Marginal cost pricing for coal fired electricity in coastal cities of China:The case of Mawan Electricity Plant in Shenzhen City, China

By developing a GDMOD model to estimate the environmental externalities associated with electricity generation, this project provides a detailed analysis of the damages and costs caused by different pollutants at varying distances from the Mawan Electricity Plant in Shenzhen, China. The major findings of this study can be summarized that （1） environmental damages caused by electricity production are large and are mainly imposed on regions far away from the electricity plant; （2） air pollution is the most significant contributor to the total damages, and SO2, NOx, and particulate matter are the three major pollutants with highest damages; （3） the damages caused per unit of particulate, NOx, and SO2 emissions are much higher than pollution treatment and prevention costs. The research results of this project showed that China needs to have a more effective levy system on SO2, and a more manageable electricity tariff mechanism to internalize the environmental externalities. The results have also implications for pollution control strategies, compensation schemes as well as emission trading arrangements.

Short-Term Electricity Price Forecasting Using a Combination of Neural Networks and Fuzzy Inference

This paper presents an artificial neural network, ANN, based approach for estimating short-term wholesale electricity prices using past price and demand data. The objective is to utilize the piecewise continuous na-ture of electricity prices on the time domain by clustering the input data into time ranges where the variation trends are maintained. Due to the imprecise nature of cluster boundaries a fuzzy inference technique is em-ployed to handle data that lies at the intersections. As a necessary step in forecasting prices the anticipated electricity demand at the target time is estimated first using a separate ANN. The Australian New-South Wales electricity market data was used to test the system. The developed system shows considerable im-provement in performance compared with approaches that regard price data as a single continuous time se-ries, achieving MAPE of less than 2% for hours with steady prices and 8% for the clusters covering time pe-riods with price spikes.

Short-Term and Long-Term Price Forecasting Models for the Future Exchange of Mongolian Natural Sea Buckthorn Market

Sea buckthorn market floated uncertainly within a narrow range. The market situation provided upward pressure on prices, and producer and consumer interest were poor, coupled with weak prices in the regional markets. The objectives of the study are: 1) to estimate the relationship between wild Sea buckthorn (SB) price and Supply, Demand, while some other factors of crude oil price and exchange rate by using simultaneous Supply-Demand and Price system equation and Vector Error Correction Method (VECM);2) to forecast the short-term and long-term SB price;3) to compare and evaluate the price forecasting models. Firstly, the data was analyzed by Ferris and Engle-Granger’s procedure;secondly, both price forecasting methodologies were tested by Pindyck-Rubinfeld and Makridakis’s procedure. The result shows that the VECM model is more efficient using yearly data;a short-term price forecast decreases, and a long-term price forecast is predicted to increase the Mongolian Sea buckthorn market.

中国油气行业甲烷排放估算与减排分析

甲烷是仅次于二氧化碳的第二大温室气体,据统计全球甲烷排放中石油天然气行业排放占比高达三分之一,加强甲烷排放管控对推动“双碳”目标的实现具有重要的意义。为此,结合油气消费量预期、行业控排预期等,估算了2021—2060年中国油气行业甲烷排放量;并进一步分析了减排目标下技术减排潜力和减排成本,最后结合各类排放源占比及现有减排技术的成本效益,测算了2030年与2060年2个时间节点油气行业甲烷减排的边际成本。研究结果表明:①2021—2060年期间,油气行业甲烷排放量略有下降,天然气系统甲烷排放量增速变缓,其中运输和输配环节有较大减排潜力;②油气行业90%的甲烷排放量集中在30%的排放源中,有10%~20%的甲烷无法彻底通过技术减排;③在2030年、2060年实施的减排技术中,具有收益的技术比例分别达22.0%和44.4%;④2030、2060年的甲烷平均单位减排成本分别为22.33元/m^(3)和14.57元/m^(3)。结论认为,中国油气行业在中长期需要加快推进甲烷排放检测、报告、核查体系的建设,推动排放数据的精细化,并通过绿色金融、中国碳减排核证方法学开发等多种方式,持续提升行业甲烷减排积极性。

