Intensifying digestion of diaspore and separation of alumina and silica

It was found that there lies a linear relationship among the thermodynamic data of complicate inorganic compounds with similar components. A method for estimating the thermodynamic data of complicate compound and a thermodynamic database involving alumina production were developed. It was found that the alumina digestion rate of activated diasporic bauxite by means of heat field increased much due to the structure aberration, i.e, from perfect structure to unstable corundum. The results from thermodynamic calculation and experiments showed that it was feasible for desilication at atmospheric pressure, and the effects on equilibrium concentration of SiO 2 included temperature, mole ratio of Na 2O/Al 2O 3 ( α k), caustic and Na + concentration. The technology of desilication of green liquor at atmosphere and separation of alumina and silica in aluminate solution with high concentration were established. The reaction activity of compounds containing silica and the converting law among compounds were studied, and the prototype technology of desilication products by hydrotreatment was also developed.

New Process for Preparation Alumina and Silica White from Coal Fly Ash

Fly ash was used to prepare alumina and silica white, The 3 stages of the process are as follows: ammonium sulfate calcining, acid leaching and alkali dissolution. The optimum conditions for the experiments to determine are as follows: molar ratio of (NH4)2SO4/Al2O3 is 6, the calcining time is 2h, he H2SO4 concentration is 20%, the leaching temperature is 80℃ and dissolution duration is 2h, the ratio of solution and solid reaction material is 6 for ammonium sulfate calcining and acid leaching stage, reaction time 30min, ratio of liquid to ore 5∶1, alkali concentration 45% and reaction temperature 95 ℃for the alkali dissolution stage. Under these conditions, the total leaching efficiencies of Al2O3 and SiO2 are 78.86% and 95%, respectively. The quality of the main products alumina and silica white can meet the national standards of GB/T24487-2009 and GB10517-89, respectively.

Preparation of Silica–Alumina Hollow Spheres with a Single Surface Hole by Co-axial Microchannel

Si/Al composite hollow spheres with a surface hole were prepared with the co-axial microchannel in a one-step method. It is easy to use the technique for size control and continuous operation. At Si/Al ratio between 4 and 5, a hole forms on the surface, due to the fast gelation process and high viscosity of the sol. Scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and mercury intrusion method are used to characterize the samples. The hole size is 40–150 μm and the particle size is 450–600 μm. The size can be adjusted by the flow rate of the oil phase.

Catalytic performances of kaoline and silica alumina in the thermal degradation of polypropylene

Polypropylene was cracked thermally and catalytically in the presence of kaoline and silica alumina in a semi batch reactor in the temperature range 400℃～550℃ in order to obtain suitable liquid fuels.The dependencies between process temperatures,types of catalyst,feed compositions and product yields of the obtained fuel fractions were found.It was observed that up to 450℃ thermal cracking temperature,the major product of pyrolysis was liquid oil and the major product at other higher temperatures(475℃～550℃) are viscous liquid or wax and the highest yield of pyrolysis product is 82.85% by weight at 500℃.Use of kaoline and silica alumina decreased the reaction time and increased the yield of liquid fraction.Again the major pyrolysis product in catalytic pyrolysis at all temperatures was low viscous liquid oil.Silica alumina was found better as compared to kaoline in liquid yield and in reducing the reaction temperature.The maximum oil yield using silica alumina and kaoline catalyst are 91% and 89.5% respectively.On the basis of the obtained results hypothetical continuous process of waste polypropylene plastics processing for engine fuel production can be presented.

Effect of Plasma Spheroidization Process on the Microstructure and Crystallographic Phases of Silica, Alumina and Nickel Particles

During the plasma spheroidization process powders undergo different changes in their microstructures and crystal phases. In this paper, simple calculation of heat transfer between the plasma and a suspended particle was performed based on three hypotheses for the purpose of guiding experiments. Experimental investigation of the crystal phases and microstructural changes during the plasma processing was made using silica, alumina and nickel powders as starting materials. It has been revealed from the experimental results that these materials undergo different changes in crystal phases and microstructures, and these changes are essentially determined by the structures, properties and aggregate states of the starting materials.

