Kinetics of Burning Side Reaction in the Liquid-phase Oxidation of p-Xylene

During the liquid-phase oxidation of p-xylene,over-oxidation of reactant,intermediates and solvent to carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide is generally known as the burning side reaction.Batch and semi-continuous experiments were carried out,and the experimental data of the burning side reaction were analyzed and reported in this paper.The results showed that the rates of burning side reactions were proportional to the rates of the main reaction,but decreased with the increasing concentrations of reactant and intermediates.The inter-stimulative and competitive relationship between the burning side reaction and the main reaction was confirmed,and the rates of the burning side reaction could be described with some key indexes of the main reaction.According to the mechanism of the side reactions and the kinetics model of main reaction which were proposed and tested in the previous papers,a kinetic model of the burning side reactions involving some key indexes of the main reaction was developed,and the parameters were determined by data fitting of the COx rate curves.The obtained kinetic model could describe the burning side reactions adequately.

CLINICAL STUDY ON ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT OF SIDE REACTIONS OF RADIOTHERAPY AND CHEMOTHERAPY FOR MALIGNANT TUMOR

Forty-two cancer patients were randomly divided into acupuncture plus radiotherapy chemotherapy (acupuncture) group and radiotherapy-chemotherapy (control) group. The indexes ob served were the counts of leukocytes and thrombocytes, and the activities of both natural killer (NK) cells and intCrleukin(IL) - 2. The findings showed that the counts of both leukocytes and thrombo cytes in acupuncture group had no significant changes while those of control group lowered consider ably, displaying a significant difference between the two groups (P< 0.01 ). The activities of NK cells and IL - 2 of acupuncture group raised apparently while that of NK cells and IL - 2 in control group lowered markedly. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01 ). In acupuncture group, radiotherapy and chemotherapy induced symptoms of the d1gest1ve system and ner vous system were strikingly less than those of the control group, suggesting that acupuncture can pro nouncedly ameliorate radiotherapy and chemotherapy induced symptoms of arrest of bone marrow, im munosuppression, digestive system and nervous system.

Why Don’t We Adequately Identify and Manage Adverse Drug Reactions despite Having the Needed Information?

Importance/Objective: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are unavoidable, but recognizing and addressing ADRs early can improve wellness and prevent permanent injury. We suggest that available medical information and digital/electronic methods could be used to manage this major healthcare problem for individual patients in real time. Methods: We searched the available digital applications and three literature databases using the medical subject heading terms, adverse drug reaction reporting systems or management, filtered by clinical trial or systemic reviews, to detect publications with data about ADR identification and management approaches. We reviewed the reports that had abstract or summary data or proposed or implemented methods or systems with potential to identify or manage ADRs in clinical settings. Results: The vast majority of the 481 reports used retrospectively collected data for groups of patients or were limited to surveying one population group or class of medication. The reports showed potential and definite associations of ADRs for specific drugs and problems, mostly, but not exclusively, for patients in hospitals and nursing homes. No reports described complete methods to collect comprehensive data on ADRs for individual patients in a healthcare system. The digital applications have ADR information, but all are too cumbersome or incomplete for use in active clinical settings. Several studies suggested that providing information about potential ADRs to clinicians can reduce these problems. Conclusion and Relevance: Although investigators and government agencies agree with the need, there is no comprehensive ADR management program in current use. Informing the patient’s healthcare practitioners of potential ADRs at the point of service has the potential for reduction of these complications, which should improve healthcare and reduce unneeded costs.

Occurrence of the Bunsen side reaction in the sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production

This study aimed to establish a closed-cycle operation technology with high thermal efficiency in the thermochemical sulfur-iodine cycle for large-scale hydrogen production.A series of experimental studies were performed to investigate the occurrence of side reactions in both the H2SO4 and HI x phases from the H2SO4/HI/I2/H2O quaternary system within a constant temperature range of 323-363 K.The effects of iodine content,water content and reaction temperature on the side reactions were evaluated.The results showed that an increase in the reaction temperature promoted the side reactions.However,they were prevented as the iodine or water content increased.The occurrence of side reactions was faster in kinetics and more intense in the H2SO4 phase than in the HI x phase.The sulfur or hydrogen sulfide formation reaction or the reverse Bunsen reaction was validated under certain conditions.

