Experimental investigation of Daqing Oilfield mudstone's creep characteristic under different water contents

In order to analyze mechanism of casing damage,the uniaxial compression experiment and creep experiment of interbedded mudstone samples from Sanan development area of Daqing Oilfield under different water contents were carried out.The changes of the mudstone's mechanical parameters and creep characteristics with the increment of water saturation were studied.The results indicate that the rock strength and elastic modulus decrease rapidly with the increment of water content,at the same time,the creep strain and creep strain rate of steady state increase with the increment of water content,and also the steady state creep strain rate is enhanced with the increment of deviatoric stress.Through the creep characteristic curves,a non-linear creep constitutive equation of mudstone considering the change of water contents is established,which will be used in future numerical analysis.

Determination of Elastic and Creep Properties of Thin-film Systems from indentation Experiments

Based on the detailed computer .simulation of the indentation testing on the thin-film systems, the present paper explores the detailed procedure of determining elastic properties (elastic modulus E(f) and Poisson ratio v(f) ) and creep parameters (CCREEP (f) and nCREEP (f)) for a simple Norton law (ε=CCREEP (f)σnCREEP(f), where ε is creep strain rate, and σ is the stress) material for a thin film coated on a creep substrate, whose elastic properties(E(s) and v(s)) and creep properties (CCREEP(s) and nCREEP(s) ) of the substrate are known, from indentation elastic and creep testing, respectively. The influences of the thickness of the thin-film and the size of the indenter on the indentation behavior have been discussed. It is shown that the boundary between the thin film and the substrate has great influence on the indentation creep behavior. The relative sizes of indentation systems are chosen so that the behavior of the indentation on the film is influenced by the substrate. The two elastic parameters E(f) and v(f) of the film are coupled on the influence of the elastic behavior of indentation. With the two different size indenters, the two elastic parameters E(f) and v(f) of the film can be uniquely determined by the indentation experimental slopes of depth to applied net section stress results. The procedure of determining of the two Norton law parameters CCREEP (f) and nCREEP(f) includes the following steps by the steady indentation rate d. The first step to calculate the creep indentation rate on certain loads of the two different sizes of indenters on a set of assumed values of CCREEP (f) and nCREEP (f). Then to build relationship between the creep indentation rate and the assumed CCREEP(f) and nCREEP(f). With the experimental creep indentation rate to intersect two sets of CCREEP (f) and nCREEP(f), which have the same values of d. The last step is to build the CCREEP(f) and nCREEP(f)curves from the intersection points for the two indenters.These two curves CCREEP and nCREEP(f) will intersect at one point. The axial values of the point are what we want. The procedure presented in the paper to determine the elastic parameters and creep parameters from the indentation experiments can be applied to any material systems.

Viscoelasto-plastic rheological experiment under circular increment step load and unload and nonlinear creep model of soft rocks

The viscoelastic-plastic creep experiments on soft ore-rock in Jinchuan Mine Ⅲ were performed under circular increment step load and unload. The experimental data were analyzed according to instantaneous elastic strain, visco-elastic strain, instantaneous plastic strain and visco-plastic strain. The result shows that instantaneous deformation modulus tends to increase with the increase of creep stress; soft rocks enhance the ability to resist instantaneous elastic deformation and instantaneous plastic deformation during the multi-level of load and unload in the cyclic process. In respect of specimen JC1099, the ratio of visco-elastic strain to visco-plastic strain varies from 3.15 to 6.58, and the ratio has decreasing tendency with stress increase as a whole; creep deformation tends to be a steady state at low stress level; soft rocks creep usually embodies accelerated creep properties at high stress level. With the damaging variable and the hardening function introduced, a nonlinear creep model of soft rocks is established, in which the decay creep is described by the nonlinear hardening function H of viscidity coefficient. The model can describe the accelerated creep of soft rocks since the nonlinear damaging evolvement variable D of deformation parameter of rocks is introduced. Three stages of soft rocks creep can be described with the uniform creep equation in the nonlinear creep model. With this nonlinear creep model applied to the creep experiments of the ore-rock of Jinchuan Mine Ⅲ, the nonlinear creep model’s curves are in good agreement with experimental data.

