Users’ Perception on Operation and Performance of Public Transport Systems in African Developing Countries: The Case of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

Public transport system has been a means of addressing transportation challenges in urban areas, such as traffic congestion, traffic jam and long travel time in cities worldwide. Transportation in Africa is unique in that it has the least developed public transport systems in the world, while also being one of the fastest urbanizing continents. Bus Rapid Transit being one of the public transport systems was introduced in Africa in 2008 as a means to provide solution on urban transportation challenges. Despite of public transport being the main means of transport in African developing countries, there have been a number of challenges that affects efficiency of performance of the system and makes its users uncomfortable. Therefore, the study aimed at exploring the setbacks or challenges associated with operation and performance of the BRT system in the African developing countries and address them. The study employed mixed methods research design that integrates both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods and analysis. The study findings reveal that, there is an improvement on the perspectives of the commuters on public transport after introduction of BRT system. However, some challenges such as long waiting time, passengers overcrowding during peak hours, as well as safety and security can slowly change the perspective of the commuters. Therefore, to address these challenges it is recommended to reduce the long waiting time and improve accessibility by introduction of passenger information displays (bus information system) and automated fare collection system;reduce travel time by introduction of bus priority signal;and improve safety and security by introduction of signage and CCTV Camera within the bus and bus stops.

Analysis of the influence of occupation rate of public transit vehicles on mixing traffic flow in a two-lane system

Based on the existing classical cellular automaton model of traffic flow, a cellular automaton traffic model with different-maximum-speed vehicles mixed on a single lane is proposed, in which public transit and harbour-shaped bus stops are taken into consideration. Parameters such as length of cellular automaton, operation speed and random slow mechanism are re-demarcated. A harbour-shaped bus stop is set up and the vehicle changing lane regulation is changed. Through computer simulation, the influence of occupation rate of public transit vehicles on mixed traffic flow and traffic capacity is analysed. The results show that a public transport system can ease urban traffic congestion but creates new jams at the same time, and that the influence of occupation rate of public transit vehicles on traffic capacity is considerable. To develop urban traffic, attention should be paid to the occupation rate of public transit vehicles and traffic development in a haphazard way should be strictly avoided.

Two Network Structure Indicators for Conventional Public Transit

The significance of network structure indicators for the planning and management of conventional public transit is widely acknowledged.In order to improve and enrich the conventional public transit assessment system,two network structure indicators are proposed.Firstly,according to the obvious defects lying in the traditional no-linear coefficient,the realistic no-linear coefficient γRNL,a modified no-linear coefficient indicator,is put forward,which takes into account the effects of barriers in a city.Secondly,to cover the gap of an indicator which can reflect the coverage homogeneity of a transit network,the length dimension LDis proposed on the basis of Fractal Theory.Finally,a case study is applied to verify the validity and practicability of the two indicators in problem diagnosis using regression analysis.The results validate that γRNLcan evaluate the detour of bus lines more reasonably than the previous no-linear coefficient because it reflects the layout of bus lines,and LDcan represent the rate of change of the network density,adding a new member to the scheme of network structure indicators for public transit.

Public Transit Performance Evaluation Using Data Envelopment Analysis and Possibilities of Enhancement

This study evaluates the operational performance of all routes of Sajha Bus Yatayat operating inside Kathmandu valley using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in terms of efficiency and effectiveness score. This approach allows us to access the relative performance of transit system in absence of historical data and research to compare with. To explore the possibility of enhancing the performance, scenarios were created for relatively underperforming routes and long route problem by changing the most important input variable and output variables accordingly with regression model where it was relevant. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was used to determine the most influential input variables to the output variables. DEA was conducted to access the performance of all routes under these scenarios. Underperforming routes except the longest route under the first set of scenarios, emerge to be better performing efficiently without considerable negative deviation in effectiveness. The result of second set of scenarios for long route problem suggests that the longest route’s performance can be enhanced significantly upon proper route alignment. Scenarios development and evaluation can help lead transit companies to explore the strategies to facilitate operational performance enhancement.