Mitigating side reaction for high capacity retention in lithium-sulfur batteries

Li-S batteries have shown great potential as secondary energy batteries.However,the side reaction between Li anodes and polysulfides seriously limited their practical application.Herein,the artificial protective film,which is consisted of Li-Nafion and TiO_(2),was designed and successfully prepared to achieve a corrosion-resistant Li anode in Li-S battery.In the composite protective film,the Li-Nafion could efficiently prevent the contact between Li anodes and polysulfides,and the incorporation of TiO_(2)nanoparticles into the Nafion could significantly increase the ionic conductivity and mechanical strength of the protective film.Li-Li symmetric cells with an optimal artificial protective film exhibited an extended cycle-life of 750 h at a current density of 1 mA/cm^(2)in Li_(2)S_(8)electrolyte.Moreover,the Li-S full battery with an optimal protective Li anode exhibited higher capacity retention of 777.4 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 0.1 C as well as better rate performance than the cell with a pure Li anode.This work provides alternative insights to suppress the side reaction for Li-S batteries with high capacity retention.

胃肠间质瘤患者服用甲磺酸伊马替尼仿制药和原研药的血药浓度及安全性评估

目的:比较胃肠间质瘤患者服用甲磺酸伊马替尼仿制药与原研药的血药浓度和不良反应,为临床医生和患者选择药物提供参考。方法:收集河北医科大学第四医院2020年12月至2023年12月,在门诊使用甲磺酸伊马替尼药物的胃肠间质瘤患者,分为原研药甲磺酸伊马替尼片组,仿制药甲磺酸伊马替尼片组,以及仿制药甲磺酸伊马替尼胶囊组。通过高效液相色谱质谱联用仪检测患者用药后的伊马替尼及其代谢产物N-去甲基伊马替尼的血液稳态谷浓度。收集患者用药后的所有不良反应,并根据常见不良反应评估标准5.0版(CTCAE 5.0)确定不良反应等级。分析3组患者血药浓度和服药后不良反应的差异。结果:原研药组和两个仿制药组伊马替尼稳态谷浓度,N-去甲基伊马替尼稳态谷浓度,以及伊马替尼和N-去甲基伊马替尼稳态谷浓度之和,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。原研药和两个仿制药组不良反应等级也无显著差异(P均>0.05)。结论:甲磺酸伊马替尼原研药和两个仿制药安全性无显著差异。

Surface-to-bulk engineering with high-valence W^(6+) enabling stabilized single-crystal LiNi_(0.9)Co_(0.05)Mn_(0.05)O_(2) cathode

Single-crystal Nickel-rich layered oxides has been recognized as one of the promising cathodes for nextgeneration lithium batteries on account of their high capacity,while its practical application was hindered by structural instability and slow Li^(+) transfer kinetics.Herein,a surface-to-bulk engineered single-crystal LiNi_(0.9)Co_(0.05)Mn_(0.05)O_(2)(Ni90) cathode,which features W-doped bulk and Li_(2)WO_(4) surface layer,was successfully achieved by a one-step high-valence W^(6+) modification.The as-obtained W-modified Ni90 delivers excellent cycling stability(89.8% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 0.5 C)and rate capability.The enhanced electrochemical performance was ascribed to the doped-W induced stabilized lattice oxygen,reduced Li^(+)/Ni^(2+) mixing and inhibited H2-H3 phase transition in the bulk,and Li_(2)WO_(4) layer generated stabilized cathode/electrolyte interface.In addition,the thinner LiF-rich cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI) on surface and smaller grain size for W-modified Ni90 benefit to its Li^(+) diffusion dynamics.The effect of high-valence W^(6+)on single-crystal Ni-rich cathode was firstly revealed in detail,which deepens the understanding of electrochemical behavior of Ni-rich cathode with high-valence cations modification,and provides clues for design of high-performance layered cathodes.

