Food Prohibitions and Other Traditional Practices in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study in Western Region of Ghana

Women all over the world are confronted with many difficult choices during pregnancy and child birth. Wrong choices often result in unfavorable outcomes for expectant mothers and their babies, a situation which is common in developing countries. Cultural practices, beliefs and taboos are often implicated in determining the care received by mothers during pregnancy and child birth which is an important determinant of maternal mortality. This study explored the traditional practices associated with pregnancy and childbirth in Shama District of the Western Region, Ghana. A qualitative study consisting of six focus group discussions of between eight and ten participants per group and eight in-depth interviews were held over a period of one month. The purpose was to explore local foods that are forbidden for pregnant women and why, herbal medicine use during pregnancy and child birth and reasons for choosing home or hospital delivery. The findings show that pregnant women are forbidden from taking nutritious foods such as snails, ripe plantain, okra and many others for fear of complications during pregnancy and child birth. Herbal medicines are frequently used by pregnant women and traditional birth attendants to induce labour, augment and control bleeding during labour. Traditional beliefs and practices as well as negative attitude of health workers are found to reduce health utilization by pregnant women. Health education concerning traditional practices that are detrimental to the health of pregnant women should be emphasized during ANC visits.

Probability Criterion for a Dynamic Financial Model with Short-Selling Allowed

Probability criterion has its practical significance, and its investment decision-making is determined by the expected discounted wealth. In a complete, standard financial market with short-selling allowed, this paper probes into the investment decision-making with probability criterion. The upper limit of criterion function is obtained. The corresponding discounted wealth process and hedging portfolio process are provided. Finally, an illustrative example of one-dimensional constant-coefficient financial market is given.

Estimation of Relative Ecological Value of Returning Farmland to Forest & Mountain Enclosure for Grazing Prohibition——A case study in Yongxing Township of Jingyuan County,Gansu Province

[Objective]Returning farmland to forest and mountain enclosure for grazing prohibition ecological effect and economy rationality were explored.[Methods]A case study of returning farmland to forest and barren hills grazing prohibition in Yongxing Township of Jingyuan County was used to discuss and estimate the relative ecological function and relative ecological value.[Results]1）The ecological value of the forest of returning farmland was far more than the sum of the ecological value of farm crops and the agricultural output,and also more than the national subsidy standard.So the state policy of returning farmland to forests is not only favorable to local eco-environment restoration,but also reasonable in economic development.2）The ecological value of mountain enclosure for grazing prohibition was less than the opportunity cost of prohibiting grazing,also less than the national subsidy standard.The sum of the relative ecological value of prohibiting grazing and the state subsidies was more than the opportunity cost of prohibiting grazing.However,the ecological value of new vegetation through returning farmland to forest project was greater than the China＇s average ecological value of grassland.[Conclusion]The relative ecological value can be used to solve the problems in the equivalent conversion among various ecological indexes and between ecological indexes and economic indexes.

A Rapid Determination of 30 Prohibited Pesticide Residues in Lycii Fructus by UPLC-MS/MS

Prohibited pesticide residues have become one of the main factors affecting the quality and safety of Lycii Fructus,However,rarely studies focus on the rapid determination of these residues.Here,a total of 30 kinds of prohibited pesticide residues were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)in five different process ways.Pretreatment methods,chromatographic separation and detection conditions in mass spectrometry were all optimized accordingly.Among the five different pretreatment methods,the first and third solid phase extraction failed to provide high recoveries of sulfosulfuron compounds(both lower than 60%).Recovery of chlorphenamidine by the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe multiresidue method(QuEChERS)was lower than 60%,which did not meet the requirements of trace determination.The concentrations of 30 prohibited pesticides residues treated by straightforward and solid phase extraction showed good linearity in their corresponding ranges,with correlation coefficients over 0.99.The average recoveries of straightforward ranged from 78.13%to 110.9%,while RSD ranged from 1.3%to 16.9%,albeit poor purification was observed.The recovery yield from solid phase extraction was between 67.75%and 103.08%with RSD value from 0.8%to 14.0%,which met the requirements of trace determination,this method has good precision and stability.These results could be employed to other Traditional Chinese Medicines(TCMs)in detecting prohibited pesticide residues.