Simultaneous optimization of transit network and public bicycle station network

The traditional manner to design public transportation system is to sequentially design the transit network and public bicycle network. A new public transportation system design problem that simultaneously considers both bus network design and public bicycle network design is proposed. The chemical reaction optimization(CRO) is designed to solve the problem. A shortcoming of CRO is that, when the two-molecule collisions take place, the molecules are randomly picked from the container.Hence, we improve CRO by employing different mating strategies. The computational results confirm the benefits of the mating strategies. Numerical experiments are conducted on the Sioux-Falls network. A comparison with the traditional sequential modeling framework indicates that the proposed approach has a better performance and is more robust. The practical applicability of the approach is proved by employing a real size network.

Morphology of single inhalable particle inside public transit biodiesel fueled bus

In an urban-transit bus, fueled by biodiesel in Toledo, Ohio, single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry （SEM/EDS）. Particle size analysis found bimodal distribution at 0.2 and 0.5 μm. The particle morphology was characterized by 14 different shape clusters： square, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, agglomerate, sphere, triangle, oblong, strip, line or stick, and unknown, by quantitative order. The square particles were common in the samples. Round and triangle particles are more, and pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, strip, line or sticks are less. Agglomerate particles were found in abundance. The surface of most particles was coarse with a fractal edge that can provide a suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment. The three sorts of surface patterns of squares were smooth, semi-smooth, and coarse. The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo. The size and shape distribution results were compared to those obtained for a bus using ultra low sulfur diesel.

Potential Benefits of Increased Public Transit Ridership in Medium Sized Cities: A Case Study

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States was leading in the public transit sector, but following World War II, private automobiles became more affordable and gained popularity. Transportation infrastructure investments that increased road capacity further facilitated the increase in automobile use at the expense of reduced public transit ridership. With the increase of dependency on automobiles and the continuing growth of private automobile ownership and use, various problems became major challenges in big cities of USA. These include traffic congestion, air pollution, road and parking infrastructure costs, energy consumption, traffic safety, fewer mobility options for the non-drivers, and a decline in the image and use of public transit. This study uses a medium sized city, Birmingham as a case study to investigate the potential of public transit to reduce automobile trips and in turn improve the overall performance of the road network by addressing the abovementioned challenges. An agent-based simulation model was developed for the Birmingham metropolitan region using the Multi-agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) platform. Three scenarios were considered with gradually increased transit ridership to identify the benefits of increased public transit. Traffic volume, network average speed, and travel times were used as performance measures for the evaluation of the designated scenarios. Results suggest that modal shifts toward public transit and reduction in travel demand for an automobile can result in improvements in speed and travel time for all users. Therefore, investments for improving transit quality and frequency of service, as well as campaigns to improve the image of public transit and make it a mode of choice for transportation users can increase transit ridership and, in turn, improve network operations, thus are deemed worthy for medium sized cities.

PM10 and CO Exposure of Hong Kong Population in Public Transit Facilities

Taking public transit facilities (PTFs) is the major transport style in Hong Kong. Human exposure to indoor air pollutants may cause adverse health effects to the passengers. Exposure assessment on air pollutants is important for the control of human diseases caused by indoor air pollution. In this paper, the indoor PM10, CO and CO 2 levels in various PTFs, such as public bus, subway, railway and ferry in Hong Kong, were mea- sured. Combining with the time budget survey of Hong Kong population,the human exposures were calculated through Monte-Carlo simulation.

公交专用车道规划管理思辨及公共汽电车交通发展纾困

2023年上半年,公安部推出10项公安交管新措施,其中包括优化城市公交专用车道管理。北京、深圳、青岛、南通等地陆续发布公交专用车道相关管理措施,引发广泛讨论与关注。围绕公交专用车道管理措施背后的原因与调整的依据,公交专用车道本身的规划、管理与使用问题,以及公共汽电车交通运营困境,特邀城市交通行业专家学者和公共汽电车运营管理研究的一线工作人员以笔谈的形式交流观点。在此基础上,探索在城市存量发展阶段如何建立常态化路权变更规则和评估机制,以及公共汽电车交通纾困之路。

