Aboveground biomass of the alpine shrub ecosystems in Three-River Source Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Though aboveground biomass(AGB) has an important contribution to the global carbon cycle,the information about storage and climatic effects of AGB is scare in Three-River Source Region(TRSR)shrub ecosystems. This study investigated AGB storage and its climatic controls in the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems using data collected from 23 sites on the Tibetan Plateau from 2011 to 2013. We estimated the AGB storage(both shrub layer biomass and grass layer biomass) in the alpine shrubs as 37.49 Tg, with an average density of 1447.31 g m^(-2). Biomass was primarily accumulated in the shrub layer, which accounted for 92% of AGB, while the grass layer accounted for only 8%. AGB significantly increased with the mean annual temperature(P < 0.05). The effects of the mean annual precipitation on AGB were not significant. These results suggest that temperature,rather than precipitation, has significantly effects on of aboveground vegetation growth in the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems. The actual and potential increase in AGB density was different due to global warming varies among different regions of the TRSR. We conclude that long-term monitoring of dynamic changes is necessary to improve the accuracy estimations of potential AGB carbon sequestration across the TRSR alpine shrub ecosystems.

Characterizing CO_2 fluxes for growing and non-growing seasons in a shrub ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

To assess carbon budget for shrub ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, CO2flux was measured with an open-path eddy covariance system for an alpine shrub ecosystem during growing and non-growing seasons. CO2 flux dynamics was distinct between the two seasons. During the growing season from May to September, the ecosystem exhibited net CO2uptake from 08:00 to 19:00 (Beijing Standard Time), but net CO2 emission from 19:00 to 08:00.Maximum CO2 uptake appeared around 12:00 with values of 0.71, 1.19, 1.46 and 0.67 g CO2m-2 h-1 for June, July, August and September, respectively. Diurnal fluctuation of CO2 flux showed higher correlation with photosynthetic photon flux density than temperature. The maximum net CO2 influx occurred in August with a value of 247 g CO2 m-2. The total CO2 uptake by the ecosystem was up to 583 g CO2 m-2 for the growing season. During the non-growing season from January to April and from October to December, CO2 flux showed small fluctuation with the largest net CO2 efflux of 0.30 g CO2 m-2 h-1 in April. The diurnal CO2 flux was close to zero during most time of the day, but showed a small net CO2 efflux from 11:00 to 18:00. Diurnal CO2 flux, is significantly correlated to diurnal temperature in the non-growing season. The maximum monthly net CO2 efflux appeared in April, with a value of 105 g CO2 m-2. The total net CO2 efflux for the whole non-growing season was 356 g CO2 m-2.

The effects of the identity of shrub species on the distribution and diversity of ground arthropods in a sandy desert ecosystem of northwestern China

Shrub is an important factor on structuring ground arthropod communities in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and their species influence ground arthropod distribution patterns in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, the ground arthropods were sampled with pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn. At the community level, total arthropod abundance was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare areas in spring; similar patterns occurred in terms of the richness of arthropod groups in the spring and over three seasons, suggesting season-specific shrub presence effects on arthropod activity. In addition, more arthropods were found under N. sphaerocarpa shrubs than under C. rnongolicum shrubs in autumn, suggesting season-specific effects of shrub species of arthropod activity, whereas more arthropods taxa were captured under C. mongoIicum than N. sphaerocarpa. At the trophic group level, the abundances of predator and herbivore arthropods were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats, whereas herbivore arthropods were more abundant under N. sphaerocarpa than C. rnongolicum, and an opposite rule was detected for predator arthropods At the family level, the mean abundances of Carabidae, Curculionidae, Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae were significantly higher in the shrub microhabitats than in the intershrub bare habitat, there was no significant difference between habitats on the mean abundances of Formicidae and Tenebrionidae. The study results suggested that shrub presence and shrub species variation are important determinants of ground arthropod assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of ar- thropods differed among trophic and taxonomic groups.