A creep model for ultra-deep salt rock considering thermal-mechanical damage under triaxial stress conditions

To investigate the specific creep behavior of ultra-deep buried salt during oil and gas exploitation,a set of triaxial creep experiments was conducted at elevated temperatures with constant axial pressure and unloading confining pressure conditions.Experimental results show that the salt sample deforms more significantly with the increase of applied temperature and deviatoric loading.The accelerated creep phase is not occurring until the applied temperature reaches 130℃,and higher temperature is beneficial to the occurrence of accelerated creep.To describe the specific creep behavior,a novel three-dimensional(3D)creep constitutive model is developed that incorporates the thermal and mechanical variables into mechanical elements.Subsequently,the standard particle swarm optimization(SPSO)method is adopted to fit the experimental data,and the sensibility of key model parameters is analyzed to further illustrate the model function.As a result,the model can accurately predict the creep behavior of salt under the coupled thermo-mechanical effect in deep-buried condition.Based on the research results,the creep mechanical behavior of wellbore shrinkage is predicted in deep drilling projects crossing salt layer,which has practical implications for deep rock mechanics problems.

Experimental study on rheological deformation and stress properties of limestone

The systematic experiment regarding the general uniaxial compression test and the creep deformations of the typical limestones from the surrounding rock of the highway tunnels were made.The relationship between the axial stress and the delayed deformation steady value was obtained from the creep tests under low loading stresses.By the least square method,the parameters of Nishihara creep model were calculated from the creep curves.The results indicate that the strain change always lags behind the increase of stress,and the long-term strength of the limestone is about 80.6% of the stress at the volumetric strain reversal which is obtained from the conventional uniaxial compression test.

Analyzing Arabic Twitter-Based Patient Experience Sentiments Using Multi-Dialect Arabic Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers

Healthcare organizations rely on patients’feedback and experiences to evaluate their performance and services,thereby allowing such organizations to improve inadequate services and address any shortcomings.According to the literature,social networks and particularly Twitter are effective platforms for gathering public opinions.Moreover,recent studies have used natural language processing to measure sentiments in text segments collected from Twitter to capture public opinions about various sectors,including healthcare.The present study aimed to analyze Arabic Twitter-based patient experience sentiments and to introduce an Arabic patient experience corpus.The authors collected 12,400 tweets from Arabic patients discussing patient experiences related to healthcare organizations in Saudi Arabia from 1 January 2008 to 29 January 2022.The tweets were labeled according to sentiment(positive or negative)and sector(public or private),and thereby the Hospital Patient Experiences in Saudi Arabia(HoPE-SA)dataset was produced.A simple statistical analysis was conducted to examine differences in patient views of healthcare sectors.The authors trained five models to distinguish sentiments in tweets automatically with the following schemes:a transformer-based model fine-tuned with deep learning architecture and a transformer-based model fine-tuned with simple architecture,using two different transformer-based embeddings based on Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT),Multi-dialect Arabic BERT(MAR-BERT),and multilingual BERT(mBERT),as well as a pretrained word2vec model with a support vector machine classifier.This is the first study to investigate the use of a bidirectional long short-term memory layer followed by a feedforward neural network for the fine-tuning of MARBERT.The deep-learning fine-tuned MARBERT-based model—the authors’best-performing model—achieved accuracy,micro-F1,and macro-F1 scores of 98.71%,98.73%,and 98.63%,respectively.

