Study on the Current Situation and Protection Countermeasures of Wild Plant Resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve

[Objective] The aim was to study the current situation and protection countermeasures of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. [Method] The current situation of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve was researched by means of route survey, sample plot survey and literature survey, and then the main impact factors of wild plant resources were analyzed by using participatory rural appraisal and problem tree analysis, finally protection countermeasures were put forward according to current situation and main impact factors. [Result] There were 2 779 species of vascular plants belonging to 214 families and 1 012 genera (including subfamilies and varieties) in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, among them, there existed 261 species of pteridophyte belonging to 41 families and 91 genera, 14 species of gymnosperm belonging to 6 families and 6 genera, and 2 504 species of angiosperm belonging to 167 families and 915 genera. Wild plant resources in reserve were mainly affected by planting under forest, habitat fragmentation, cutting trees, collection and utilization of no-timber products, development of animal husbandry, insufficient recognition of community residents to reserve management establishment and lots of floating population. In the future, wild plant resources in reserve could be protected through strengthening propaganda, education and management, enforcing the law strictly and other countermeasures. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the protection of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve.

Protection and Quality Control of Wild Chinese Herbal Medicine Resources in Nature Reserves by Taking Longyuwan Scenic Spot Within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve as an Example

This paper discussed how to protect and control the quality of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources in nature reserves by taking Longyuwan National Forest Park within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve as an example. Through the combination of three methods including literature review, visiting and investigational studies, and field surveys, the data of investigation, collection and collation were analyzed. According to data of surveys, collection and collation, problems related to the protection of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources faced by Longyuwan Scenic Spot within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve were also analyzed and protection strategies and quality control of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources in this nature reserve were discussed. It was expected that the results would provide important scientific references for the sustainable development, protection and quality control of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources within nature reserves.

Ecological Environment Status and Protection Measures of Wetland Nature Reserve

In order to better promote the restoration and sustainable development of the natural ecological environment,it is necessary to study the wetland system as an important part of the ecosystem,put forward some common problems faced by wetland nature reserves,and propose relevant solutions based on the problems.This paper describes the relevant theoretical basis for the ecological environment protection of the wetland nature reserves,the problems faced,and the relevant solutions as reference for relevant personnel.

Liaoning Magnesia Industry Under Strict Environmental Protection Policy

Liaoning Province,uniquely endowed with magnesite resources,is the most concentrated area of magnesite reserves in China.The magnesite resources in Liaoning Province mainly distribute in Haicheng,Dashiqiao,Xiuyan,Fengcheng,Kuandian,Fushun areas with reserves of 2.5 billion tons,accounting for 85.8%of China,s reserves and 20%of the global reserves.Affected by the safe production and environmental protection management of mining enterprises and processing enterprises,in 2017,7.056 million tons of magnesite was mined in Liaoning Province,down by 58.1%year-on-year(YOY),as shown in Fig.1;11.511 million tons of magnesia refractory products were produced,down by 16.7%YOY.Due to the shutdown tide,there were no official statistics for year 2018.

The geological heritages in Xinjiang, China： Its features and protection

The geological heritage protection and its development at home and abroad reflect the progress in the aspect from the single protection to the coordination between protection and exploitation. The geopark established by UNESCO has closely combined the protection of geological heritages with the promotion of sustainable development of local economy, which has become the best way to protect geological heritages. The geological heritages in Xinjiang, China, are characterized by their large quantity, rich variety and high grade. The complicated geologic-geomorphic environment in Xinjiang contributes to the creation of various geological heritage types and their spatial distribution, and at the same time makes them under control. The main types of the geological heritages in Xinjiang are the geologic-geomorphic landscapes and the water landscapes. The spatial distribution can be divided into five geological heritage districts： Altay, Junggar, Tianshan, Tarim and Kunlun-Altun, among which Tianshan and Kunlun-Altun are most important. Based on the first systematic investigation of the geological heritages in Xinjiang, it is confirmed that the insufficient coordination between protection and exploitation is the primary cause for the backward situation in the geological heritage protection. To solve the problem, this paper proposes 6 major protection steps--from determining the protection types, the protection forms, the protection modes, the protection grades, the protection sequences to determining the＇ protection zones, brings forward the idea of optimal-selection which integrates geoparks with geological heritage protection areas and other protection areas as protection and exploitation reserve list for 209 well as 5 corresponding modes, and makes a important geological heritages in Xinjiang.

