Investigation of the short-term stress distribution in stopes and drifts backfilled with cemented paste backfill

Cemented paste backfill(CPB) is largely used in underground mines worldwide.A key issue associated with application of CPB is to estimate the stresses in backfilled stopes and on barricades.Recent numerical and experimental results show that arching effect is absent shortly after the placement of CPB in stopes.However,stress decreases in barricade drift with increasing distance between the measurement points and drawpoint have also been observed,demonstrating arching effect shortly after the pouring of CPB.To explain these paradoxes,CPB is considered as Bingham fluid having a yield shear stress.Three dimensional analytical solutions are proposed to evaluate the short-term total stresses in backfilled stopes and on barricades,accounting for the CPB's yield shear stress-induced arching effect.Stress diminution due to such arching effect in the backfilled stopes and on barricades is indeed obtained.But the reduction becomes insignificant using typical yield shear stress and stope geometry.More analyses indicate that the typical yield shear stress values do not fully correspond to field conditions where the yield shear stress would increase exponentially due to apparent consolidation(loss of water by drainage,a phenomenon similar to the desiccation of overly saturated fine-grained materials).

Characterization of Short-Term Stress Applied to the Root System by Electrical Impedance Measurement in the First Leaf of Corn(Zea mays L.)and Pumpkin(Cucurbita maxima L.)

We applied electrical spectroscopic impedance measurements (ESI) to the first leaf of intact plants of corn and pumpkin. The electric capacity (C) and resistance (Rp) were determined at the characteristic frequency (FC). We observed that the electrical parameters of the ESI change in relation to the nutrition and the addition to the root medium of KCN, N,N'-dicyclohexylcar-bodiimide (DCCD), CH3COOH, H2SO4, polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) and NaCl. The amplitude of the curves of bioimpedance spectrometry decreased when plant roots were stressed comparatively to their controls. An increase of the electrical capacity with a reduction of the electrical resistance characterizes a stress. The increase of stress intensity provokes decreases of Rp and curve amplitudes and an increase of C. We conclude that electrical parameters studied can be widely used for stress characterization.

Brain region-specific roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in social stress-induced depressive-like behavior

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a key factor in stress adaptation and avoidance of a social stress behavioral response.Recent studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in stressed mice is brain region–specific,particularly involving the corticolimbic system,including the ventral tegmental area,nucleus accumbens,prefrontal cortex,amygdala,and hippocampus.Determining how brain-derived neurotrophic factor participates in stress processing in different brain regions will deepen our understanding of social stress psychopathology.In this review,we discuss the expression and regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in stress-sensitive brain regions closely related to the pathophysiology of depression.We focused on associated molecular pathways and neural circuits,with special attention to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor–tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway and the ventral tegmental area–nucleus accumbens dopamine circuit.We determined that stress-induced alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are likely related to the nature,severity,and duration of stress,especially in the above-mentioned brain regions of the corticolimbic system.Therefore,BDNF might be a biological indicator regulating stress-related processes in various brain regions.

RNA interference reveals chloride channel 7 gene helps short-term hypersalinity stress resistance in Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis

The chloride channel 7 gene(CLC 7)of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis was cloned and named ChCLC 7.The cDNA was 2572 bp in length,with a 5′non-coding region containing 25 bp,a 3′non-coding region containing 327 bp,and an open reading frame of 2298 bp.ChCLC 7 has 96.8%and 92.1%homology with CLC 7 of Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea virginica,respectively,and it was clustered with CLC 7 of C.gigas and C.virginica.QRT-PCR showed that ChCLC 7 was expressed in all eight tissues,with the highest in adductor muscle and second in gill.The ChCLC 7 expression pattern in gill was altered significantly under high salinity stress with an overall upward and then downward trend.After RNA interference,the expression of ChCLC 7 and survival rate of oyster under high salinity stress was reduced significantly,and so did the concentration of hemolymph chloride ion in 48-96 h after RNA interference.We believed that ChCLC 7 could play an important role in osmoregulation of C.hongkongensis by regulating Cl^(-)transport.This study provided data for the analysis of molecular mechanism against oyster salinity stress.