Infiltration pattern beneath shrub canopy and interspace grass patches in typical steppe ecosystems of Inner Mongolia, China

Water is the most critical factor for controlling die vegetation pattern in arid and semiarid regions.Using a dye-tracing experiment,we analyzed the infiltration pattern beneath shrub canopy and interspace grass patches in typical steppe ecosystems.The dye coverage,uniform infiltration depth,maximum infiltration depth,total stained area and heterogeneous infiltration stained area were measured by two indices,the maximum infiltration depth index(MIDI)and heterogeneous infiltration index(HII),which were calculated by processing dye-stained photos.The MIDI and HII of soil under shrubs were 1.41±0.14 and 0.29±0.068,respectively,and larger than those of grass soil,1.26±0.14 and0.20±0.076.Using the MIDI,HII,field soil moisture and rainfall data,the infiltration depth and heterogeneous infiltration amount for 26 nature rainfall events were calculated.The results imply that water can infiltrate to a deeper layer beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches and that more water infiltration occurs beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches.These results are of prime importance for arid and semiarid ecosystems with a limited water supply due to high evaporation and low precipitation.

Drought Resistance of Twelve Desert Shrubs at Seedling Stage of Ulan Buh Desert Ecosystem

[Objective] To establish drought resistance evaluation index system of desert shrubs,and provide scientific support for selecting quality tree species.[Method] Taking 2-year-old seedlings of 12 desert shrubs in Ulan Buh Desert ecosystem as the test materials,7 water physiological indexes were tested,principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to explore drought resistance of the shrubs.[Results](a) Water potential of Ephedra distachya Linn.,Nitraia tangutorum Bobr.,Caragana korshinski Kom.was lower than that of the other 9 species;bound water content(V_a) and bound water/free water ratio(V_a/V_s) of Zygophyl um xanthoxylon Maxim.was 64.20% and 3.3,higher than the others';transpiration rate of Atraphaxis bracteata A.Los.,Nitraia tangutorum Bobr.and Tamarix elongata Ldb.was significantly lower than the others';constant weight time of Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge and Ephedra distachya Linn.was the longest(144 h);residual moisture content of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Maxim.was the highest(44.80%).(b) Water potential,bound water/free water(V_a/V_s),residual moisture content,bound water,constant weight time,and transpiration rate had great impact on drought resistance of plant,and the accumulative variance contribution rate achieved 87.59%.[Conclusion] According to the drought resistance,the 12 species were classified into 3 categories,namely shrubs with strong drought resistance(Ephedra distachya Linn.),shrubs with moderate drought resistance(Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge,Nitraia tangutorum Bobr.,and Zygophyllum xanthoxylon Maxim.);shrubs with poor drought resistance(Hedysarunn scoparium Fisch,Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz.,Tamarix elongata Ldb.,Caragana korshinskii Kom.,Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Maxim.,Atraphaxis bracteata A.Los.,Cal igonum mongolicum Mattei.,and Caragana microphylla Lam.).

Precipitation Pulses and Soil CO_2 Emission in Desert Shrubland of Artemisia ordosica on the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia,China

Precipitation is the major driver of ecosystem functions and processes in semiarid and arid regions. In such waterlimited ecosystems, pulsed water inputs directly control the belowground processes through a series of soil drying and rewetting cycles. To investigate the effects of sporadic addition of water on soil CO2 effux, an artificial precipitation event （3 mm） was applied to a desert shrub ecosystem in the Mu Us Sand Land of the Ordos Plateau in China. Soil respiration rate increased 2.8 4.1 times immediately after adding water in the field, and then it returned to background level within 48 h. During the experiment, soil CO2 production was between 2 047.0 and 7 383.0 mg m^-2. In the shrubland, soil respiration responses showed spatial variations, having stronger pulse effects beneath the shrubs than in the interplant spaces. The spatial variation of the soil respiration responses was closely related with the heterogeneity of soil substrate availability. Apart from precipitation, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen pool were also identified as determinants of soil CO2 loss in desert ecosystems.