东鱼河道堤防粉质壤土蠕变力学特性试验研究

为研究东鱼河道济宁段堤防粉质壤土蠕变力学特征,设计开展了粉质壤土的含水率、压实度以及地聚物掺量三因素影响下蠕变试验,基于蠕变试验结果开展了蠕变力学特性分析。试验结果表明,各级荷载下蠕变曲线均为“倒L”形,且不受三因素影响;蠕变荷载愈大,蠕变值以及荷载施加初期递增时间均愈大。含水率愈大,试样蠕变特征值愈小,抗蠕变损伤能力愈弱。提高试样压实度后,包括蠕变速率以及初期递增时间在内的蠕变特征值均减小,控制试样压实度有助于增强抗恒定荷载破坏能力。增大改性剂掺量,蠕变值、蠕变速率等均减小,尤以掺量0.5%~1%下影响效应更为显著,而掺量1.25%~1.5%下影响逐步减弱;试验表明控制改性剂掺量在1%左右更为合理。本研究可为粉质壤土蠕变力学研究及蠕变试验设计提供参考。

Viscoelastoplastic constitutive model for creep deformation behavior of asphalt sand

A uniaxial viscoelastoplastic model that can describe whole creep behaviors of asphalt sand at different temperatures was presented.The model was composed of three submodels in series,which describe elastoplastic,viscoelastic and viscoplastic characteristics respectively.The constitutive equation was established for uniaxial loading condition,and the creep representation was also obtained.The constitutive parameters were determined by uniaxial compression tests under controlled-stress of 0.1 MPa with five different test temperatures of 20,40,45,50 and 60 ℃.Expressions of the model parameters in terms of temperatures were also given.The model gave prediction at various temperatures consistent with the experimental results,and can reflect the total deformation characterization of asphalt sands.

The slope creep law for a soft rock in an open-pit mine in the Gobi region of Xinjiang, China

The lithology of the strata in the Gobi region of the Xinjiang autonomous region of China is mainly composed of mudstone,silty mudstone,and other soft rocks.Because of the low strength of the rock mass and the serious effects of physical weathering in this area,the slope stability in open-pit mines is poor,and creep deformation and instability can readily occur.Taking the Dananhu No.2 open-pit mine as a typical example,the creep test of a mudstone sample under different stress levels was studied.Then,based on a bottom friction experiment and a FLAC3D numerical simulation,the deformation and failure processes of the slope were analyzed.The stress–displacement curve and the displacement–time curve for the monitoring points were plotted to obtain the relationship between the stress and displacement for the slope of the soft rock.The results showed that the long-term strength of the mudstone was between 8.0 and 8.8 MPa,and that stable creep occurred when the slope was under low stress.The potential failure mode for this type of slope is that the front edge creeps along the weak layer and then a crack is formed at the trailing edge of the slope.When the crack penetrates the weak layer,cutting bedding and bedding sliding occur.The deformation process of the stable creep slope includes an initial deformation stage,an initial creep stage,a constant velocity creep stage and a deceleration creep stage.

Application of rock creep experiment in calculating the viscoelastic parameters of earth medium

Based on the rock creep experiment, the data of aftershock sequence and post-earth- quake deformation are used to estimate the viscosity of crust medium near earthquake focus. Firstly 9 samples that belong to 3 kinds of rock are conducted in creep experiment under constant pressure to obtain the creep curves directly. Inversion results show that the standard linear model is the best one to present the earth medium. It exhibits obvious elasticity within a short time, while it exhibits obvious rheology within a long time. The relationship between element module μ 2 and the whole module μ of standard linear model or the module of real earth medium is calculated and analyzed. On the basis of μ 2 = 25 μ, the sequence of aftershock of Gonghe earthquake in Qinghai Province is analyzed and the relationship between accumulated released strain and the time is obtained, which, combined with the creep experiment results, is used to estimate the viscosity of crustal medium in this area. The measured vertical deformation after the same earthquake also is combined with the creep experiment results, then it is used to calculate the relaxation time and viscosity through three different methods respectively, i.e. inversion of Kelvin model, difference method of deformation and viscoelastic dislo- cation theory. The viscosity of crustal medium in 32 km depth of earthquake focus of Gonghe area deduced from the different data and methods is about 1019 Pa·s, which is the same as the research results by other authors at home and abroad.