Correlation between the rock mass properties and maximum horizontal stress:A case study of overcoring stress measurements

Understanding the mechanical properties of the lithologies is crucial to accurately determine the horizontal stress magnitude.To investigate the correlation between the rock mass properties and maximum horizontal stress,the three-dimensional(3D)stress tensors at 89 measuring points determined using an improved overcoring technique in nine mines in China were adopted,a newly defined characteristic parameter C_(ERP)was proposed as an indicator for evaluating the structural properties of rock masses,and a fuzzy relation matrix was established using the information distribution method.The results indicate that both the vertical stress and horizontal stress exhibit a good linear growth relationship with depth.There is no remarkable correlation between the elastic modulus,Poisson's ratio and depth,and the distribution of data points is scattered and messy.Moreover,there is no obvious relationship between the rock quality designation(RQD)and depth.The maximum horizontal stress σ_(H) is a function of rock properties,showing a certain linear relationship with the C_(ERP)at the same depth.In addition,the overall change trend of σ_(H) determined by the established fuzzy identification method is to increase with the increase of C_(ERP).The fuzzy identification method also demonstrates a relatively detailed local relationship betweenσ_H and C_(ERP),and the predicted curve rises in a fluctuating way,which is in accord well with the measured stress data.

Dip2a regulates stress susceptibility in the basolateral amygdala

Dysregulation of neurotransmitter metabolism in the central nervous system contributes to mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and post–traumatic stress disorder. Monoamines and amino acids are important types of neurotransmitters. Our previous results have shown that disco-interacting protein 2 homolog A(Dip2a) knockout mice exhibit brain development disorders and abnormal amino acid metabolism in serum. This suggests that DIP2A is involved in the metabolism of amino acid–associated neurotransmitters. Therefore, we performed targeted neurotransmitter metabolomics analysis and found that Dip2a deficiency caused abnormal metabolism of tryptophan and thyroxine in the basolateral amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex. In addition, acute restraint stress induced a decrease in 5-hydroxytryptamine in the basolateral amygdala. Additionally, Dip2a was abundantly expressed in excitatory neurons of the basolateral amygdala, and deletion of Dip2a in these neurons resulted in hopelessness-like behavior in the tail suspension test. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that DIP2A in the basolateral amygdala may be involved in the regulation of stress susceptibility. This provides critical evidence implicating a role of DIP2A in affective disorders.

Acquired sensorineural hearing loss,oxidative stress,and microRNAs

Hearing loss is the third leading cause of human disability.Age-related hearing loss,one type of acquired sensorineural hearing loss,is largely responsible for this escalating global health burden.Noise-induced,ototoxic,and idiopathic sudden sensorineural are other less common types of acquired hearing loss.The etiology of these conditions is complex and multi-fa ctorial involving an interplay of genetic and environmental factors.Oxidative stress has recently been proposed as a likely linking cause in most types of acquired sensorineural hearing loss.Short non-coding RNA sequences known as microRNAs(miRNAs)have increasingly been shown to play a role in cellular hypoxia and oxidative stress responses including promoting an apoptotic response.Sensory hair cell death is a central histopathological finding in sensorineural hearing loss.As these cells do not regenerate in humans,it underlies the irreversibility of human age-related hearing loss.Ovid EMBASE,Ovid MEDLINE,Web of Science Core Collection,and ClinicalTrials.gov databases over the period August 1,2018 to July 31,2023 were searched with"hearing loss,""hypoxamiRs,""hypoxia,""microRNAs,""ischemia,"and"oxidative stress"text words for English language primary study publications or registered clinical trials.Registe red clinical trials known to the senior author we re also assessed.A total of 222studies were thus identified.After excluding duplicates,editorials,retra ctions,secondary research studies,and non-English language articles,39 primary studies and clinical trials underwent full-text screening.This resulted in 11 animal,in vitro,and/or human subject journal articles and 8 registered clinical trial database entries which form the basis of this narrative review.MiRNAs miR-34a and miR-29b levels increase with age in mice.These miRNAs were demonstrated in human neuroblastoma and murine cochlear cell lines to target Sirtuin 1/peroxisome proliferato r-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1-alpha(SIRT1/P GC-1α),SIRT1p53,and SIRT1/hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha signaling pathways resulting in increased apoptosis.Furthermore,hypoxia and oxidative stress had a similar adve rse apoptotic effect,which was inhibited by resve ratrol and a myocardial inhibitorassociated transcript,a miR-29b competing endogenous mRNA.Gentamicin reduced miR-182-5p levels and increased cochlear oxidative stress and cell death in mice-an effect that was corrected by inner ear stem cell-derived exosomes.There is ongoing work seeking to determine if these findings can be effectively translated to humans.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury:PERK as a potential target for intervention