受限空间锂离子电池热失控热传递仿真研究

为探究锂离子电池在航空运输等受限空间条件下的热失控热传递来源及占比,以正极材料钴酸锂(LCO)的18650型锂离子电池(100%荷电状态)为研究对象。通过ANSYS Fluent软件建立锂离子电池热失控热传递模型,将第1节电池及其热失控产生的热解气体作为热源,通过辐射传热和对流换热对第2节电池进行加热至热失控。研究结果表明:第2节电池达到热失控温度时,电池内部副反应产热占总能量的30.01%;第1节电池热失控产生的气体燃烧为第2节电池热失控提供能量,且占总能量的5.64%;第2节电池达到最高温度时,电池内部产热占比87.39%,气体燃烧提供的能量占比为1.76%;热解气体的燃烧虽然加速第2节电池的热失控进程,但提供的能量所占比例较小。

奥法妥木单抗治疗视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病疗效分析

目的探讨奥法妥木单抗治疗视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(NMOSDs)的疗效及安全性。方法纳入2022年4月至2023年3月郑州大学第一附属医院采用奥法妥木单抗治疗方案的25例NMOSDs患者,分为定期给药组(A组,12例)及按CD19+B细胞百分比给药组(B组,13例),计算用药前和用药1年时年化复发率(ARR)、复发例数、复发次数和时间、复发症状,采用扩展残疾状态量表(EDSS)评估神经功能,记录用药期间药物不良反应。结果奥法妥木单抗治疗1年时3例(12%)复发,A组1例患者复发2次,分别为用药后1和5个月;B组2例患者复发,1例复发2次,为用药后2和6个月,1例复发1次,为用药后2个月。两组用药1年时与用药前仅ARR变化幅度差异具有统计学意义(F=29.061,P=0.000),A组用药1年时ARR较用药前下降(t=13.215,P=0.001),B组用药1年时ARR亦较用药前下降(t=19.259,P=0.000)。有8例出现注射部位疼痛、3例注射后发热、1例注射后头痛,其中1例诊断为细菌性脑膜炎;14例感染新型冠状病毒,其中1例因新型冠状病毒感染致肺炎入住重症监护病房;均无残疾、死亡等严重不良反应,EDSS评分均未增加。结论奥法妥木单抗定期给药或依据CD19+B细胞百分比给药均可减少患者复发风险,改善EDSS评分;早期与糖皮质激素联用需警惕感染风险。

基于副反应形成配合物浓度的计算公式及应用

配位滴定法,常用的滴定剂为EDTA(Y),体系中常存在各类副反应。本文从副反应系数(α)出发,推导出达到化学计量点时,基于配体Y与其他共存金属离子(N^(n+)),或待测金属离子(M^(n+))与其他配体(L)等副反应形成配位比为1:1的NY或ML浓度的计算公式,所得结果使该配合物浓度的计算问题得到简化。

中西医结合干预对急性白血病化疗患者不良反应的防治效果

目的观察中西医结合措施对急性白血病(AL)患者化疗期间不良反应的干预效果。方法选择2020年1月至2022年12月收治的AL化疗患者80例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为2组,对照组40例予西医常规干预措施,治疗组40例在对照组的基础上联合中医综合疗法。比较2组治疗前后便秘症状(包括大便性质评分及排便困难程度)评分、睡眠障碍[采用睡眠状况自评量表(SRSS)进行评价]、癌因性疲乏(采用Piper疲乏量表评分进行评价)、简明生活质量量表(SF-36)(包括生理功能、生理职能、躯体疼痛、社会功能、活力、情感职能、精神健康及总体健康)评分及心理状况[采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)及抑郁自评量表(SDS)评价]变化情况,比较2组治疗期间治疗满意度评分。结果与本组治疗前比较,2组治疗后大便性质评分及排便困难程度评分均降低(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后大便性质评分及排便困难程度评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。与本组治疗前比较,2组治疗后SRSS评分及Piper疲乏量表评分均降低(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后SRSS评分及Piper疲乏量表评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。与本组治疗前比较,2组治疗后SF-36生理功能、生理职能、躯体疼痛、社会功能、活力、情感职能、精神健康及总体健康评分均升高(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后SF-36各项评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。与本组治疗前比较,2组治疗后SAS评分及SDS评分均降低(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后SAS评分及SDS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗期间满意度评分(8.19±0.64)分,对照组治疗期间满意度评分(7.36±0.57)分,治疗组满意度评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论中西医结合措施可有效改善AL患者化疗期间便秘、睡眠障碍及癌因性疲乏症状,提高其生活质量,缓解焦虑与抑郁状态,提高患者满意度。