基于边际成本比较型竞价模式的电力现货市场机制设计

在建设新型电力系统、极端天气频发、一次能源价格飙涨、保供电常态化等背景下,文中提出了基于边际成本比较型竞价模式的电力现货市场机制,为统筹多市场主体利益、协调省间与省内交易提供了可行思路。首先,深度解析了现有电力现货市场机制在统筹多市场主体利益上面临的挑战,在采用边际成本比较型竞价模式的基础上,深入考虑不同类型发电机组的成本特性,提出了一种两阶段分层边际定价的电力现货市场机制,可有效统筹发电侧成本的可疏导性、用电侧电费的可负担性以及新能源机组的激励性。然后,提出了基于边际成本比较型竞价模式的省间-省内两级现货市场机制,并对其应用价值进行了探讨。最后,基于电力现货市场仿真平台开展算例分析,对所提市场机制的有效性和可行性进行了验证。

边际定价与经济调度深度融合的边际成本比较型竞价模式

随着新能源快速发展、新型市场主体不断涌现,以成本最小化为目标的经济调度机制和以边际定价为基础的策略型竞价模式,难以在电力供应充裕性不足时兼顾公平和效率。为此,在考虑中国电力工业基本国情的基础上,提出了一种深度融合边际定价与经济调度的边际成本比较型竞价模式,并从保障电力供应、提升市场经济效率、降低市场风险和促进市场公平四方面,探讨了该竞价模式在中国式电力市场建设中的潜在应用价值。最后,基于电力市场仿真平台开展算例分析,对边际成本比较型竞价模式的有效性进行了验证。

新能源电力系统能量-灵活爬坡市场定价研究

新能源的零边际成本和间歇性出力为传统节点边际电价模型带来了新的挑战。“双随机”,特别是新能源供给的随机性会导致现货市场价格波动大,无法为市场参与者带来正确的价格信号。针对高比例新能源系统,提出了一种基于连续节点边际电价(continuous locational marginal pricing, CLMP)的出清机制的市场模型。首先计及了电力系统、储能系统和数据中心的运行约束,利用CLMP的定价机理构建了高比例新能源系统能量定价模型。然后考虑了发电机组与储能系统、数据中心提供运行灵活性爬坡服务,建立了高比例新能源电力系统能量-灵活爬坡市场协同定价模型。最后,算例测试定量分析了新能源渗透率与储能对系统电价的影响,量化了储能和数据中心的运行灵活性。

考虑回收产品质量的闭环供应链协调研究

目的研究制造商委托第三方回收商回收废旧产品模式的闭环供应链决策问题。方法考虑第三方回收的产品质量,并运用Stackelberg博弈模型对成员决策进行分析,其次运用二部定价契约对闭环供应链进行协调,并对比供应链协调后与协调前的总利润以及质量水平的关系。结果研究显示:集中决策下闭环供应链的总利润大于分散决策下闭环供应链的总利润,而二部定价契约可以有效协调闭环供应链,当再制造能够节省的最大成本等于制造商愿意为回收产品支付的最大转移价格时,协调后的闭环供应链整体利润与集中决策情况的闭环供应链整体利润相同。同时,二部定价契约可以提高回收产品的质量水平,有效清除分散决策情况下造成的双重边际效应。结论对于现实企业管理中的启示为:如果企业选择第三方回收模式,该情况下若需考虑回收产品质量,如果外界环境复杂多变,为了提高生产效率需考虑回收产品质量,企业由于实际成本等原因需选择第三方回收,各企业之间进行分散决策,可以运用二部定价契约进行协调。

Maximizing Supermarket Profits:Data-Driven Strategies for Pricing,Sales,and Forecasting

The actual circumstances of daily life are crucial for the purchasing and pricing strategies of supermarkets.Developing strategies based on these circumstances can assist businesses in ensuring profits and fostering win-win cooperation.This paper explores methods to maximize profit through purchasing and sales strategies.Initially,the relevant data for various categories of vegetables is integrated.Through histograms,their sales patterns are directly understood,highlighting the most popular vegetables.Upon analyzing each vegetable category,it becomes evident that their sales data do not conform to normal distributions.Therefore,Spearman correlation coefficients are calculated,revealing strong correlations between certain categories,such as aquatic roots and edible fungi.A line chart depicting the top ten selling vegetables indicates a noticeable periodicity.Traditional fitting methods struggle to adequately model the sales of each vegetable category and their relationship with cost-plus pricing.To address this,additional factors such as holidays,weeks,and months are incorporated using techniques like random forest regression.This approach yields cost-plus pricing dependence curves that better capture the relationship,while effectively managing noise.Regarding sales volume prediction,the original data displays significant volatility,necessitating the handling of outliers using the threshold method.For missing data,linear interpolation is employed to mitigate the impact of continuous missing values on prediction accuracy.Subsequently,Adam-optimized long short-term memory(LSTM)networks are utilized to forecast incoming quantities for the next seven days.By extrapolating from normal sales volume,market capacity is estimated,allowing for additional sales through discount strategies.This framework has the potential to increase original income by 1.1 times.