Several studies have shown that activation of unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress plays a crucial role in severe cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Autophagy occurs within hours after cerebral ischemia,but the relationship between ER stress and autophagy remains unclear.In this study,we established experimental models using oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in PC12 cells and primary neurons to simulate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.We found that prolongation of oxygen-glucose deprivation activated the ER stress pathway protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase(PERK)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha(e IF2α)-activating transcription factor 4(ATF4)-C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP),increased neuronal apoptosis,and induced autophagy.Furthermore,inhibition of ER stress using inhibitors or by si RNA knockdown of the PERK gene significantly attenuated excessive autophagy and neuronal apoptosis,indicating an interaction between autophagy and ER stress and suggesting PERK as an essential target for regulating autophagy.Blocking autophagy with chloroquine exacerbated ER stress-induced apoptosis,indicating that normal levels of autophagy play a protective role in neuronal injury following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Findings from this study indicate that cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury can trigger neuronal ER stress and promote autophagy,and suggest that PERK is a possible target for inhibiting excessive autophagy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder caused by exposure to severe traumatic life events.Currently,there are no validated biomarkers or laboratory tests that can distinguish between trauma survivors with and without post-traumatic stress disorder.In addition,the heterogeneity of clinical presentations of post-traumatic stress disorder and the overlap of symptoms with other conditions can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.Evidence suggests that this condition is a multisystem disorder that affects many biological systems,raising the possibility that peripheral markers of disease may be used to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder.We performed a PubMed search for microRNAs(miRNAs)in post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)that could serve as diagnostic biomarkers and found 18 original research articles on studies performed with human patients and published January 2012 to December 2023.These included four studies with whole blood,seven with peripheral blood mononuclear cells,four with plasma extracellular vesicles/exosomes,and one with serum exosomes.One of these studies had also used whole plasma.Two studies were excluded as they did not involve microRNA biomarkers.Most of the studies had collected samples from adult male Veterans who had returned from deployment and been exposed to combat,and only two were from recently traumatized adult subjects.In measuring miRNA expression levels,many of the studies had used microarray miRNA analysis,miRNA Seq analysis,or NanoString panels.Only six studies had used real time polymerase chain reaction assay to determine/validate miRNA expression in PTSD subjects compared to controls.The miRNAs that were found/validated in these studies may be considered as potential candidate biomarkers for PTSD and include miR-3130-5p in whole blood;miR-193a-5p,-7113-5p,-125a,-181c,and-671-5p in peripheral blood mononuclear cells;miR-10b-5p,-203a-3p,-4488,-502-3p,-874-3p,-5100,and-7641 in plasma extracellular vesicles/exosomes;and miR-18a-3p and-7-1-5p in blood plasma.Several important limitations identified in the studies need to be taken into account in future studies.Further studies are warranted with war veterans and recently traumatized children,adolescents,and adults having PTSD and use of animal models subjected to various stressors and the effects of suppressing or overexpressing specific microRNAs.