人工灌丛总初级生产力和蒸散对气候变化的响应模拟——以宁夏盐池县荒漠草原区为例

荒漠草原区人工灌丛生态系统的总初级生产力(GPP)和蒸散(ET)如何响应全球气候变化,不仅是全球变化生态学研究的核心问题,也关乎干旱半干旱风沙区生态建设的可持续性。利用参数优化后的生物群区生物地球化学循环(Biome⁃BGC)模型和气象环境驱动数据,考虑不同气候变化情景和未来趋势,模拟了盐池荒漠草原区人工灌丛生态系统GPP和ET对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1)增温会显著抑制生态系统的GPP,大幅度的增温(3℃)会导致GPP急剧下降,但增温对ET的抑制作用非常微弱;(2)降水是限制ET变化的重要因素,相对于增温诱发干旱胁迫所引起的ET小幅下降,降水多寡则更直接地控制着生态系统的ET大小;(3)中国西北地区未来气候的“暖湿化”趋势和大气CO_(2)浓度升高会对荒漠草原区人工灌丛生态系统产生综合驱动效应,增强陆地和大气间的碳水交换通量。研究成果可为干旱半干旱区应对全球变化及指导地方政府制定生态保护修复政策提供科学依据。

准噶尔荒漠两种灌木冠下土壤无机氮含量变化特征

土壤无机氮作为植物可直接吸收和利用的氮源,其含量变化反映了土壤供氮能力。大量研究表明荒漠生态系统中土壤无机氮含量受到灌木种类和空间位置的影响。然而,有关采样方向对土壤无机氮含量的影响,目前仍所知甚少。基于此,本研究以准噶尔荒漠西北缘两种广泛分布的优势灌木为对象-梭梭和里海盐爪爪,通过测定和计算两物种个体大小(大、中、小和较小个体)在4个空间位置(主根周围、冠幅中央、冠幅边缘和株间空地)和4个采样方向(东、南、西和北)上0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层中土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量和铵硝比,分析了灌木个体大小、空间位置和采样方向主效应及其交互效应对各土层无机氮含量的影响。研究结果发现:1)梭梭和里海盐爪爪冠下土壤无机氮含量均受到个体大小主效应的影响。两物种大个体冠下硝态氮含量均显著高于较小个体,梭梭大个体冠下铵态氮含量和铵硝比最低,而里海盐爪爪大个体冠下则拥有最高的铵态氮含量和铵硝比,表明土壤无机氮含量变化存在灌木个体大小依赖性。2)两物种冠下0~10 cm土层中硝态氮和铵态氮含量都显著高于10~20 cm,意味着灌木对表层土壤无机氮的影响幅度更大。3)梭梭冠下土壤无机氮含量还受到个体大小与采样方向交互作用的影响,且在冠幅东侧和南侧存在无机氮富集特征。4)空间位置和采样方向对里海盐爪爪冠下土壤无机氮存在显著交互作用,在里海盐爪爪冠下东侧和南侧,主根周围无机氮含量普遍高于其他3个空间位置。这些结果表明荒漠生态系统中土壤无机氮的变化特征因物种而异,同时受到个体大小、空间位置和采样方向等多种因素的影响。