The current status, threats and protection way of Sanjiang Plain wetland, Northeast China

The Sanjiang Plain is a vast area of alluvial floodplains and low hills in northeast Heilongjiang Province. It is the largest tract of wetlands in China and East Asia outside of Siberia. 28 wetland nature reserves exist on the Sanjiang Plain, and three of them have been listed as wetlands of international importance to water bird conservation by the Ramsar Convention Bureau. The wetlands of Sanjiang Plain are noteworthy for its rich biodiversity, but they continue to decline in area and deteriorate in quality currently. The main threats or constrains, immediate cause, root cause and required response are analyzed in this paper, and the four aspects opinion such as improvement of watershed management, enhancement of protection and restoration of habitats and biodiversity, alternative livelihoods of rural residents living in and near natural wetland reserve, and reinforcement of capacity building of natural reserves are brought forward as the effective measures for the Sanjiang Plain wetland protection.

高校图书馆知识传播与版权保护平衡服务研究——MIT OCW对我国E-Reserve合理使用的启示

高校图书馆作为保存和传递人类文化知识遗产的公益性机构,它有义务广泛地促进信息资源的传播与利用。因此,建立一个符合版权管理要求同时兼具开放性的教参平台,无疑可以更好地促进知识传播、提升高校影响力。通过访问高校图书馆E-Reserve主页、文献调研、邮件咨询、问卷调查等方式,对国内42所双一流高校E-Reserve合理使用情况进行了调查分析。针对平台开放性不足及版权保护政策不明晰问题,借鉴麻省理工学院开放课程平台管理经验,建议我国高校图书馆组建E-Reserve联盟,制定E-Reserve合理使用准则,构建E-Reserve版权分级保护决策,以实现E-Reserve在知识传播与版权保护间的平衡。

Coupling Relationship Analysis on Households′ Production Behaviors and Their Influencing Factors in Nature Reserves:A Structural Equation Model

A households′production behavior directly influences the quality of the environment and determines the successful development of nature reserves.Meanwhile,the households′production behaviors are complicated by interrelated factors,such as protection attitudes,resource endowment,and family wealth.This research evaluated households near the Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province,acquiring data from 436 households around Yang County and Ningshan County in the south slope of Qinling Mountains,China.Based on the collected data,we developed a structural equation model to evaluate the coupling relationships among households′ protection attitudes,production behaviors,resource endowment,and family wealth.The results showed that:1) households with great resource endowment had more negative attitudes,probably due to their greater protection costs;2) the households with higher education levels had worse protection attitudes;3) the households with more family wealth were likely to use fewer fertilizers,pesticides,and firewood;4) the households with more resource endowment showed less production and management behaviors;5) the enhancement of households' attitudes improved production behaviors to protection the environment,but the effects were not statistically significant.Our results provide a basis for the government's protection policy making,exploring the effective management measures that are beneficial for both nature reserve management and community development.

Plant micro-reserves in Valencia(E. Spain):A model to preserve threatened flora in China?

The Valencian Community(eastern Spain) was the pioneer territory establishing plant micro-reserves(PMRs). Its model to protect small sites for endemic and endangered plants has been exported to several countries around the globe. This paper highlights 1) the role of PMRs to complement the protection provided by large protected areas, 2) how the establishment of PMRs fosters the increase of floristic knowledge, and 3)the fact that continuous monitoring of PMRs also yields new records of endangered species found within the same PMRs. The flexibility of the PMR approach-it can be adapted to other national and regional legislationsallows its transfer to other rich-biodiversity regions and countries such as China.

Nature reserve construction and its contribution to the biodiversity conservation in China mainland

By the end of 1993, 763 nature reserves were established in China with a total area of 66184.1 kha, occupied proximally 6. 84% of the whole country's land area.The reserves concerning biodiversity conservation include ecosystem categories of forest, grassland, desert, terrestrial wetland and waters, ocean and coast and categories of wild animal and wild plant. Based on the construction of the reserves, the contributions of the reserves of various categories to the biodiversity conservation and the existed shortages for the reserve construction in China were analyzed thoroughly in this paper.