MORPHOLOGY OF AMORPHOUS SILICA DURING ALUMINUM REACTIVE PENETRATION

The reduction of volume of silica glass during aluminum reactive penetration was observed experimentally. The liquid aluminum infiltrates easily into the cavities while the released silicon is solved in the liquid aluminum, and Al/Al2O3 composites could be obtained. The experimental results show that Al/Al2O3 composites can be transformed into Al2O3 grains by oxygen in the cavities of Al/Al2O3 composites during the longer penetration treatment. The formation of alumina is a sintering process, in which liquid aluminum, particulate alumina and oxygen play an important role. The transformtion process has shown that there is a relationship of σAl2O3-Al2O3 2O3-Al, where σAl2O3-Al2O3 is the grain boundary energy of alumina, and σAl2O3-Al is the interface energy between aluminum and alumina. The formation temperature by aluminum reactive penetration is much lower than that by sintering.

Oxidative desulfurization of model and real oil samples using Mo supported on hierarchical alumina–silica: Process optimization by Box–Behnken experimental design

The catalytic performance of Mo supported on hierarchical alumina–silica(Si/Al = 15) with Mo loadings of 3, 6 and 15 wt% was investigated for the oxidative desulfurization(ODS) of model and real oil samples. Hierarchical alumina–silica(h Al–Si) was synthesized by economical and ecofriendly silicate-1 seed-induced route using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) as mesoporogen. The effect of CTAB on the structure of catalyst was studied by characterization techniques. The results revealed that 6%Mo/h Al–Si had the highest sulfur removal compared to the other catalyst loadings. The effect of operating parameters was evaluated using Box–Behnken experimental design. The optimal desulfurization conditions with the 6%Mo/h Al–Si catalyst were determined at oxidation temperature of 67 ℃, oxidation time of 42 min, H2O2/S molar ratio of 8 and catalyst dosage of 0.008 g·ml^-1 for achieving a conversion of 95%. Under optimal conditions, different sulfur-containing compounds with initial concentration of 1000 ppm, Dibenzothiophene(DBT), Benzothiophene(BT) and Thiophen(Th), showed the catalytic oxidation reactivity in the order of DBT > BT>Th. According to the regeneration experiments, the 6%Mo/h Al–Si catalyst was reused 4 times with a little reduction in the performance. Also, the total sulfur content of gasoline and diesel after ODS process reached 156.6 and 4592.2 ppm, respectively.

Effect of Mg/Al Ratios on Hydration Mechanism of Tabular Alumina Carbon Composites Reinforced by Al4C3 in situ Reaction

Hydration mechanism of tabular alumina carbon composites reinforced by Al4C3 in situ reaction with Mg and Al was researched in water steam using super automatic thermostatic water bath from 25 ℃ to 85 ℃. It is shown that hydration mechanism of the composites is chemical reaction control at 44.3 ℃-84 ℃ in H2O（g）. The hydration was controlled by diffusion from 24.7 ℃ to 33 ℃. The ratio of added Mg/Al influences the HMOR of the composites.The mechanism of HMOR of the composites with different ratios of Mg/Al can be discovered by means of SEM analysis. The active Mg/Al powder and flake graphite inside give the composites outstanding hot strength resulting from the interlocking structure of Al4C3 crystals at high temperature. Besides, the matrix changes into the Al4C3 with high refractoriness. The method of preventing the hydration of tabular alumina carbon composites reinforced by Al4C3 in situ reaction was immersed in the wax at suitable temperature or storing them below 33 ℃ in a dry place or storing them with paraffin-coating.

D.C.Plasma-Sprayed Coatings of Nanostructured Alumina-Titania-Silica

Nanocrystalline powders of w(Al2O3)=95%, w(TiO2)=3%, and w(SiO2)=2%, were reprocessed into agglomerated particles for plasma spraying, by using consecutive steps of ball milling, slurry forming, spray drying, and heat treatment. D. C. plasma was used to spray the agglomerated nanocrystalline powders, and resultant coatings were deposited on the substrate of stainless steel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the agglomerated powders and the cross section of the alumina-titania-silica coatings. Exper-imental results show that the agglomerated nanocrystalline particles are spherical, with a size from (10 - 90)μm. The flow ability of the nanocrystalline powders is greatly improved after the reprocessing. The coatings deposited by the plasma spraying are mainly of nanostructure. Unlike conventional plasma-sprayed coatings, no laminar layer could be found in the nanostructured coatings. Although the nanostructured coatings have a lower microhardness than conventional microstructured coatings, the toughness of the nanostructured ceramic coatings is significantly improved.