水系锌离子电池负极添加剂研究进展

水系锌离子电池(AZIBs)因具有较高的理论容量、较低的氧化还原电位、良好的安全性和低成本等优点,在便携式电子设备、储能器件和新能源汽车等领域有广泛的应用市场和前景。在AZIBs体系中,通过电解液中添加剂的优化可达到改善锌负极稳定性,减少负极枝晶生长和抑制析氢副反应发生等。因此,有必要系统地总结添加剂研究进展:对电解液添加剂对Zn^(2+)的沉积行为影响机制进行了总结;基于锌负极所存在的问题,详细综述了近年来关于不同种类的单一添加剂在稳定锌负极方面的改性机制;对复合添加剂的研究情况进行了综述;针对添加剂发展方向和前景提出一些思考和研究策略。

关于美国西方化学技术EDC裂解炉炉管结焦问题的探讨

针对某个采用美国西方化学技术的EDC裂解装置,分析了在高负荷运行条件下影响EDC裂解炉炉管结焦形成的主要7个相关因素,并总结了相应的控制措施。通过合理的控制,达到了延长裂解炉良性运行周期、控制氯乙烯产品品质及相关单耗的目的。

锌离子电池应用聚合物研究进展

以高体积能量密度、高理论容量、低还原电位和高丰度的锌为负极的水系锌离子电池,由于其安全环保引起了越来越多的关注,但锌阳极与电解液界面容易产生锌枝晶沉积,和游离水/氧引起的相关副反应[析氢反应(HER)、腐蚀和钝化],以及阴极的体积膨胀和活性物质的溶解等阻碍了锌离子电池的商业应用。聚合物具有优越化学稳定性、可调结构、高能量密度、优异的力学性能和结构柔韧性,在锌离子电池中有着巨大的应用前景。本文综述了近来聚合物在锌离子电池中的应用,总结了其在优化电极、隔膜、电解质和界面方面的研究进展,以期为研究基于聚合物提升锌离子电池的性能提供参考。

全氟电解液与硅碳负极的副反应及改性策略

氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)是锂离子电池常用的添加剂,可改善长循环稳定性,但在电解液中添加的质量分数大于10%时,会导致电池严重产气,带来安全隐患并影响电池寿命。以1 mol/L二氟草酸硼酸锂(LiDFOB)/FEC为基础电解液,研究在SiO_(x)/石墨(Si/C)负极表面的产气和界面副反应,并引入聚氨酯(PU)来缓解Si/C负极与电解液之间的界面副反应。FEC会在负极表面发生持续分解,并生成CO_(2)和H_(2)。在电解液中加入PU后,Si/C负极的体积膨胀得到抑制,可抑制固体电解质相界面(SEI)膜的破裂与重建,减少FEC与负极的接触,从而缓解界面副反应,改善电解液的电化学性能。Li|Si/C电池以0.5 C倍率在0.001~1.500 V可稳定循环200次,容量保持率为74.98%。