北京市自然保护地发展历史、存在问题及对策研究

北京市自然保护地体系经过40余年的发展,在整合优化、生态修复、生物多样性保护、科普宣教等方面取得了一定成绩。但也存在着体系机构不完善、专管机构缺失、监测监管软硬件不健全、民众自然保护意识不足等问题。针对上述问题,结合国家及北京市发展方向,本文对未来北京市自然保护地建设提出以下建议:推动国家公园建设,健全自然保护地体系;加快完善设立保护地专管机构,落实“一个保护地、一套机构、一块牌子”的统一管理体系;推进生物多样性保护工作,助力北京市生物多样性之都建设;完善保护地配套体制政策,提升监管能力;建设智慧自然保护地,推动保护地智能化管理;提升公众参与度,充分发挥保护地文化教育与生态服务功能。

中国自然保护区空间分布特征

我国自然保护区经过60余年建设,在维护国家生态安全、保护生物多样性、保存自然遗产和改善生态环境质量等方面发挥着重要作用。研究系统整理了我国现有2672个自然保护区空间分布数据,形成了较为完整的空间信息数据库,从发展历程、保护类型、建设规模等方面进行了特征统计。运用地理集中指数和核密度指数等方法,对全国自然保护区从海陆分布、省级分布、时空分布、集聚分布等不同维度进行了空间分布特征分析。结果表明:(1)我国自然保护区数量和类型丰富,大致经历了“起步-停滞缓慢发展-稳步发展-快速发展-稳固完善”的5个发展阶段,以中小型的森林生态系统、野生动物、内陆湿地和水域生态系统自然保护区为主;(2)空间上为集聚分布,省域分布差异悬殊,沿“胡焕庸线”呈“西少东多、西聚东散”的特点;(3)不同类型和管理级别的自然保护区分布集群态势差异明显,形成了黄山-怀玉山、粤东北丘陵、南岭、武夷山等11个显著聚集区;(4)建设规模和连片聚集效应自西向东呈递减趋势,与我国地形的三级阶梯构造变化趋势存在紧密联系。最后,本文讨论了形成我国现有自然保护区空间格局的主要原因,包括客观自然条件及主观人为等因素,并结合我国自然保护区空间分布和建设发展中存在的问题进行了分析,从建立布局完善和海陆统筹的保护区网络,科学界定保护地类型,逐步优化自然保护区边界及稳步提升科研监测成效等方面提出了发展建议。在我国自然保护地体系由自然保护区向国家公园为主体的全面深化改革阶段,本研究弥补了现有研究成果的局限性和时效性问题,以期为未来自然保护区的空间布局优化及发展提供科学参考。

太宽河野生蕙兰濒危机制分析与保护研究

[目的]为野生蕙兰(Cymbidium faberi Rolfe)种质资源的保护与利用提供科学依据,为太宽河自然保护区管理局野生蕙兰种群繁育和恢复奠定基础。[方法]采用固定样方法,对野生蕙兰的资源进行调查,运用濒危系数分析法,以能够反映蕙兰濒危程度的活株数、自然枯死株数、幼苗数、开花植株数、坐果植株数、动物啃咬株数、人为采挖株数作为评价指标,对野生蕙兰濒危程度进行了定量分析。[结果]各指标濒危系数表现为动物啃咬濒危系数(C动)0.99>坐果濒危系数(C果)0.93>幼苗濒危系数(C苗)0.89>开花濒危系数(C花)0.88>活株濒危系数(C活)0.83>人为采挖濒危系数(C人)0.71>自然枯死濒危系数(C枯)0.53。调查结果显示,综合濒危系数为0.82,依据国际濒危物种等级新标准,处于濒危状态,其中野生动物危害较大和自我更新能力差是导致保护区内野生蕙兰濒危的主要因素,同时与人的因素也密不可分。[结论]建议建立以保护野生蕙兰为主的重点保护区域,积极开展以野生蕙兰种群恢复为主的科学研究;设立野生动物补饲点,减少对野生蕙兰资源的破坏;加大宣传力度,禁止非法采挖、放牧等人为干扰行为。