共享单车与公共交通多元关系分类及阈值研究

为准确评估共享单车和公共交通之间的复杂时空关系,根据替代或补充关系的具体成因类型,结合共享单车出行起讫点的分布情况,定义共享单车与公共交通多元关系;其次,考虑公共汽电车与轨道交通的差异性,提出一种基于弱监督全连接神经网络的共享单车与公共交通多元关系的分类模型,并根据共享单车轨迹数据,计算不同关系分类和交通方式下的公共交通可达范围、共享单车骑行时长及步行接驳距离边界阈值。结果表明:共享单车与公共交通的多元关系可分为接驳补充、空白补充、替代关系1和替代关系2。其中,共享单车与公共汽电车多元关系的三参数划分阈值分别为329.75 m、5.07 min和182.93 m,与轨道交通多元关系的划分阈值分别为816.96 m、10.27 min和653.91 m。共享单车与公共汽电车以替代关系1为主,占总行程的54.98%;共享单车与轨道交通以空白补充关系为主,占总行程的48.90%。共享单车与公共汽电车关系主要为多元替代与接驳补充,与轨道交通主要为多元补充与替代关系2。共享单车与公共汽电车的关系相比于轨道交通会更为复杂。本文可为促进共享单车与公共交通在各自优势距离上的协同发展提供支撑。

引进改编版教材的内容调试与图像转换——以《演讲的艺术》为例

引进改编国际版教材是一项极为繁杂的系统工程,不仅涉及出版信息、装帧形式的变更,更关乎内容、图像的调试与转换。作为引进改编版教材的范例,《演讲的艺术》通过内容与图像的替换、添加、删除、调试,完美契合了中国演讲教学的需求,成为当下国内演讲课程最受欢迎的教材。《演讲的艺术》的成功改编可以证明:唯有更广泛地引进改编国际教材,实现国际优秀教材向“中国特色西方课本”,再到“中国化西方课本”的转换,才能充分发挥国际教材的作用,助推我国的教育改革发展。

交旅融合视域下重庆轨道交通公共设施数智化设计方法研究

目的致力于探索在交旅融合背景下,如何适应信息技术的快速发展,应用数智化手段提升重庆轨道交通公共设施的功能性、便捷性和用户体验等,为乘客打造一个高效、舒适且互联互通的出行环境。方法采用定量与定性相结合的研究方法。通过调查问卷收集使用群体的需求与偏好;运用层次分析法(AHP)分析重庆轨道交通公共设施,建立评价指标体系,并基于结果分析确立指标权重。结果将大数据、物联网、人工智能等数智化工具应用于重庆轨道交通公共设施中,可以帮助政府部门、轨道交通运营单位和设计师等利用科学数据全面提升服务功能和水平,精准满足乘客的功能性、文化性、情感性需求。结论探索一套适用于重庆轨道交通的公共设施数智化设计方法。该方法着眼于乘客的真实需求,兼顾科技发展趋势,有效促进重庆轨道交通公共设施的现代化改造,促进交旅融合。相关研究也为未来类似项目提供了重要的理论依据和实践指南。

城市轨道交通5G公专网无线覆盖方案研究

[目的]城市轨道交通5G公专网是5G公网在城市轨道交通行业的垂直应用,其无线覆盖方案与5G公网仅需满足公众乘客对移动通信的需求存在较大差异。因此需研究城市轨道交通5G公专网无线覆盖方案。[方法]以城市轨道交通无线通信业务需求为前提,针对城市轨道交通的复杂应用环境,明确了5G公专网无线覆盖范围,提出了不同应用场景下无线覆盖技术指标要求;设计了隧道区域、地面区域和室内区域不同场景下的无线覆盖方式;探讨了无线网络容量优化和覆盖优化措施。[结果及结论]所形成的以业务需求为导向的城市轨道交通5G公专网无线覆盖方案是全场景、连续性的解决方案。城市轨道交通5G公专网无线覆盖方案还应统筹考虑运营商不同制式、多频段无线系统共建共享及系统之间干扰问题,以为城市轨道交通用户提供良好的5G公专网服务。

中国家庭能源转型的环境—健康—低碳效益及经济成本

家庭能源绿色低碳转型是一个关系到中国数亿居民福祉且待妥善解决的问题。基于中国健康与养老追踪调查数据研究发现,使用天然气或电力替代散煤等固体燃料能显著降低暴露人群慢性阻塞性肺疾病、心脏病和中风等疾病的患病概率。在此基础上,以陕西省家庭能源转型为例,利用患病概率估计值测算居民健康改善带来的环境效益,同时考虑温室气体减少的低碳协同效益以及转型的经济成本,全面评估三种家庭能源清洁转型方式的净效益。结果表明,基于陕西省的电力结构和能源价格等现状,三种转型方式的净效益均为负,不同转型方式的负效益程度具有明显差别。为了加快家庭部门实现清洁能源转型,短期内需要政府通过提供补贴等方式引导支持居民采用高效的用能设备,同时加快天然气市场完善和电力部门清洁低碳化转型。