PDH产业发展现状及预测

全球约21%丙烷用于化工生产。由于北美等地C_(2)产业链利润高于C_(3),出口丙烷效益优于下游生产,北美和中东地区成为全球丙烷资源主要输出地。全球PDH装置产能的大幅增长也带动原料丙烷贸易增加,助力丙烷价格高位运行,同时需求增速保持低位。新增PDH装置主要来自中国,中国在2014—2016年经历了第一轮扩能高峰期,2019年开启第二轮PDH建设热潮。未来丙烯整体供应远超下游消费增速,过剩态势逐渐显现,直接影响PDH装置丙烯未来盈利水平。

含储能参与的日前市场价值公平分配机制

现有的节点边际电价机制中,由于传统发电商具有市场操控力,当储能独立参与市场出清时,各发电商采取策略性报价,打压并挤占储能电站的市场份额,阻碍了储能电站参与市场出清,间接导致市场出清总成本增大。为此,文中提出一种包含传统机组以及储能电站参与的市场竞争机制。首先,分析现有市场结算机制的弊端以及阻碍储能参与市场出清的原因;其次,建立含储能参与的市场出清模型,采用样本均值近似法求解二阶段随机规划模型;然后,基于Vickrey-Clarke-Groves(VCG)结算机制,提出适应储能参与的日前市场价值分配机制;最后,提出解决激励相容而造成的系统收支不平衡问题的策略。文中采用IEEE 30节点系统为例,证明该机制满足激励相容、收支平衡以及削弱传统发电商的市场操控力等要求,同时储能的参与将会减小系统出清总成本,降低市场价格剧烈波动的风险。

Formulation of Locational Marginal Electricity-carbon Price in Power Systems

Decarbonisation of power systems is essential for realising carbon neutrality,in which the economic cost caused by carbon needs to be qualified.Based on the formulation of locational marginal price(LMP),this paper proposes a locational marginal electricity-carbon price(EC-LMP)model to reveal carbon-related costs caused by power consumers.A carbon-priceintegrated optimal power flow(C-OPF)is then developed to maximise economic efficiency of the power system considering the costs of electricity and carbon.Case studies are presented to demonstrate the new formulation and results demonstrate the efficacy of the EC-LMP-based C-OPF on decarbonisation and economy.

Forecast on Price of Agricultural Futures in China Based on ARIMA Model

The forecast on price of agricultural futures is studied in this paper. We use the ARIMA model to estimate the price trends of agricultural futures,which can help the investors to optimize their investing plans. The soybean future contracts are taken as an example to simulate the forecast based on the auto-regression coefficient(p),differential times(d) and moving average coefficient(q). The results show that ARIMA model is better to simulate and forecast the trend of closing prices of soybean futures contract,and it is applicable to forecasting the price of agricultural futures.

Comparison of ARIMA and ANN Models Used in Electricity Price Forecasting for Power Market

In power market, electricity price forecasting provides significant information which can help the electricity market participants to prepare corresponding bidding strategies to maximize their profits. This paper introduces the models of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and artificial neural network (ANN) which are applied to the price forecasts for up to 3 steps 8 weeks ahead in the UK electricity market. The half hourly data of historical prices are obtained from UK Reference Price Data from March 22nd to July 14th 2010 and the predictions are derived from a sliding training window with a length of 8 weeks. The ARIMA with various AR and MA orders and the ANN with different numbers of delays and neurons have been established and compared in terms of the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of price forecasts. The experimental results illustrate that the ARIMA (4,1,2) model gives greater improvement over persistence than the ANN (20 neurons, 4 delays) model.

China hikes fuel prices again

On March 20,China hiked f uel prices by the biggest margin in nearly three years after a surge in the cost of global crude,the government and state media said.The rise is the second this year and

计及暂态频率稳定约束的同步惯量经济价值评估

高渗透率新能源接入系统后,保障系统具有充足的在线惯量是维持系统频率安全稳定的关键,同时建立惯性辅助服务市场是解决该问题的有效手段。因此,将同步惯性响应纳入有偿服务,搭建考虑系统最低同步惯量需求约束的定价出清模型,并提出离散变量松弛化的方法,将出清模型转化为凸优化问题。然后,基于边际成本定价法和拉格朗日对偶原理,以最低同步惯量需求约束对应的影子价格来评估其经济价值,为惯性服务定价。最后,以改进的IEEE 39节点系统和IEEE 118节点系统为例,对同步惯量影子价格的存在机理、数值影响因素以及同步机组收益进行分析讨论。结果表明,含高比例新能源系统具有建设惯性辅助服务市场的必要性和迫切性。所提方法和仿真结论为惯性服务市场化提供了参考性意见。