吉林省自然保护地的保护与管理现状

本文介绍了吉林省自然概况及自然保护地现状,梳理了自然保护地现存的主要问题,提出了相应的对策与建议。

长江江豚迁地保护需要注意的几个问题

迁地保护是保护生物学的重要手段之一,把小型鲸类从长江干流迁入故道,是中国在世界上首创的保护措施.本文回顾了30年来长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)的迁地保护历史,结合已有的研究成果和实践经验,对半自然水域中的水文环境、食物资源和日常管理的共性问题进行讨论与分析.这些建议旨在引起管理部门的重视,加强科学研究,确保迁地保护更好的发展.

新能源预测纳入备用对平衡和消纳的影响研究

高渗透率新能源深刻影响了日前电力平衡模式,新能源纳入日前电力系统备用面临高峰电力平衡不确定性增大、保供与新能源消纳统筹难度增大等问题。为此,综合分析了新能源纳入日前电力系统备用比例与电力保供、新能源消纳的关系。首先,研究了新能源纳入比例与电力保供的关系,提出了基于保供可靠性的新能源纳入比例上限的数学解析公式,进一步分析了影响新能源纳入比例上限的关键因素;然后,研究了新能源纳入比例与新能源消纳的关系,提出了基于消纳需要的新能源纳入比例下限的数学解析公式;最后,基于新能源纳入比例上、下限,提出了一种用以量化反映电网保供和消纳难度的综合指数。实例分析及应用验证所提方法的科学性和实用性。

三峡库区流域生态系统稳定性演变评估

在生态文明建设与长江经济带发展战略不断推进的背景下,从流域尺度开展三峡库区生态系统定量评估,是库区生态保护修复策略制定的科学基础,对库区未来“自然-经济社会”可持续发展具有重要意义。基于多元遥感影像,综合采用生态模型、统计分析等手段,对三峡库区流域生态系统格局、质量与服务演变趋势进行了时空分析。结果表明:①2000~2020年间,三峡库区流域水体面积增加了283.25 km 2,主要由农田、城镇及森林转换而来。②流域上游区区域水源涵养量、水土保持量呈现增加态势,占流域总面积的64.5%;流域中下游山区局部地区水土流失仍然较为严重,靠近城市主城区及周边地区水源涵养能力、生物多样性维持和固碳服务有所下降。③库区生态系统稳定性总体逐渐提升,但在西部农田区域及长江岸带,由于受到人类活动胁迫,稳定性变差。为提升三峡库区流域生态系统整体的稳定性,建议按照“大流域统筹、子流域分区、差异化施策”的流域治理思路,做好“精准施治,一河一策”,提升上游自然区域森林、草地生态质量,调整河岸带湿地群落结构,从而提升上游地区水源涵养能力、岸边带与消落区生境功能与水土保持能力,这将是未来三峡库区流域生态系统稳定性提升及流域可持续发展的重要方向。

大型石油储罐主动安全防护技术的应用探析

大型石油储罐浮顶密闭空间属于密封环形油气积聚空间,收发油作业时浮盘升降会积聚大量挥发可燃气体,当浓度超出爆炸极限时,遇到静电、雷击产生的火花就极易引发燃烧或爆炸事故。基于此,通过提出一种混合气体实时监测与惰化技术,在储罐浮顶处安装混合气体探测与保护系统,及时注入氮气类惰性气体降低可燃气体浓度,保障安全生产。通过测试应用,该项技术实用效果较好。

某区域耕地后备资源调查评价技术应用研究

通过开展某区域耕地后备资源调查评价技术研究,建立了区域耕地后备资源调查评价体系,掌握了该区域耕地后备资源开发整理的可行性、难易程度、面积、分布情况及权属情况,完成了耕地后备资源数据库建设,验证了该区域内耕地后备资源调查评价技术的可行性。

黑龙江省市县级自然保护区管理现状与保护措施

通过对黑龙江省市县级自然保护区的调查研究,分析和总结市县级自然保护区经营管理的具体现实状况、取得的成效和存在的不足,提出相应加强自然保护区管理机构和队伍建设、勘界立标、加强监督与考核、建立健全完整的监测等保护管理措施。