基于零信任安全模型的轨道交通数据隐私保护

为解决轨道交通网络数据传输杂乱的问题,提升数据样本的安全性,研究基于零信任安全模型的轨道交通数据隐私保护方法。在零信任安全模型的基础上,分别定义公钥密码与私钥密码模板,建立完整的轨道交通数据隐私链路标签。完善数据样本验证机制以提升数据安全性,通过求解交互认证系数的方式辨别隐私数据样本,结合敏感度指标实现轨道交通数据隐私保护。实验结果表明,在轨道交通网络中应用零信任安全模型,可在保证正序数据传输速率的同时将乱序数据传输速率限制在3.52 Mb/ms以下,能够满足轨道交通数据隐私保护的应用需求。

轨道交通促进下城市中心区地下公共空间精细化城市设计——以南京新街口中心区为例

要存量优化背景下,轨道交通促进城市中心区地下公共空间开发,从而拓展公共空间容量是实现城市中心区可持续发展的重要途径之一。在探明地下公共空间精细化城市设计的内涵,剖析城市中心区地下公共空间精细化城市设计特征,明确轨道交通对城市中心区地下公共空间开发影响的基础上,总结轨道交通促进下的城市中心区地下公共空间精细化城市设计的通用策略;以南京新街口中心区为例,通过分析南京新街口中心区发展的各个阶段和地下公共空间开发的侧重点,结合轨道交通城市中心区地下公共空间精细化城市设计策略,并使用空间句法验证策略的合理性。为类似城市中心区地下公共空间精细化城市设计提供科学合理的方法指引和案例参考。

生态位视角下的中小城市常规公交系统建设适宜度评价

当前对于常规公交系统建设中所采用的线性增长指标是否能较好地贴合一个城市内公交系统的发展水平,在建设评价的过程中没有得到明确体现。同时中小城市公交系统相较于大城市有其自身的发展特点,为确保公交系统建设与城市发展相匹配,文章引入生态学的相关原理,将公交系统视作一个“活”的生态体系,结合其生态学特征,运用生态位理论,从自然质量、社会经济和综合效益三个维度,构建中小城市公交系统建设适宜度评价指标体系,并提出基于生态位适宜度理论的公交系统建设适宜度评价方法。对我国56个中小城市的公交系统建设适宜度进行计算和分类,分析不同城市公交系统建设的差异性,结果表明:公交线路、线网长度和固定资产投资等指标表现出较高的重要性;自身的建设标准仍是决定性因素,但需要与城市发展相匹配,不能忽视城市经济水平、人口需求等在公交系统建设发展中所起到的作用。

需求响应公共汽车交通在雄安新区的实践

需求响应公共汽车交通(以下简称“需求响应公交”)具有灵活、高效的运行特征,服务更具弹性和适应性,是公共交通转型发展的有益尝试。从支持雄安新区打造交通强国建设先行区、实现“90/80”绿色出行目标等方面回顾需求响应公交的实施背景。阐述雄安新区需求响应公交基本情况,分析其实施效果。从提高运力与客流需求的时空匹配度、创新服务模式改善出行体验、建立人性化的沟通反馈机制等方面总结雄安新区需求响应公交的主要运营经验和启示。最后探讨了需求响应公交未来发展过程中需要关注的重点,以加深出行群体对需求响应公交的理解和认同,推动数据融合,保障数据安全。

基于多源数据的公共汽电车运营评估——以重庆市为例

公共汽电车交通系统需要评估现状供给与需求两端的问题,以制定合理的优化方案。通过融合公共交通设施静态数据、手机位置数据、车辆GPS定位数据、IC卡刷卡数据、高德地图API路径规划数据等多源数据构建底层支撑体系。以乘客通勤出行为切入点,从设施能力、运营服务、竞争力水平3个维度构建运营评估指标体系,提出一种公共汽电车运营评估方法来度量公共交通运营服务优劣势并挖掘潜在竞争力。最后以重庆市某片区为例,深入讨论和分析了现状公共汽电车设施及运营中的不足,尤其是便捷性方面的不足明显,体现为步行距离远、运行速度慢、换乘次数多及候车时间长,并提出针对性的改善策略。