Composition and Refractory Properties of Mixtures of Moroccan Silica-Alumina Geomaterials and Alumina

Five mixtures (M1 to M5) of silica-alumina geomaterials and two varieties of alumina (AP and AR) were used for the elaboration of mullite refractory materials between 1500℃ and 1600℃. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the refractory samples are composed of mullite, corundum and silica. The length of the mullite crystals was measured by a method of image analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical and mechanical properties of these materials were investigated and correlated with their microstructure. Resistance towards Acid Attack test showed that the refractory samples present good resistance, as well as, the alumina powder AR obtained from waste of silica-alumina bricks proves to be efficient for an eventual use.

Phase and microstructure of CVD alumina-silica coating deposited at relative low temperature

Alumina-silica composite coatings were prepared on the surface of graphite paper by CVD using AlCl3/SiCl4/H2/CO2 as precursor in the temperature range of 300 to 550℃. XRD and SEM were used to examine the phase composition and the microstructure of the coating, respectively. The results indicate that the dense, uniform and adherent alumina-silica composite coating can be prepared on graphite paper substrate by CVD at 550℃ using SiCl4/AlCl3/CO2/H2. The alumina-silica composite coating is composed of a number of spherical particles. Each particle is composed of a number of fine-particle. The phase of the 550℃ composite coating includes γ-alumina containing amorphous silica. The content of Cl element in composite coating decreases with the increase of the deposition temperature. The analysis results of morphology and growth mechanisms of the CVD alumina-silica indicate that the condensation within the boundary layer will be more likely to lead to the formation of gel-particles. The gel-particles size decreases with the increase of deposition temperature in the range of 300550℃. Surface reaction is the main path to generate deposition products at 550℃.

小晶粒高硅铝比NaY分子筛低温合成研究

采用自制的偏铝酸钠为合成导向剂,在低温下水热晶化合成出了小晶粒高硅铝比的NaY分子筛。考察了合成导向剂的陈化温度、陈化时间、晶化碱度、晶化温度和晶化时间对产品的影响,得到了制备NaY分子筛最佳的工艺条件,并进行了放大制备。在此条件下,NaY分子筛结晶度(峰面积)≥90%,结晶度(峰高)≥85%,硅铝比≥5.5,晶粒尺寸均在(100~200)nm,不仅优于工业标样的指标要求,且易于放大。

高炉热风炉不同部位定形耐材选用探讨

高炉热风炉可以根据温度高低分为几个温度区间,分析各区间部位的工况条件,选用合适的耐材至关重要。简要分析了热风炉耐火材料使用范围及使用工况,重点分析了各温度区间,硅砖、高铝砖和黏土砖等几种定形耐火材料的选用。认为:根据工况条件,在合适的地方使用合适的耐火材料是基本原则,“高标低配”或“低标高配”的做法均是错误的;在应用耐材的同时应加强对耐材基础性能的研究,有助于从源头上了解耐材的使用规则,从而达到既节省投资又满足使用寿命的目的。