Hydrogen sulfide reduces oxidative stress in Huntington's disease via Nrf2

The pathophysiology of Huntington's disease involves high levels of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid accumulation results in oxidative stress, which leads to neurotoxicity. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which quinolinic acid contributes to Huntington's disease pathology remain unknown. In this study, we established in vitro and in vivo models of Huntington's disease by administering quinolinic acid to the PC12 neuronal cell line and the striatum of mice, respectively. We observed a decrease in the levels of hydrogen sulfide in both PC12 cells and mouse serum, which was accompanied by down-regulation of cystathionine β-synthase, an enzyme responsible for hydrogen sulfide production. However, treatment with NaHS(a hydrogen sulfide donor) increased hydrogen sulfide levels in the neurons and in mouse serum, as well as cystathionine β-synthase expression in the neurons and the mouse striatum, while also improving oxidative imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells and the mouse striatum. These beneficial effects correlated with upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression. Finally, treatment with the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2inhibitor ML385 reversed the beneficial impact of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on quinolinic acid-induced oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings show that hydrogen sulfide reduces oxidative stress in Huntington's disease by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,suggesting that hydrogen sulfide is a novel neuroprotective drug candidate for treating patients with Huntington's disease.

Effects of Short-term High Temperature Stress on the Photosynthesis of Potato in Different Growth Stages

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of short-term high temperature stress on the photosynthesis of potato in different growth stages. [Method] Choosing powder potato named Longshu No.3 widely cultivated in Ningxia as test material,the changes of stomata conductance （Gs）,transpiration rate （Tr） and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber,net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and photosynthetic water use efficiency （WUE） in different growth stages under short-term high temperature were analyzed. [Result] During seedling stage,the hysteretic nature of net photosynthetic rate and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber of potato could be found under high temperature stress,while the change trends of stomata conductance and transpiration rate under high temperature stress were consistent to that at normal temperature,but stomata conductance and transpiration rate were higher than those at normal temperature,and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber affected net photosynthetic rate most obviously. During branching stage,the change trends of net photosynthetic rate,CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber,stomata conductance and transpiration rate under high temperature stress and normal temperature were similar,but they changed abruptly and reached peak value at noon under high temperature stress,while there existed consistent variation of water use efficiency under high temperature stress and at normal temperature,and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber also affected net photosynthetic rate most greatly,next came transpiration rate. [Conclusion] High temperature stress affected the photosynthesis of potato in different growth stages,and it was more obvious during branching stage than seedling stage,while CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber had the most important influence on net photosynthetic rate.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Grape Yinhong Seedlings to Short-term Weaklight Stress

The plant growth and physiological and biochemical responses of root and leaves of grape Yinhong seedlings to the weak lights of 20 000,16 000,12 000,8 000 lx and the normal illumination of 25 000 lx（CK） respectively,were investigated.There was no significant dfference in growth indexes of root and leaves of grapevine seedlings between the light of 20 000 lx and CK,and the light of 16 000 lx and CK for 30 d.The chlorophyll contents,soluble protein contents,net photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,stomatal conductance,water use efficiency and protective enzyme（CAT,POD,SOD） activities in the leaves under the lights of 20 000 lx and 16 000 lx for 30 d were all higher than those under the lights of 20 000 lx and 16 000 lx for 1 d.Under the light of 8 000 lx for 30 d,the growth indexes of root and leaves of grapevine seedlings were significantly lower than those of CK,and except for MDA content,most physiological and biochemical indexes of the leaves were significantly lower than those under the light of 8 000 lx for 1 d.Under12 000 lx,the values of most growth indexes in root and leaves and physiological and biochemical indexes in leaves were between the 16 000 lx and 8 000 lx.In conclusion,Yinhong could grow under the lights above 16 000 lx,and would be stunted by the weak light below 8 000 lx.