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮对灌草生态系统水分耗散的影响

[目的]为研究生物结皮对灌草生态系统水分耗散的影响。[方法]采用原状土柱试验,以裸土为对照,设置灌草(单株灌木-20%盖度草本)、灌草-30%生物结皮和灌草-50%生物结皮3个处理,研究生物结皮对灌草生态系统水分耗散的影响。[结果]模拟30 mm降水12 h后,灌草-生物结皮处理0-20 cm土层水分含量较裸土处理平均提高15.4%,较灌草处理平均提高12.8%。与裸土相比,灌草及灌草与2个盖度生物结皮处理显著增加土壤水分耗散,其中灌草处理较裸土增加120.3%,灌草-生物结皮较裸土平均增加116.5%。生物结皮降低灌草生态系统的水分耗散。与灌草处理相比,灌草-生物结皮水分耗散平均降低1.7%,降低程度与生物结皮盖度、时段及土层深度有关。其中,灌草-50%生物结皮的水分耗散量较灌草-30%生物结皮处理降低13.4%。生物结皮对灌草生态系统水分耗散的降低作用在雨后1~4天表现明显。生物结皮对灌草生态系统水分耗散的降低主要取决于20-45 cm土层耗散的降低。与灌草处理相比,灌草-生物结皮的0-20 cm土层水分蒸散损耗平均提高14.4%,而20 cm以下土层水分耗散平均降低15.5%。[结论]30 mm降雨量条件下生物结皮降低灌草生态系统的水分耗散,有利于缓解风蚀水蚀交错区灌草植被的水分亏缺。研究结果揭示生物结皮对灌草生态系统水分耗散影响,可为旱区生态恢复提供理论依据。

青藏高原高寒灌丛非生长季节CO_2通量特征

利用2003年和2004年涡度相关系统通量观测资料，对青藏高原高寒灌丛非生长季节CO2通量特征及其主要影响因子进行了分析。（1）从净生态系统CO2交换（NEE）日变化特征看，除13：00～19：00时有较小的CO2净释放以外，其余时段NEE均很小；（2）高寒灌丛非生长季月份间NEE差异明显，4月和10月是CO2净释放量较大，1月和12月CO2净释放量较小；（3）相对温带草原（高杆草大草原）草地类型，低温抑制下的青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统非生长季节日平均CO2释放率较低；（4）高寒灌丛非生长季NEE日变化模式与5cm土壤温度变化呈显著正相关，土壤温度是影响非生长季节青藏高原高寒灌丛NEE变化的主导气候因子，同时NEE变化还受降水的影响。

贵阳市区灌木林生态系统生物量及碳储量

采用直接收获法和实测数据,以贵州省贵阳市区天然灌木林内木本和草本植物、凋落物及土壤为研究对象,研究了灌木林生态系统的生物量、碳含量及碳储量。结果表明:灌木林植被层生物量为23.16 t/hm2,其中木本植物层生物量为12.46 t/hm2;草本植物层为3.74 t/hm2;凋落物层为6.96 t/hm2,分别占植被层生物量的53.08%、16.15%、30.05%。木本植物25种的碳含量范围为445.91—603.46 g/kg;草本植物6种的碳含量为408.48—523.04 g/kg;凋落物层碳含量为341.01—392.81 g/kg;土壤层碳含量为5.73—26.68 g/kg。生态系统总碳储量为88.34 t/hm2,其中植被层为8.10 t/hm2;凋落物层为2.56 t/hm2;土壤层为77.68 t/hm2,分别占系统总碳储量的9.17%、2.89%、87.94%。灌木林生态系统碳储量的空间分布格局为:土壤层>植被层>凋落物层。研究结果,可为喀斯特城市估算森林生态系统碳储量和碳平衡提供科学依据。

青藏高原高寒灌丛草甸生态系统碳平衡研究

利用静态密闭箱—气相色谱法观测的高寒金露梅Dasiphora fruticosa灌丛、丛间草甸土壤微生物呼吸CO2通量结果,结合研究区群落生物量及样方调查,对高寒灌丛草甸生态系统的碳平衡状况作了初步估测。结果表明:植物生长季高寒灌丛草甸生态系统初级生产力年净固定碳量461.83g/(m2·a),土壤通过微生物呼吸年碳净排放量376.78g/(m2·a)。碳素输入大于输出,系统存在较强的CO2吸收潜力,是大气CO2的汇,其年净交换吸收碳量85.05g/(m2·a)。