无有机胺醇水体系低硅铝比ZSM-5沸石的一步合成

研究了无有机胺醇水体系低硅铝比ZSM-5沸石的绿色合成方法。在无有机胺模板剂和不加晶种的醇水体系中,一步合成了形貌均一的小晶粒聚集体低硅铝比ZSM-5沸石,考察了合成体系中各配料的含量以及晶化温度对合成低硅铝比ZSM-5沸石的影响。利用XRD、FTIR、SEM、N_(2)吸附-脱附、^(27)Al MAS NMR和^(29)Si MAS NMR等方法对合成的ZSM-5沸石进行表征。实验结果表明,当n(Si)∶n(Al)=20,n(Na_(2)O)∶n(SiO_(2))=0.071,n(C_(2)H_(5)OH)∶n(SiO_(2))=1.77,晶化温度为160℃时,可合成具有高结晶度的纯相ZSM-5沸石。^(27)Al MAS NMR表征结果显示,合成的ZSM-5沸石主要含有骨架四配位铝,无非骨架铝。合成的ZSM-5沸石的比表面积和微孔孔体积分别为384 m^(2)/g和0.14 cm^(3)/g,总酸量达到789μmol/g,骨架n(Si)∶n(Al)=14.4。

无定形硅铝材料的制备及应用研究进展

无定形硅铝(ASA)是由Al_(2)O_(3)和SiO_(2)形成的复合材料,具有较大的孔径、孔体积以及一定的酸性,已在石油加工过程中得到应用。开发高性能的ASA材料对提高催化剂活性、增加目标产品选择性等方面具有重要意义。分析了不同制备方法对ASA材料结构和酸性的影响、ASA材料的酸性成因及其影响因素,综述了ASA材料在加氢裂化、催化裂化和其他催化反应过程中的应用,以期为高性能ASA材料的制备提供指导。结合目前发展趋势提出未来ASA材料研究的主要方向。

焚烧飞灰火山灰活性测试及评价方法研究

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化利用正受到关注,火山灰活性是其应用的重要性能,但目前缺乏可靠的火山灰活化评价方法。鉴于粉煤灰与焚烧飞灰均是焚烧产物,借鉴现有粉煤灰的火山灰活性评价方法,从物质组成(成分结构分析法)、胶凝性能(强度指数法)和化学反应(结合水含量法)三个角度对两种焚烧飞灰(炉排炉、流化床)进行火山灰活性测试和分析,同时与三个等级粉煤灰的测试结果进行对比。结果表明:成分结构分析法和强度指数法均可用于评价焚烧飞灰的火山灰活性,而结合水含量法不适用;非晶相硅铝含量可以作为火山灰活性的表征指标,与强度指数具有一定相关性;强度指数法测试结果受非晶相硅铝与钙相对含量的影响,对于焚烧飞灰,14 d胶砂强度指数即可反映其火山灰活性,而对于粉煤灰,需要考虑采用90 d甚至更长龄期的强度指数来进行评价。

低硅铝比X型分子筛制备技术的开发

研究了低硅铝比X型(LSX)分子筛的合成体系和控制方法,探究了引入功能性物质制备高纯度、可调晶簇尺寸的LSX分子筛的可行性,通过优化分子筛水热反应配方和条件确定了制备LSX分子筛的技术方案并初步考察了晶簇尺寸与活性的关联性,进而采用工业原料实现了高品质LSX分子筛的合成。实验结果表明,在钾-钠双元体系中借助低温老化—高温晶化两段法可制备LSX分子筛;老化温度/时间、晶化温度/时间、硅铝比、碱硅比、水碱比及钠钾比能显著影响分子筛的合成过程;向反应体系中引入适当功能性物质可制备出结晶度高、含杂晶量少、活性佳、平均晶簇尺寸在1~4μm可调的LSX分子筛;由此能优化得到适合分子筛生产的长、短流程两套技术方案,进一步明确了上述手段具有保证本征活性不变,通过减小晶簇尺寸改善吸附剂传质系数的操作可能性;使用工业原料制备出了合格的LSX分子筛,放大合成的产品仍满足制氧吸附剂要求。