高转速下原位加热系统设备研发及验证

为解决目前常规材料性能测试设备无法在高温-高转速耦合条件下测试材料性能的关键难题,本文在理论设计基础上,研制出满足高速旋转实验台原位加热需求的电磁感应加热线圈,在不同工况下进行了静态和动态性能测试,通过对比静态、动态试样实测温度和计算温度,验证电磁感应线圈设计方法可行性。测试结果表明,在给定的电流、频率和功率下,感应线圈可以将试样加热到1000℃,达到预期设计指标;在电流、功率和频率保持不变的情况下,无论静态加热还是在动态加热均可给感应线圈内的试样施加一个稳定的温度载荷,且均温带位置稳定,均温带温度与设定温度偏差不超过10℃.通过三组高温-高转速作用下高温合金试样的蠕变实验,验证了研发的感应线圈与高速旋转试验台配合具备开展长时稳定高温-高转速耦合作用下材料或部件性能测试的能力。

穴盘苗自动移栽钵体力学特性试验

穴盘苗钵体的力学特性,是穴盘苗自动移栽机取苗机构设计的重要依据。以黄瓜为育苗对象,选用镇江培蕾育苗有机土,使用128孔正方形锥体穴盘,在Venlo型玻璃温室培育穴盘苗。试验时,穴盘苗苗龄28d,长出两片子叶和第一片心叶,钵体含水率范围为54.21%～60.47%。对穴盘苗钵体进行了平板压缩、加卸载循环和蠕变试验,试验仪器为TA-XT2i型质地分析仪,测前、测试、测后速度均为1mm/s。钵体压缩试验测试10mm压缩量下的抗压特性,试验重复20次,钵体加卸载循环试验测试2、4、6、8mm压缩量下的加卸载特性,每个压缩量重复10次,钵体蠕变试验试验测试2、4、6、8N不同加载力下的蠕变特性,保持时间为120s,每个测试力重复10次。试验表明穴盘苗钵体的抗压力与变形呈非线性变化,抗压力随着变形的增大先缓慢增大再显著增大。在平板压缩过程中,钵体无明显的屈服破坏点。穴盘苗钵体的压缩破坏是从钵体盘根较少的区域开始,逐渐扩大破碎度。在弹塑性方面,随着压缩量的增大,滞后损失、抗压峰值力均增大,弹性度减小,并且穴盘苗钵体压缩变形越大,其塑变能力越强,具有一定的可塑性,可以从两侧或四周夹紧钵体而不破坏其整体性。利用Burgers模型能有效表征穴盘苗钵体的压缩蠕变特性,获得了对应的黏弹性参数。通过钵体不同压力下的蠕变试验,得到随着加载力的增大,瞬时弹性系数、延迟时间均减小,在1s内,加载力为2、4、6、8N时,钵体平均蠕变量分别为0.0244、0.0308、0.0446、0.0549mm,表明其蠕变量比较小,这对快速夹取穴盘钵体的夹紧松弛特性影响不大,即钵体一旦夹紧不会松弛掉落。

高速轮轨粘着机理试验研究

系统介绍了在滚动振动试验台上所进行的 1∶ 1实物模型高速轮轨粘着机理试验情况 ,试验包括干净表面、水润滑和油润滑三种轮轨表面状态在不同轴重、不同速度工况下的粘着试验。试验不仅得到了完整的粘着力(粘着系数 )与蠕滑率的关系 ,同时得到了粘着系数与运行速度的关系。最后 ,通过拟合轮轨接触函数型摩擦系数并进行计算 。

泥岩蠕变行为的实验研究及其描述

利用自行研制的岩石三轴蠕变仪,对泥岩进行了系统的三轴蠕变试验。试验中考虑了轴压σ1和围压σ3对蠕变的影响。结果表明,当围压σ3一定时,轴向应力σ1增加,蠕变加快,在稳态蠕变阶段的应变率增大,试件的寿命缩短。而当应力差?σ=σ1–σ3保持不变时,围压σ3增加,蠕变减慢,稳态蠕变阶段的应变率也减小,试件的寿命增加。利用非经典粘塑性损伤本构模型对试验现象进行了分析,得到了较为满意的结果。