Effects of short-term heat stress on PSII and subsequent recovery for senescent leaves of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Red Globe

Heat stress occurs frequently in energy-saving sunlight greenhouses(ESSG) at the late growth stage. Three-year delayed cultivation(DC) of the Red Globe cultivar of Vitis vinifera L. was used to clarify the physiological mechanisms of short-term heat stress on PSII and subsequent recovery from heat stress. By November, the photosynthetic function had declined and the fall in transpiration rate(E) with heating time increased the possibility of heat damage. In July, the most obvious increase was in the relative variable fluorescence at J point at 40°C, and in November it changed to K point. The 5 min of heat treatment resulted in a significant increase of the relative variable fluorescence at 0.3 ms(W), and after 10 min of heat treatment, the number of reactive centres per excited cross section(RC/CS), probability that a trapped exciton moves an electron into the electron transport chain beyond Q–(at t=0)(Ψ) and quantum yield of electron transport at t=0(φ) decreased significantly(P<0.05), suggesting that the reaction centre, donor and acceptor side of photosystem II(PSII) were all significantly inhibited(P<0.05) and that the thermal stability of the photosynthetic mechanism was reduced. The inhibition of energy fluxes for senescent leaves in November was earlier and more pronounced than that for healthy leaves, which did not recover from heat stress of more than 15 min after 2 h recovery at room temperature.

Effects of short-term osmotic stress on leaf hydraulic conductivity and ZmPIPs mRNA accumulation in maize seedlings

Plants maintain water balance by varying hydraulic properties, and plasma membrane intrinsic proteins（PIPs） may be involved in this process. Leaf xylem and root hydraulic conductivity and the m RNA contents of four highly expressed Zm PIP genes（Zm PIP1;1, Zm PIP1;2, Zm PIP2;2, and Zm PIP2;5） in maize（Zea mays） seedlings were investigated. Under well-watered conditions, leaf hydraulic conductivity（K_（leaf）） varied diurnally and was correlated with whole-plant hydraulic conductivity. Similar diurnal rhythms of leaf transpiration rate（E）, K_（leaf） and root hydraulic conductivity（K_（root）） in well-watered plants are important for maintaining whole-plant water balance. After 2 h of osmotic stress treatment induced by 10% polyethylene glycol 6000, the K_（root） of stressed plants decreased but K_（leaf） increased, compared with well-watered plants. The m RNA contents of four Zm PIPs were significantly up-regulated in the leaves of stressed plants, especially for Zm PIP1;2. Meanwhile, Zm PIP2;5 was significantly down-regulated in the roots of stressed plants. After 4 h of osmotic stress treatment, the E and leaf xylem water potentials of stressed plants unexpectedly increased. The increase in K_（leaf） and a partial recovery of K_（root） may have contributed to this process. The m RNA content of Zm PIP1;2 but not of the other three genes was up-regulated in roots at this time. In summary, the m RNA contents of these four Zm PIPs associated with K_（leaf） and K_（root） change in maize seedlings during short-term osmotic stress, especially for Zm PIP1;2 and Zm PIP2;5, which may help to further reveal the hydraulic resistance adjustment role of Zm PIPs.

Transcriptome profiling using RNA-seq to provide insights into foxtail millet seedling tolerance to short-term water deficit stress induced by PEG-6000