辅助胶凝材料对高浆骨比砂浆流变特性的影响

通过研究粉煤灰漂珠、硅灰、纳米二氧化硅及传统粉煤灰对高浆骨比砂浆的流变性能及力学性能影响。研究表明:(1)砂浆28d抗压抗折强度,随硅灰单掺掺量提高(至7.5%)而提高,继续增加至10%,强度不增反降;浆体流动性、屈服应力及低转速黏度则随掺量提高逐渐降低;高转速黏度随掺量先少量降低,掺量达到10%,黏度急速上升。(2)单掺漂珠(5%~25%),砂浆28d强度显著提高,但随掺量提高强度逐渐降低;屈服应力与高转速黏度随掺量提高而提高;流动度与低转速黏度也显著提高,但随掺量增加而降低。单掺粉煤灰对浆体强度提高程度有限,流动度则随掺量提高而提高。(3)复掺硅灰(5%)与漂珠(5%~25%),强度提高不明显,且随漂珠掺量提高而降低,屈服应力随掺量提高而提高,黏度先提高后降低。(4)外掺纳米二氧化硅(0.5%~2.5%)显著提高浆体黏度与屈服应力,并降低流动度,当掺量超过1.5%强度有所降低。因此,对高浆骨比砂浆,硅灰及漂珠掺量均宜控制在小掺量(5%),以获得较好的综合力学与流变性能。纳米二氧化硅可根据需求用以调控浆体流变性能,但需注意其对强度的影响。

蜂窝状ZSM-5沸石协同低温等离子体净化含硫恶臭气体

采用蜂窝状ZSM-5沸石协同低温等离子体净化5种典型含硫恶臭气体,通过沸石硅铝比、锰改性、放电电压参数的优化探究最佳工艺参数与处理效果。结果表明:降低硅铝比、锰改性利于提升蜂窝状ZSM-5沸石对含硫恶臭气体的整体吸附效率,增大硅铝比、适当增加锰负载量、提高放电电压则利于提升蜂窝状ZSM-5沸石协同低温等离子体对含硫恶臭气体的去除效率,其提升机制可能与沸石比表面积、外表面积和Mn^(3+)负载催化有关。在硅铝比为70(摩尔比)、锰负载量为10%(质量分数)、7.5 kV的条件下,锰改性蜂窝状ZSM-5沸石协同低温等离子体对含硫恶臭气体的去除效率均大于95%,比输入能量仅为2.3 J/L。

Effect of alumina and silica nanocomposite based on polyacrylamide on light and heavy oil recovery in presence of formation water using micromodel

Increasing world request for energy has made oil extraction from reservoirs more desirable.Many novel EOR methods have been proposed and utilized for this purpose.Using nanocomposites in chemical flooding is one of these novel methods.In this study,we investigated the impact of six injection solutions on the recovery of light and heavy oil with the presence of two different brines as formation water using a homogenous glass micromodel.All of the injection solutions were based on a 40,000 ppm Na Cl synthetic seawater(SSW),one of which was additive free and the others were prepared by dispersing nanocomposite silica-based polyacrylamide(NCSP),nanocomposite alumina-based polyacrylamide(NCAP),the combination of both nanocomposites silica and alumina based on polyacrylamide(NCSAP),surfactant(CTAB)and polyacrylamide(PAM)with a concentration of 1000 ppm as additives.The Stability of nanocomposites was tested against the salinity of the brine and temperature using salinity and DSC tests which were successful.Alongside stability tests,IFT,contact angle and oil recovery measurements were made.Visual results revealed that in addition to the effect of silica and alumina nanocomposite in reducing interfacial tension and wettability alteration,control of mobility ratio caused a major improvement in sweeping efficiency and oil recovery.According to the sweeping behavior of injected fluids,it was found that the main effect of surfactant was wettability alteration,for polyacrylamide was mobility control and for nanocomposites was the reduction of interfacial tension between oil and injected fluid,which was completely analyzed and checked out.Also,NCSAP with 95.83%and 70.33%and CTAB with 84.35%and 91%have the highest light oil recoveries at 250,000 ppm and 180,000 ppm salinity,respectively which is related to the superposition effect of interactions between nanocomposites,solution and oil.Based on our results it can be concluded that the most effective mechanism in oil recovery was IFT reduction which was done by CTAB reduction also by using a polymer-based nanocomposite such as NCSAP and adding the mobility control factor,the oil recovery can be further enhanced.In the case of heavy oil recovery,it can be concluded that the mobility control played a much more effective role when the PAM performed almost similarly to the CTAB and other nanocomposites with a recovery factor of around 17%.In this study,we tried to investigate the effect of different injection solutions and their related mechanisms on oil recovery.