干旱半干旱区草原灌丛化研究进展

干旱半干旱区草原生态系统中原生灌木/木本植物的植株密度、盖度和生物量增加的现象称为草原灌丛化,是全球干旱半干旱区草原面临的重要生态问题,灌丛化研究正成为陆地生态系统全球变化研究的重要领域。引起灌丛化的因素包括过度放牧、草原火、气候变化、大气CO2浓度升高及生物和非生物环境因子的变化等,灌丛化是多种因素共同作用的结果。灌丛化过程表现为地表景观由草本植物占优势转向灌木植物占优势的植被转变过程,此过程改变了原有植物群落的物种组成和结构,增强了地表景观异质性,打破了原生态系统的光照、热量、水分、养分等的分配格局,灌丛斑块成为了灌丛化草地中水分、养分等相对富集的"肥岛"。目前灌丛化研究主要集中在具有强烈地域性和限制性的定点研究和因子控制实验等方面,未来应更多关注气候变化与灌丛化的相互联系和影响、草地生态系统对灌丛化过程的反馈以及与灌丛化的监测、缓解措施等方面的研究,模型模拟将是今后研究灌丛化发生、发展及灌丛化生态系统演替的重要方法和途径。

灌丛化草原:一种新的植被景观

灌丛化草原指灌木植物在草原基质上形成的团块状散布的斑块植被景观,它是在干旱半干旱地区出现的一种新的植被类型。作为灌草连续体,灌丛化草原中的灌木斑块与间隙处的草本斑块共同决定着该植被类型的群落学和生态学特征。笔者评述了灌丛化草原的分布、可能的形成原因、植被结构、物种组成及碳收支等结构特征及生态功能。

干旱半干旱地区草原灌丛荒漠化及其生物地球化学循环

干旱和半干旱地区草地生态系统木本植物入侵及其导致的草原灌丛化已经成为全球范围普遍发生的现象,是草地沙化和荒漠化的一个重要标志。干旱生态系统中,此种类型的植被变化将对区域和全球生物地球化学循环产生显著影响。过度放牧、区域气候干旱化和自然火过程是导致灌丛入侵和发展的主要控制因子。草原灌丛化过程中,草地生态系统分布较为均匀的土壤养分及相关元素在水平和垂直方向发生分异,关键生命元素C、N、P、S生物地球化学循环的变化将对全球气候变化产生显著作用。全球气候变化与草原灌丛荒漠化之间存在潜在的反馈机制,人类扰动的影响将使这种反馈作用变得更加迅速和灵敏。

暖温带森林生态系统林下灌木生物量相对生长模型

灌木层作为暖温带森林生态系统的重要组成部分,其生物量估算的精确性及便捷性,成为森林生态系统能量流动、物质循环研究的重要环节。目前可用于暖温带森林生态系统灌木层生物量估算的相对生长模型较少。以河北雾灵山国家级自然保护区暖温带森林生态系统为研究对象,建立了该区域15种常见灌木的相对生长模型。研究发现:15种灌木全株和单一器官的最优相对生长方程均以D2H为自变量,分别以幂函数W=a(D2H)b或二项式函数W=a+b D2H+c(D2H)2为最优化回归方程。统计分析结果显示:判断系数R2值介于0.7331—0.9992之间,显著性检验各参数P<0.01,满足回归模型的适用性要求。对研究区域常见灌木全株生物量(WTU)的普适性研究发现:以D2H为自变量的二项式函数回归模型WTU=0.0362+297.03D2H-127.1(D2H)2,R2=0.9434,P<0.01,普遍适用于除去六道木(Zabelia biflora)和照山白(Rhododendron micranthum)之外的13种灌木植物的生物量估算。此模型对以上2种植物不适用的原因有待进一步研究。