Foxtail millet(Setaria italica L.)with high drought resistance,is grown widely in arid and semi-arid regions of the world,and it is a new model plant for genetic and molecular studies.To uncover the molecular mechanisms of stress-tolerance in different genotypes of foxtail millet,physiological analyses combined with transcriptional profiling were conducted using a time-course analysis on two foxtail millet genotypes Damaomao(DM)and Hongnian(HN).The genotype DM performed better than HN under water deficiency,with more moderate relative water content(RWC)and chlorophyll decline.Further physiological and RNA-seq investigations revealed that the two genotypes possessed high conservatism in some vital biological pathways which respond to drought stress,involving hormone synthesis,proline,and soluble sugar synthesis,and reactive oxygen species(ROS)metabolism.However,some genes related to these pathways showed different expression profiles.Likewise,the lower malondialdehyde(MDA)content in HN than DM may be explained by the observation that HN contained more activated genes in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle using KEGG pathway analysis.Overall,abscisic acid(ABA)response genes,ROS scavengers which were probably involved in signaling responses,a set of enzymes involved in proline and soluble sugar synthesis,channel protein genes,and transcription factors,encompassed the early strategy of foxtail millet response to drought.These findings provide a comprehensive molecular view of how different foxtail millet genotypes respond to short-term osmotic stress.

Quantifying the effects of short-term heat stress at booting stage on nonstructural carbohydrates remobilization in rice

Extreme heat stress events are becoming more frequent under anticipated climate change,which can have devastating impacts on rice growth and yield.To quantify the effects of short-term heat stress at booting stage on nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC)remobilization in rice,two varieties(Nanjing 41 and Wuyunjing 24)were subjected to 32/22/27°C(maximum/minimum/mean),36/26/31°C,40/30/35°C,and 44/34/39°C for 2,4 and 6 days in phytotrons at booting stage during 2014 and 2015.Yield and yield components,dry matter partitioning index(DMPI),NSC accumulation and translocation were measured and calculated.The results showed that the increase of high-temperature level and duration significantly reduced grain yield by suppressing spikelet number per panicle,seed-setting rate,and grain weight.Heat stress at booting decreased DMPI in panicles,increased DMPI in stems,but had no significant effect on photosynthetic rate.Stem NSC concentration increased whereas panicles NSC concentration,stem NSC translocation efficiency,and contribution of stem NSC to grain yield decreased.Severe heat stress even transformed the stem into a carbohydrate sink during grain filling.The heat-tolerant Wuyunjing 24 showed a higher NSC transport capacity under heat stress than the heat-sensitive Nanjing 41.Heat degree-days(HDD),which combines the effects of the intensity and duration of heat stress,used for quantifying the impacts of heat stress indicates the threshold HDD for the termination of NSC translocation is 9.82°C day.Grain yield was negatively correlated with stem NSC concentration and accumulation at maturity,and yield reduction was tightly related to NSC translocation reduction.The results suggest that heat stress at booting inhibits NSC translocation due to sink size reduction.Therefore,genotypes with higher NSC transport capacity under heat stress could be beneficial for rice yield formation.

Effects of Short-Term Chilling Stress on the Photosystems and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Sweet Pepper

By measuring chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, composition of fatty acids, active oxygen species and activities ofsome antioxidant enzymes, effects of chilling stress (4C) in the low light (100 mmol m-2 s-1) on chilling-sensitive plants werestudied. After 6 h chilling stress (4C) in the low light, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) of sweetpepper leaves decreased by 35.6%, and the oxidizable P700 decreased by 60%. However, chilling stress in the dark had noeffect on both of them. Unsaturation of fatty acids in thylakoid membrane was accelerated, which might be helpful tostabilize photosynthetic apparatus. Distortion and swelling of grana caused by chilling in the dark probably decreasedactivities of antioxidant enzymes, which resulted in the accumulation of active oxygen species. On the contrary,photooxidation might be related to the disintegration and unstacking of grana. Chilling stress induced photoinhibition ofPSII and PSI, and active oxygen species might be one of the factors causing the decrease of the oxidizable P700. PSIseemed to be more sensitive to chilling stress in the low light than PSII.

