Structural similarity of lithospheric velocity models of Chinese mainland

Existing lithospheric velocity models exhibit similar structures typically associated with the first-order tectonic features,with dissimilarities due to different data and methods used in model generation.The quantification of model structural similarity can help in interpreting the geophysical properties of Earth's interior and establishing unified models crucial in natural hazard assessment and resource exploration.Here we employ the complex wavelet structural similarity index measure(CW-SSIM)active in computer image processing to analyze the structural similarity of four lithospheric velocity models of Chinese mainland published in the past decade.We take advantage of this method in its multiscale definition and insensitivity to slight geometrical distortion like translation and scaling,which is particularly crucial in the structural similarity analysis of velocity models accounting for uncertainty and resolution.Our results show that the CW-SSIM values vary in different model pairs,horizontal locations,and depths.While variations in the inter-model CW-SSIM are partly owing to different databases in the model generation,the difference of tomography methods may significantly impact the similar structural features of models,such as the low similarities between the full-wave based FWEA18 and other three models in northeastern China.We finally suggest potential solutions for the next generation of tomographic modeling in different areas according to corresponding structural similarities of existing models.

The Inner Structure of the Intrinsic Electron and the Origin of Self-Mass

A brief review and analysis of two historical models of the electron, the charged spinning sphere and Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck’s concept, is presented. It is shown that the enormous potential of classical electrodynamics has been underutilized in particle physics. Such observation leads to discovery of a principal component in the electron inner structure—the charged c-ring. The intrinsic (fundamental) electron model based on the charged c-ring successfully explains the ontology of the charge fractionation in quantum chromodynamics and the formation of Cooper pairs in superconductivity. The c-ring properties are explained on the basis of the General Compton Conditions as defined. Properties of the charged c-ring include the explanation of the boundary conditions, electro-magnetostatic field configuration, self-mass, spin, magnetic moment, and the gyromagnetic ratio. The self-mass of the intrinsic electron is 100% electro-magnetostatic and it is shown how to compute its value. The classical-quantum divide no longer exists. Relation between the intrinsic electron and the electron is fundamentally defined. The electron is the composite fermion consisting of the intrinsic electron and the neutrino. The ontology of the anomaly in the electron magnetic moment is demonstrated—it is due to the addition of the neutrino magnetic moment to the overall electron magnetic moment. The intrinsic electron replaces the W? boson in particle physics, resulting in a fundamental implication for the Standard Model.

Joint inversion of gravity and vertical gradient data based on modified structural similarity index for the structural and petrophysical consistency constraint

Joint inversion is one of the most effective methods for reducing non-uniqueness for geophysical inversion.The current joint inversion methods can be divided into the structural consistency constraint and petrophysical consistency constraint methods,which are mutually independent.Currently,there is a need for joint inversion methods that can comprehensively consider the structural consistency constraints and petrophysical consistency constraints.This paper develops the structural similarity index(SSIM)as a new structural and petrophysical consistency constraint for the joint inversion of gravity and vertical gradient data.The SSIM constraint is in the form of a fraction,which may have analytical singularities.Therefore,converting the fractional form to the subtractive form can solve the problem of analytic singularity and finally form a modified structural consistency index of the joint inversion,which enhances the stability of the SSIM constraint applied to the joint inversion.Compared to the reconstructed results from the cross-gradient inversion,the proposed method presents good performance and stability.The SSIM algorithm is a new joint inversion method for petrophysical and structural constraints.It can promote the consistency of the recovered models from the distribution and the structure of the physical property values.Then,applications to synthetic data illustrate that the algorithm proposed in this paper can well process the synthetic data and acquire good reconstructed results.

An Information Content and Set of Common Superconcepts-Based Algorithm to Estimate Similarity between Concepts of Ontologies

Ontologies have been used for several years in life sciences to formally represent concepts and reason about knowledge bases in domains such as the semantic web, information retrieval and artificial intelligence. The exploration of these domains for the correspondence of semantic content requires calculation of the measure of semantic similarity between concepts. Semantic similarity is a measure on a set of documents, based on the similarity of their meanings, which refers to the similarity between two concepts belonging to one or more ontologies. The similarity between concepts is also a quantitative measure of information, calculated based on the properties of concepts and their relationships. This study proposes a method for finding similarity between concepts in two different ontologies based on feature, information content and structure. More specifically, this means proposing a hybrid method using two existing measures to find the similarity between two concepts from different ontologies based on information content and the set of common superconcepts, which represents the set of common parent concepts. We simulated our method on datasets. The results show that our measure provides similarity values that are better than those reported in the literature.