农作物秸秆禁烧政策执行阻滞及其破解:一个力场分析框架

基于W市X镇的实践个案,从“力场”理论视角出发,构建一个“压力-阻力-动力-引力”PRMA力场分析框架,以解析农作物秸秆禁烧政策执行阻滞问题。结果表明:力场视角对基层政策执行更具解释力;上级政府部门压力、农户阻力与执行机构动力、政策环境引力之间形成“力差”,是政策执行陷入阻滞的原因,且影响镇村干部的执行策略选择;破解农作物秸秆禁烧政策执行阻滞,应从减压力、降阻力、增动力、扩引力等4个方面改变原有的“阻碍力>推动力”的“力差”格局,形成力场内“推动力>阻碍力”的常态化格局。据此,建议地方政府构建常态化治理机制,同时通过增进地方政策目标的科学化与完善考核机制以减轻压力、完善配套政策以扩大引力、多元利益激励以降低目标群体阻力、扩权赋能和建立激励机制以增强执行动力。

行为经济学视角下担保型以物抵债的界定

《合同编通则司法解释》所采取的“债务履行期届满前/后”之标准无法清楚界定担保型以物抵债。界定担保型以物抵债的意义在于准确适用流担保禁止规则,无法清楚界定的深层次原因在于对流担保禁止规则的正当性基础存在认识偏差。从行为经济学和心理学的研究来看,流担保禁止规则的正当性基础应当是避免债务人因过度自信和盲目乐观而受损。从这个角度出发,可以对以物抵债协议进行再类型化:若债务人最终给付内容不是由其的履行能力决定,或债务人最终给付内容的不确定不会对其造成损失,则以物抵债协议不需要被限制;在其他情况下,有必要对以物抵债协议的效力予以限制。若当事人存在担保的意思,则应通过流担保禁止规则限制以物抵债协议的效力,否则就适用违约金酌减规则。

禁止性补贴扩大论的理论思辨与中国因应

WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协定》规定了有限的禁止性补贴范围,对此,美欧在晚近WTO改革以及新一轮的区域贸易协定中提议予以扩大。美欧扩大禁止性补贴的倡议和实践将传统的贸易救济规则与竞争政策规则进行制度性叠加,同时将禁止性补贴与中国的非市场经济导向和国有企业等问题捆绑在一起,共同服务于打压中国经济发展模式的战略。中国应明确,禁止性补贴的修订和完善应在贸易救济的制度框架下予以系统推进,坚持后果评估标准,不带所有制偏见。在此前提下,中国可以结合反补贴争端解决的实践以及国内经济体制改革的方向,适当增列禁止性补贴类型,同时恢复对补贴造成严重侵害的法律推定并优化其条款。

平台经营者管理权的滥用与规范进路

数字时代平台经营者的角色定位已然由市场工具人向组织化的管理者转变,具有自律管理的法定职能。然而,平台经营者营利主体与管理主体的身份复合造成其在缔约与履约的过程中暗藏难以被有效识别且规制有限的权利滥用。主要原因在于:平台经营者的私主体面相与行为公共性的冲突、管理规则的私法自治与缔约商谈环境缺失的冲突和管理行为受原则性规范引导与包容审慎监管。为维护良善的平台商业生态,平台经营者应肩负起角色责任,根据《中华人民共和国公司法》第十九、二十条的规定,细化企业社会责任。在程序层面上,构造平台服务的选择渠道,强化平台用户话语权。在实体层面上,管理行为需要接受司法审查,行权措施应当符合禁止权利滥用规范。

证人出庭“三要件”的法教义学解读

通说认为,证人出庭“三要件”中“法院认为有必要出庭作证”为决定性要件。该观点符合当前绝大多数案件法院均以“无必要”为由限制证人出庭的司法现状。然而根据立法原意,证人出庭“三要件”处于平行、独立地位,不得以“有必要”为决定要件而忽略了对前两个要件的判断。在坚守“证人出庭为原则”基本立场基础上,以“三步检验法”重新构建证人出庭审查内容:第一,“控辩双方有异议”注意提出异议时间、异议方式以及异议主体;第二,“证人证言对定罪量刑有重大影响”应当从证人证言所蕴含的“待证事实”内容出发,由申请方承担初步证明,法院履行“无重大影响”说理义务;第三,法院认为“无必要”出庭仅限于明显重复、合理预断以及证人基于特殊原因无法出庭三种情形。