Short-term transcriptomic responses of Populus euphratica roots and leaves to drought stress

Populus euphratica Oliv.,the Euphrates poplar,is the tallest tree species in the arid desert areas of Northwest China.Investigation of its drought-resistance genes is valuable to increase understanding of drought resistance mechanisms.RNA-seq of leaves and roots under drought simulation by 25%polyethylene glycol-6000(PEG 6000)were performed at 0,4,and 12 h.Leaves and roots responded differently to drought via differentially upregulated and downregulated genes;more genes were downregulated than upregulated in both leaves and roots.Additionally,these differentially expressed genes were enriched in different GO terms and KEGG pathways.For example,GO term‘response to organic substance’and KEGG pathway‘nitrogen metabolism’were enriched for drought-stressed leaves,while GO term‘cell wall organization or biogenesis’and KEGG pathway‘zeatin biosynthesis’were enriched for drought-stressed roots.The enrichment of the GO term‘enzyme linked receptor protein signalling pathway’in both leaf and root drought responses suggests that these tissues may also have similar mechanisms.However,roots under drought stress for four hs responded by activating programed cell death.The KEGG pathway‘plant hormone signal transduction’was detected for 4-and 12-h droughtstressed leaves and 12-h drought-stressed roots,suggesting that plant hormone signal transduction plays an important role in both roots and leaves.GO enrichment of upregulated and downregulated genes for leaves and roots reflect differentially regulatory mechanisms of response to drought stress via different biological processes such as the regulation of photosynthesis and auxin signalling pathway in leaves,and the regulation of defence response and water homeostasis in roots.Fifteen candidate genes,including transcription factors,protein kinase,transporter,late embryogenesis abundant protein and mannitol dehydrogenase,were further selected to determine their response to drought using qRTPCR.The results show that the expression patterns of 13 of the 15 genes correspond to the RNA-seq results.This study provides new insights into the drought response mechanism of P.euphratica and suggests new candidate gene resources.

Short-term prone positioning for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass:A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND Aortic dissection is a complex and dangerous cardiovascular disease,with many complications in the perioperative period,including severe acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS),which affects prognosis and increases mortality.Despite the effect of prone positioning(PP)in improving oxygenation in patients with severe ARDS,reports about PP early after cardiac surgery are few and such an opt-ion may be an issue in cardiac surgery patients because of the recent sternotomy.CASE SUMMARY A 40-year-old male patient diagnosed with acute type A aortic dissection on October 22,2021 underwent ascending artery replacement plus total aortic arch replacement plus stent elephant trunk implantation under cardiopulmonary bypass.Unfortunately,he developed ARDS on postoperative day 1.Despite comprehensive treatment with aggressive pulmonary protective ventilation,fluid management with continuous renal replacement therapy,the condition continued to deteriorate and rapidly progressed to severe ARDS with a minimum oxygenation index of 51.We are ready to implement salvage therapy,including PP and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO).Due to the large amount of pericardial mediastinal and thoracic drainage after thoracotomy,ECMO may result in massive postoperative bleeding.Prolonged prone ventilation is often inappropriate after thoracotomy.Therefore,we chose short-term PP for<6 h.Finally,the oxygenation index greatly improved and the diffuse exudation in both lungs of the patient was significantly reduced with short-term prone positioning.CONCLUSION Intermittent short-term PP can improve early postoperative severe ARDS after acute aortic dissection.

Ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in ischemic stroke

Ferroptosis is a form of non-apoptotic programmed cell death,and its mechanisms mainly involve the accumulation of lipid peroxides,imbalance in the amino acid antioxidant system,and disordered iron metabolism.The primary organelle responsible for coordinating external challenges and internal cell demands is the endoplasmic reticulum,and the progression of inflammatory diseases can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress.Evidence has suggested that ferroptosis may share pathways or interact with endoplasmic reticulum stress in many diseases and plays a role in cell survival.Ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress may occur after ischemic stroke.However,there are few reports on the interactions of ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress with ischemic stroke.This review summarized the recent research on the relationships between ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress and ischemic stroke,aiming to provide a reference for developing treatments for ischemic stroke.