植酸锌人工构筑层在水系锌离子电池锌负极保护中的应用

近年来,由于水系锌离子电池功率密度高、安全性好、成本低等优势,被认为是锂电池强有力的取代者。然而,锌负极因容易与水系电解液发生副反应和产生枝晶,导致其库伦效率低下,从而限制了进一步发展。因此利用植酸(PA)的乙二醇二甲醚(DME)溶液对锌负极表面进行处理,构筑一层植酸锌保护层,该保护层可以避免锌负极和电解液中的水直接接触,有效抑制电极表面发生的副反应。同时,植酸锌中丰富的亲水和亲锌官能团起到了增加电解液与电极的浸润、增强了负极表面对锌离子的吸附能力,从而改变了锌的形核情况,抑制了枝晶的生长。PA处理过的锌负极其相关的对称电池在0.5 mA·cm^(-2)下可以稳定工作近1900 h,几乎是锌-锌基对称电池工作时间的15倍。

奥希替尼在老年非小细胞肺癌患者靶向治疗中的应用效果及对T细胞水平的影响

目的 探讨奥西替尼在老年非小细胞肺癌患者靶向治疗中的效果及对免疫水平的影响。方法 回顾性选择2018年1月至2020年12月老年非小细胞肺癌患者116例研究,根据治疗方法不同分为2组,各58例。对照组采用常规放化疗治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合奥西替尼治疗,3个月治疗后评估患者效果,比较2组总有效率、T细胞水平(CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+))、肿瘤标志物水平、不良反应发生率。结果 观察组治疗3个月总有效率为44.8%高于对照组25.9%(P<0.05);2组治疗后3个月CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平均低于治疗前(P<0.05);CD8^(+)水平高于治疗前(P<0.05);观察组治疗后3个月CD3^(+)(58.95±4.21)%、CD4^(+)(32.59±3.11)%、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)(1.21±0.22)高于对照组(P<0.05);CD8^(+)(26.81±3.32)%低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组干预3个月后CA125(91±8)U/ml、CYFRA21-1(1.26±0.24)μg/L及癌胚抗原(CEA)水平(34±5)μg/L均低于对照组(P<0.05);2组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 奥西替尼用于老年非小细胞肺癌患者靶向治疗中,能获得较好的总有效率,对患者T细胞水平影响较小,可降低肿瘤标志物水平,未增加不良反应发生率,值得临床推广应用。

培美曲塞维持化疗联合PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效分析

目的研究晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)治疗中培美曲塞维持化疗联合程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体-1(PD-L1)抑制剂的应用效果。方法研究对象为58例晚期NSCLC患者,根据治疗方式不同分为对照组及研究组,各29例。对照组单用培美曲塞维持化疗,研究组在对照组基础上联用培美曲塞维持化疗与PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂(纳武利尤单抗注射液)治疗。对比两组治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+))及血清肿瘤标志物[神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、血清癌抗原125(CA125)、血清细胞角蛋白19片段(CY-FRA21-1)]水平,治疗效果,毒副反应发生率。结果研究组治疗后较治疗前CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)^(+)水平更高,CD8水平更低(P<0.05);且研究组治疗后CD8^(+)(26.24±4.06)%低于对照组的(34.97±4.25)%,CD3^(+)(62.93±4.87)%、CD4^(+)(37.35±4.18)%、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)(1.41±0.22)高于对照组的(52.16±4.43)%、(30.11±4.04)%、(0.86±0.19)(P<0.05)。两组治疗后较治疗前NSE、CEA、CA125、CY-FRA21-1水平更低(P<0.05);研究组治疗后NSE(16.21±4.04)ng/ml、CEA(29.96±4.52)ng/ml、CA125(49.91±6.63)U/ml、CY-FRA21-1(6.76±3.15)ng/ml低于对照组的(20.94±4.09)ng/ml、(60.08±5.34)ng/ml、(79.85±7.08)U/ml、(11.08±3.27)ng/ml(P<0.05)。研究组治疗后总有效率93.10%高于对照组的65.52%(P<0.05)。两组治疗后毒副反应发生率无差异(P>0.05)。结论晚期NSCLC治疗中培美曲塞维持化疗联合PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的应用效果显著,可有效降低患者血清肿瘤标志物水平,增强其免疫功能,且毒副反应少。