单轮对轮轨蠕滑力试验研究

利用原型尺寸单轮对试验装置和滚振试验台，进行单轮对（货车）运动过程中轮轨之间蠕滑力试验研究，试验中考虑到轮对位置和轮轨表面之间有污染因素影响。试验结果反映了轮轨之间蠕滑力和轮对运动位置（轮对横移和摇头角）之关系，对其进行了详细讨论。并对部分试验结果同Ｋａｌｋｅｒ三维弹性体非赫兹滚动接触理论计算的结果作了比较。

考虑收缩、徐变及开裂影响的组合梁长期受力性能研究(Ⅰ)——试验及计算

通过4根钢-混凝土组合梁的长期荷载试验,研究混凝土收缩、徐变和开裂对组合梁长期受力性能的影响,并重点讨论变形随时间的变化规律。试验表明,收缩、徐变对组合梁的受力性能有显著影响:对于承受正弯矩作用的组合梁,其1年期的变形可达到初始瞬时弹性变形的2.5倍;对于承受负弯矩的组合梁,收缩及荷载作用会导致混凝土开裂并减少徐变效应的影响。通过有效模量法计算结果与实测值的对比分析,表明现行规范方法可较好计算试验梁的瞬时挠度和正弯矩作用下的长期挠度,对于承受负弯矩作用的组合梁则需要考虑混凝土开裂对其长期变形的影响。

软土蠕变特性试验研究

针对广州南沙原状软土进行了一系列室内试验研究,包括三轴压缩试验、三轴蠕变试验和一维固结试验,系统地探讨了软土的蠕变变形特性。结果表明:软土的蠕变特性与多种因素有关,包括土体的初始固结度、土层排水条件、加荷比等;次固结系数与固结压力的关系取决于土体的先期固结压力和试验中的加荷比。

沥青混合料损伤蠕变模型试验研究

在三元件黏弹性模型基础上耦合一个连续性损伤因子,构建一个能够描述沥青混合料三阶段蠕变全过程的损伤蠕变模型。综合考虑黏弹性特性与损伤机制,推导了该模型的本构方程,分析了沥青混合料的蠕变特性。通过沥青混合料在不同应力水平下的单轴压缩蠕变实验,编制非线性拟合程序,得到模型参数和损伤演化曲线。将不同应力条件下模型预测值与实验结果进行对比,结果表明,该模型能准确反映不同应力水平下沥青混合料蠕变过程三个阶段的特征和进入破坏阶段的临界时间。

含水泥岩蠕变损伤特性试验研究

采用流变损伤力学理论分析与试验研究相结合的方法研究泥岩的力学特性,通过建立煤矿采动过程中泥岩蠕变损伤演化方程,根据泥岩的蠕变损伤试验分析不同含水量的泥岩的蠕变变化规律及影响因素。结果表明,泥岩的蠕变过程是硬化与软化相互作用的过程,在外力扰动作用下会发生能量耗散现象,削弱了泥岩的承载能力;在保持围压不变的条件下,随着含水量的增加,泥岩内部的黏土矿物吸水后强度和黏聚力迅速降低,表现出强烈的流变特性,其蠕变挤压应力和蠕变应变也随之增加;随着加载时间的增加,不同浸泡时间的泥岩峰值蠕变挤压应力和峰值蠕变应变有趋向一致的趋势;在相同含水量的条件下,随着围压的增加泥岩的蠕变应变挤压应力也呈现出递增的趋势。

P91钢蠕变-疲劳交互作用应变特征与寿命预测

对电厂用关键材料P91钢在546℃下进行应力控制的蠕变疲劳交互作用研究,分别对滞回线,全应变范围,平均应变和非弹性应变进行分析和讨论。基于应力控制蠕变-疲劳交互实验特点,考虑了上下保载时间对寿命的影响,采用改进型的频率修正法对P91钢进行寿命预测。研究结果表明:应力控制下的蠕变-疲劳交互作用,使P91钢呈现兼有循环蠕变与静蠕变的失效形式,随着循环数的增加,滞回线向右移动:非弹性应变影响了蠕变-疲劳交互寿命,其增长速率随着材料寿命的减小而增大。寿命预测结果与试验结果吻合较好,95%的数据点落于2倍误差带范围之内。研究结果为P91钢蠕变疲劳寿命预测提供了理论和实验基础。