论行政限制从业与刑事从业禁止的衔接

作为行政处罚一般种类的行政限制从业,应将其定性为“行为罚”而不是“资格罚”。在行政限制从业与刑事从业禁止的衔接上,学界围绕《刑法》第37条之一第3款中的“从其规定”,存在对刑事从业禁止适用的“扩张解释”和“限缩解释”两种面向。应将“从其规定”作为一种“限缩解释”和行政尊重规定来理解,从而平衡和理顺两种机制间的不顺畅。

汉末“豪杰之酒”的遗响——论曹操对酒文化的贡献

通过分析曹操酒诗创作、饮酒、献酒和禁酒等行为,探讨曹操对酒文化发展的贡献。曹操的酒诗呈现出刚健有力的诗酒精神。曹操因节粮需要和因酒亡国的古训而推行酒禁政策,但同时也通过功利性饮酒行为来实现其政治目的。曹操遵循与贯彻传统酒礼,这对当今酒文化的传承具有启发意义。

证据禁止理论视角下引诱取供证据能力审查规则重塑

犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的供述与辩解能够直接反映案件事实的发生过程,因此,口供一直是证据审查体系中的重点。然而,在我国现行的证据法体系中,引诱取供并没有受到应有的重视,当前的法律规制变相限缩了引诱取供的行为内涵,证据能力审查规则依旧处于原则化、裁量排除标准缺失的模糊阶段。应当从“引”与“诱”两个层面重塑行为内涵;运用证据禁止理论从证据取得禁止以及证据使用禁止两个方面区分《刑事诉讼法》第52条规定的非法证据以及第56条规定的排除证据;构建“行为不法性审查——结果不法性审查——排除必要性判断”的裁量排除标准,完善非法证据排除规则在引诱取供中的适用。

基于双层规划模型的“才”字形交叉口禁流向交通组织方法研究

为解决城市多路交叉口车流复杂导致的交通拥堵和交通安全问题,针对多路交叉口中的“才”字形交叉口,明确其特点,对交叉口部分交通流向禁行的必要性进行分析。基于双层规划构建交叉口禁流向交通组织模型,以局部路网中车均行驶时间最小为目标,判别交叉口各流向车流是否禁行,并确定禁流向后交通组织方案,减少交叉口内车流及冲突点数量。以哈尔滨市学府路—西大直街交叉口为例,比较禁流向交通组织方案和单向交通组织方案,发现此交叉口禁流向交通组织更优,冲突点个数减少52%,路网车均行驶时间下降0.98%。考虑交通量变化分析禁流向交通组织模型的适用性,发现OD量变化超过26%时模型适用性较差,潮汐现象明显的交叉口,应设置单向交通组织。

个人信息保护禁令建构研究

时下个人信息权益保护链条有断裂现象,事后诉讼救济正在司法摸索中,然而事前救济路径呈现闭塞状态,个人信息侵害具有区别于传统人格权损害的特性,亟须构建一种崭新有效的事前救济制度,即“个人信息保护禁令”。其可行性体现在“个人信息保护禁令”可以比照人身安全保护令定性和构建,并且可以依据个人信息敏感度分层动态适用。在此基础上对个人信息保护禁令之申请条件、请求内容、效力期限进行逐一建构。

论行政复议中禁止不利益变更原则的适用

行政复议中的禁止不利益变更原则是指当申请人不服行政决定申请复议时,原则上复议机关不得作出对申请人更为不利的复议决定。《行政复议法实施条例》第51条关于该原则的规定存在原则之间冲突、效力层级较低、适用范围不清、例外规定狭窄和概念模糊等不足,导致其在司法适用上存在一定障碍。新《行政复议法》第63条第2款在一定程度上对以上问题作出了回应:将该原则提升至法律层级,进一步扩张其适用范围,明确了一定的例外情形。将来应进一步扩张其适用范围,不局限在当事人复议请求范围内,而将其适用于变更、撤销及撤销并重作决定,同时进一步明确该原则的适用限度。