老年高危心血管病患者应用依洛尤单抗的有效性及安全性研究

目的探讨老年高危心血管病患者应用依洛尤单抗治疗的有效性和安全性。方法纳入2019年11月至2022年11月在解放军总医院第一、二、六、八医学中心心内科住院的经常规他汀类药物治疗后血脂控制不达标的心血管病高危患者153例,根据患者年龄分为非老年组(<60岁)46例,60~74岁老年组66例,≥75岁老年组41例,均按指南应用依洛尤单抗治疗;选取同期在解放军总医院第一、二、六、八医学中心心内科住院血脂控制不达标的年龄≥75岁心血管病高危未应用依洛尤单抗患者50例为常规治疗组,应用一种他汀类药物联合依折麦布治疗。比较各组患者临床基线资料及用药第4、12周的血液指标和12周内药物不良反应及主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生情况。结果非老年组、60~74岁老年组和≥75岁老年组用药第4、12周低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和总胆固醇(TC)水平较基线降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);3组用药第12周LDL-C、TC水平比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。非老年组、60~74岁老年组、≥75岁老年组用药12周内不良事件发生率比较无显著差异(2.2%vs 3.0%vs 2.4%,P>0.05)。≥75岁老年组和常规治疗组用药第12周LDL-C、TC水平显著低于基线(P<0.05,P>0.01);≥75岁老年组用药第12周LDL-C水平显著低于常规治疗组[(1.36±0.44)mmol/L vs(1.87±0.56)mmol/L,P<0.01]。≥75岁老年组和常规治疗组用药12周内MACE发生率比较无显著差异(12.2%vs 16.0%,P>0.05),2组生存率比较无显著差异(P=0.576)。结论各年龄组患者应用依洛尤单抗治疗均可在短期内取得良好疗效,75岁以上老年患者应用依洛尤单抗治疗同样具有良好的有效性和安全性。

腺苷负荷与ATP负荷评估冠状动脉微血管疾病中的不良反应分析

背景 冠状动脉微血管疾病(CMVD)的诊疗一直是非冠状动脉阻塞性缺血性心脏病的重点。腺苷注射液和ATP注射液是目前测定冠状动脉血流储备(CFR)评估CMVD的临床常用负荷药物,两者有所关联,但具有显著区别。ATP是腺苷的前体,其价格低廉且血管扩张机制与腺苷类似,临床上常代替腺苷,但忽视了其潜在的不良反应。目的 比较腺苷负荷与ATP负荷在评估CMVD过程中的不良反应发生率。方法 选取2019年6月—2020年7月因典型心绞痛就诊于陕西省人民医院心内科行冠状动脉造影术/冠状动脉CT血管造影术(CTA)明确各支冠状动脉残余狭窄直径<50%的患者170例,依据随机数字表法分为腺苷组和ATP组,腺苷组88例,ATP组82例。腺苷组给予腺苷注射液负荷测定CFR,ATP组采用ATP负荷测定CFR,检测过程中记录患者的血压、心率、扫描时间及不良反应发生情况。结果 与腺苷组相比,ATP组患者胸闷[61.0%(50/82)和20.4%(18/88)]、头晕[72.0%(59/82)和31.8%(28/88)]、头痛[68.3%(56/82)和11.4%(10/88)]、胃肠道不适[13.4%(11/82)和4.5%(4/88)]、心悸[69.5%(57/82)和5.7%(5/88)]、气促[40.2%(33/82)和2.3%(2/88)]、大汗[28.0%(23/82)和3.4%(3/88)]、潮热[19.5%(16/82)和2.3%(2/88)]、颜面潮红[13.4%(11/82)和4.5%(4/88)]的发生率均较高(P<0.05);两组患者神经过敏、耳鸣、咽干、颈部不适的不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 与ATP负荷相比,腺苷负荷测定CFR的不良反应发生率更低。