分布将其分为3个类群,大致分布于黄河流域、长江流域和新疆地区。本研究开发的940个MNP标记可以对棉花品种进行精准分型,利用940个棉花MNP标记构建的98份棉花品种DNA指纹图谱,可为品种鉴定、品种权保护及种质创新提供技术支撑。

种植密度和品种对北疆机采棉营养器官形态结构及产量的影响

【目的】探究种植密度和品种对北疆机采棉营养器官形态结构及产量的影响。【方法】分别于2022年、2023年在乌兰乌苏农业气象试验站、玛纳斯农业试验站进行大田试验,选取2个棉花品种——中棉所127(V1)和欣试518(V2),设计3个种植密度分别为11株·m^(-2)(D1)、22株·m^(-2)(D2)和28株·m^(-2)(D3)。比较不同处理对棉花主茎与果枝的叶长、叶柄长、叶柄直径、节间长和节间直径以及产量性状的影响。【结果】2022年和2023年V1分别在D1和D2处理下的主茎和果枝的叶长、叶柄长以及节间长最小。2022年V2在D3处理下的主茎和果枝的叶长、叶柄长、叶柄直径及节间长均最小;2023年V2在D3处理下的主茎和果枝的叶柄长及节间直径最小。2022年在同一密度下,主茎和果枝的叶长及节间长均表现为V1≥V2;2023年在同一密度下,V1和V2的主茎和果枝的叶长、节间长和节间直径均无显著差异。2022年和2023年在同一密度下,V2的衣分均显著高于V1。2022年2个品种以及2023年V2的籽棉产量和皮棉产量均随种植密度的增大而增加。V1D3处理的籽棉产量在2022年最高,在2023年也较高;V2D3处理的皮棉产量在2年试验中均最高。【结论】本试验条件下较优的种植密度为28株·m^(-2),欣试518的皮棉产量更高。本研究结果可为完善CottonXL棉花功能结构模型提供数据支撑,为北疆机采棉适宜品种、密度的选择提供参考。