直面国际服务贸易规则重构的基本取向——关于对标CPTPP和DEPA“禁止要求当地存在规则”研究

数字服务贸易在推动全球贸易向服务化方向发展的同时,对国际服务贸易规则也提出了全新的挑战。CPTPP和DEPA均设立了关于跨境服务贸易的“禁止要求当地存在规则”,以减少国际间的贸易壁垒,促进服务贸易自由流动,其在很大程度上提升了贸易便利性,降低了成本,但也成为监管方面新的课题。对标CPTPP与DEPA,我国在某些服务部门的关键性监管条款还需进一步放宽,如在电子商务、跨境数据处理等领域。与此同时,“禁止要求当地存在规则”给数据本地化及数字化国际服务贸易增值税征管带来挑战。应在全面梳理中国服务贸易协定具体承诺和国内法规基础上,以自贸试验区(港)为“试验田”,结合监管目标和监管能力等因素,引入相关规则进行压力测试,同时,对相关法律法规适时进行调整,提升跨境服务贸易监管能力,以期建立高效、透明的服务贸易监管体系,并不断优化政策环境,吸引更多跨国企业参与中国市场,共同推动服务贸易的国际化、数字化进程。

个人信息对价化交易的定性和法律适用

个人信息主体以同意个人信息处理换取特定服务,可称为个人信息对价化交易。当事人可自由选择将这一交易类型构造为双务合同,将同意构造为对待给付,法律上并无任何理由限缩其意思自治的空间并挫败这种交易安排,民法上的人格权益优先和人身债务不得强制执行、个人信息保护法上的任意撤回权和捆绑禁止规则均不构成制度障碍。个人信息对价化交易在法律性质上可归入个人信息许可使用合同。应当引入《民法典》格式条款内容控制制度,突破核心给付义务不受审查的原则,依据是否违反个人信息保护法基本原则与是否不当限制信息主体合同核心权利、加重合同核心义务两项标准,审查作为同意之原因行为的合同条款,以防止个人信息保护法知情同意规则被架空以及合同履行之必需场景被不当扩充。应当以双务合同中的交换关系为核心,同时兼顾个人信息保护法价值取向,配置特殊的履行障碍规则以平衡两造当事人之利益关系:个人信息主体违反同意之义务的,合同相对人并无履行请求权、同时履行抗辩权、损害赔偿请求权和违约金请求权,享有基于对待给付牵连性的合同解除权;信息处理者违反服务提供义务的,信息主体并无减价权,解除权发生条件可放宽至非根本违约情形。

安检图像小目标违禁品特征提取模块构建与应用

针对物流包裹安检图像中小目标违禁品易漏检问题,通过在感受野模块的多分支并行网络上引入卷积注意力模块,构建一种适用于小目标违禁品检测的特征提取模块。在此基础上,将构建的特征提取模块融入YOLOv5模型的主干部分,使得模型在违禁品检测的过程中聚焦于图像的重要特征。为了充分发挥所构建模块对于小目标物体的特征提取能力,采用空间深度转换模块替代原模型中的下采样模块,使得YOLOv5模型在特征提取的过程中能够尽可能地保留小目标物体的特征信息,提高对小目标违禁品的检测效果。

基于神经网络架构搜索的X射线图像违禁品检测算法

为了提高卷积神经网络设计的自动化程度并进一步提高复杂背景下违禁品检测的准确率和速度,提出了一种基于神经网络架构搜索的X射线图像违禁品检测算法。首先,设计逐层渐进式搜索策略和多分支搜索空间,并基于批量归一化指标为每一个layer结构搜索最佳侧分支;然后,逐层搜索构建新的骨干网络组件;最后,组成由数据驱动的新目标检测模型。该算法在数据集HiXray、OPIXray、PIDray上分别取得了83.4%、87.2%、70.4%的检测精度。实验结果表明,本文算法能够自适应数据集并自动搜索出性能更好的Backbone组件,与FCOS、YOLOv4等主流算法相比,有效提高了复杂背景下违禁品检测的准确率和速度。