树种组成对北亚热带11年生常绿阔叶人工林碳储量的影响

以中国北亚热带退化灌木林改造而来的木荷-青冈栎混交林和杜英纯林为对象,研究树种组成对常绿阔叶人工林生态系统碳储量的影响。结果表明：（1）退化灌木林改造成两种人工林生长11年后,生态系统植被、土壤碳储量均显著增加;植被碳储量的增加主要来自乔木层。（2）两种人工林碳积累能力有差异。杜英林植被碳储量比木荷-青冈栎林高99.4%,其中杜英林的乔木层碳储量比木荷-青冈栎林高27.75t·hm^-2,是后者的2倍;杜英林土壤有机碳储量（0-50cm）显著高于木荷-青冈栎林10.17t·hm^-2,其中在0-10、20-30cm土层杜英林均显著高于木荷-青冈栎林。研究表明,退化灌木林人工改造成常绿阔叶林后生态系统碳储量显著增加,杜英纯林碳蓄积能力明显高于木荷-青冈栎混交林,说明在以增加碳储量为目的的退化生态系统改造过程中,树种选择非常重要。

青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统CO_2通量年变化特征研究

高寒灌丛生态系统是广布于青藏高原的高寒草甸植被类型,它是青藏高原大气与地面之间生物地球化学循环的重要构成部分,在区域生态系统碳平衡中起着极为重要的作用。采用涡度相关法对青藏高原高寒灌丛CO2通量进行连续观测(2003年1月1日至2005年12月31日),结果表明:2003,2004和2005年高寒灌丛年净生态系统CO2交换量分别为223,277和61g CO2.m-2.a-1,3年平均CO2值为187g CO2.m-2.a-1;与其他地区草地生态系统类型相比,在为期3年的研究时段海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现为大气CO2的汇。

颐和园园林绿地复合系统耗水规律初步研究

针对目前研究中多关注某一单一植被类型的绿地水分利用和管理,较少实地研究植被组成更复杂的园林绿地复合生态系统的耗水规律的情况,该文通过对颐和园降雨、灌溉、土壤含水量和土壤基质势等指标的实地、原位、多点监测,利用分布式水量平衡基本原理,初步研究了乔草、灌草和纯草3种园林绿地系统的水分消耗规律。结果表明:乔草组合和纯草均表现为低耗水、高渗漏,灌草组合表现为高耗水、低渗漏;灌草组合和纯草比乔草组合具有较高的土体补水量。建议雨季应停止灌溉,防止水分渗漏,以临时性补灌为主,同时加强排水措施,尤其对于具有高渗漏特点的乔草和纯草系统;由于灌草具有高耗水性,应在设计节水型园林时减少使用。

荒漠地区主要固沙灌木的降水截留特征

在草原化荒漠带沙坡头地区,利用草方格沙障并栽植灌木柠条和半灌木油蒿对流动沙丘进行固定,经过40a的演变,逐渐形成由矮灌木与草本植物覆盖的固定沙丘景观.降水是该地区唯一的补给水源,对维持荒漠生态系统的稳定持续发展具有极其重要的作用.试验对两种主要固沙(半)灌木单株植物冠层在自然降水条件下的截留损失水量、冠层截留容量以及截留率与降水属性参数的关系进行了分析,并利用固沙植物群落内植被盖度等指标将所测得单株植物冠层截留转换为一定群落水平上冠层对降水的分割效应.结果表明,不同灌木类型的群落之间对降水截留的影响存在显著差别,对盖度达34%的油蒿群落而言,当单株植物投影面积平均为3900cm2时,其冠层截留容量约为0 7mm,群落截留损失水量平均占年降水量的26 8%;而盖度达30%的柠条群落,当单株植物投影面积平均为4070cm2时,其冠层截留容量约为0 3mm,群落截留损失水量平均占年降水量的17%.当降水强度<0 5mm·h-1时,两种植物冠层截留水分与总降水量的比率随着降水强度的增加均呈明显的下降趋势;当降水强度>1mm·h-1时,油蒿冠层截留与总降水量的比率基本稳定在0 3～0 4,柠条冠层截留与总降水量的比率基本稳定在0 2～0 3之间,比油蒿群落冠层截留率低10%左右.