考虑灵活性供给约束的区域综合能源系统节点边际能价分解分析

高比例分布式可再生能源接入给区域综合能源系统(RIES)的灵活、经济运行带来了巨大挑战。为探究RIES运行灵活性与经济性间的内在机理联系,提出了一种考虑灵活性供给约束的RIES节点边际能价求解方法。首先,构建了市场环境下RIES日前调度模型,该模型重点考虑机组运行灵活性供给约束,包括多能能量供给及多能调节容量约束;然后,基于该模型求解RIES的节点边际能价,并对其进行分解,分析了热电联产机组运行灵活性供给约束对多能能价耦合的影响机理及尖峰价格形成机理;最后,采用电热联合RIES仿真算例进行多场景对比分析,结果表明,所提方法量化了多能运行灵活性供给对节点边际能价的多重影响,有效确定了机组多能灵活性供给的边际成本。

多主体博弈共赢的电动汽车充电桩共享方法

充电桩共享是缓解车桩配置不平衡的一种可行方案。该文综合考虑配电网、电动汽车(EV)用户、充电桩、聚合商四方主体利益,提出一种基于主从博弈的充电桩共享方法。给出了基于车桩匹配中心的充电桩共享多主体博弈框架,并分别建立四个主体的成本和效益函数;提出考虑节点边际电价的车-桩-网三阶段主从博弈经济调度模型,并给出基于静态不完全信息博弈的充电桩及其聚合商最优报价策略和基于最小费用最大流的车桩匹配策略;结合图论最短路最大流理论,提出基于Ford-Fulkerson最大流算法的主从博弈双层迭代求解方法。算例分析表明,该文所提方法能有效提升四方主体经济效益、车桩匹配成功数和充电桩使用率。

Does Margin Trading Enhance Information Efficiency of the Capital Market?——Evidence from China

On March 31,2010,China formally introduced a margin trading system,which announced that China's capital market has completed the transformation from a unilateral transaction model to a bilateral transaction model with a short-selling mechanism.However,the current development of China's margin trading and securities lending businesses is seriously unbalanced,and the scale of financing far exceeds the scale of securities lending.The short selling effect of securities lending exchanges is extremely limited,which to some extent violates the original intention of introducing the system.In order to help margin trading and securities lending to correct a healthy and sustainable development path,this article uses stock price synchronicity as a proxy indicator to measure the information efficiency of the capital market,explores the impact of the margin trading system on the information efficiency of the capital market,and study the detailed characteristics and economic consequences of the margin trading system.Aiming at this topic,this article analyzes the relationship between margin financing and securities lending and stock price synchronicity.Finally,it analyzes the influence of margin financing and securities lending system on stock price synchronicity from three dimensions of corporate governance,external supervision,and institutional environment mechanism.In terms of empirical research,this article takes advantage of the“quasi-natural experiment”provided by the gradual opening of margin trading and securities lending in China’s securities market,and selects listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2007 to 2019 as the research objects,starting from the perspective of stock price synchronicity,and passing The DID-FE model studies the impact of the margin trading and securities lending system on the information efficiency of the capital market.It uses three methods:parallel trend and dynamic testing,PSM-DID analysis,and placebo testing for robustness testing to solve the endogeneity problem of the experiment.This article also conducts deeper research on the subject based on the two dimensions of the impact mechanism of margin financing and securities lending and the size of the company,and finally discusses the economic impact of margin financing and securities lending on the level of company innovation.

新时期区域房地产发展的机遇与策略——基于租售比的视角

售租比是反映区域房地产运行状况的主要指标之一,基于这一指标体系的分析对于衡量房地产行业发展的健康水平具有重要意义。本文应用全国房价行情数据库中的房价和房租原始数据,测算4大直辖市和27个省会城市各类型房屋的售租比情况。分析结果表明:2021年,4个直辖市和27个省会城市的二手房售租比均超过了300,但各城市之间售租比分布有所差异,房地产投资利润率也呈现不断下降的趋势。这说明全国房地产业发展水平较高的这31个城市中,房地产行业已经退出了黄金时代,二手房市场也存在着较大的泡沫。基于分析结果,本文从房价控制、市场活跃性和包容性的角度提出相关建议,为楼市软着陆和房地产业长期可持续发展提供建议。