The Intrinsic Electron with Its Properties Such as Inner Structure and Self-Mass Is in Conflict with Quantum Field Theory

The quantum field theory (QFT) is one of branches of the Standard Model. According to QFT, quantum fields are the primary entities and particles are the excitations of these fields, coming in discrete lumps with no inner structures and with properties assigned by declaration. Such view is in conflict with the observed vacuum energy density, 140 orders of magnitudes less than required by the QFT. In addition, such view is challenged by Aphysical Quantum Mechanics (AQM), a deeper quantum theory. According to AQM, the fundamental understanding of quantum reality is expanded by the addition of two fundamental categories, aphysical and elementary consciousness of elementary particles. Based on AQM and as an example, the total ontology of the intrinsic (fundamental) electron is presented with its inner structure of perfect geometry consisting of the physical charged c-ring and aphysical cylinder, and with its properties such as self-mass, spin, magneto-electrostatic field configuration and magnetic moment. The position parameter in the inner structure demonstrates that there are no two identical intrinsic electrons in the Universe thus placing a question mark over the QFT principle of indistinguishability.

A Structure Similarity Analysis Method for On－Line Recognition of Handwritten Chinese Characters

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A Structure Similarity Analysis of Secreted Proteins in Magnaporthe oryzae and Its Host Oryza sativa

The structure similarity of secreted proteins in rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and its host Oryza sativa was analyzed. One thousand two hundred and forty one proteins were predicted as secreted proteins using four algorithms based on 11 074 proteins in genome of M. oryzae. One hundred and forty six secreted proteins（ 11. 8% of M. oryzae secretome） were aligned with 116 rice proteins（ 0. 21% of 56 278 rice proteins） using BLAST search on rice genome. One hundred sixteen rice similar proteins participated in rice cell wall modification（ cell wall associated enzymes） and signal transduction（ proteases）. These results imply that both cell wall involved proteins and signal transduction are probably hijacks pathway between host pants and pathogenic fungi. Because these proteins are highly conserved among fungi and plants,the express patterns of these protein coding genes during the interaction process are valuable to study in detail.

Modeling of 3D-structure for regular fragments of low similarity unknown structure proteins

Because it is hard to search similar structure for low similarity unknown structure proteins directly from the Protein Data Bank （PDB） database, 3D-structure is modeled in this paper for secondary structure regular fragments （α-Helices, β-Strands） of such proteins by the protein secondary structure prediction software, the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool （BLAST） and the side chain construction software SCWRL3. First, the protein secondary structure prediction software is adopted to extract secondary structure fragments from the unknown structure proteins. Then, regular fragments are regulated by BLAST based on comparative modeling, providing main chain configurations. Finally, SCWRL3 is applied to assemble side chains for regular fragments, so that 3D-structure of regular fragments of low similarity unknown structure protein is obtained. Regular fragments of several neurotoxins are used for test. Simulation results show that the prediction errors are less than 0.06nm for regular fragments less than 10 amino acids, implying the simpleness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

An Evaluation of the Critical Success Factors in Sustainable Food Supply Chains in Developing Countries

Food is one of the biggest industries in developed and underdeveloped countries. Supply chain sustainability is essential in established and emerging economies because of the rising acceptance of cost-based outsourcing and the growing technological, social, and environmental concerns. The food business faces serious sustainability and growth challenges in developing countries. A comprehensive analysis of the critical success factors (CSFs) influencing the performance outcome and the sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) process. A theoretical framework is established to explain how they are used to examine the organizational aspect of the food supply chain life cycle analysis. This study examined the CSFs and revealed the relationships between them using a methodology that included a review of literature, interpretative structural modeling (ISM), and cross-impact matrix multiplication applied in classification (MICMAC) tool analysis of soil liquefaction factors. The findings of this research demonstrate that the quality and safety of food are important factors and have a direct effect on other factors. To make sustainable food supply chain management more adequate, legislators, managers, and experts need to pay attention to this factor. In this work. It also shows that companies aiming to create a sustainable business model must make sustainability a fundamental tenet of their organization. Practitioners and managers may devise effective long-term plans for establishing a sustainable food supply chain utilizing the recommended methodology.

SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATION, THE STRUCTURE OF THE TRAVELING WAVES SOLUTION AND THE EXISTENCE OF A GLOBAL SMOOTH SOLUTION TO GENERALIZED KURAMOTO SIVASHINSKY TYPE EQUATIONS

The existence of a global smooth solution for the initial value problem of generalized Kuramoto-Sivashinsky type equations have been obtained. Similarty siolutions and the structure of the traveling waves solution for the generalized KS equations are discussed and analysed by using the qualitative theory of ODE and Lie's infinitesimal transformation respectively.

Systematic Method of Applying Structural Characteristics of Natural Organisms to Mechanical Structures

Structural bionic design lacks mature and scientific theories, and the excellent structural characteristics of natural organisms sometimes cannot be transferred into engineering structures effectively. Aiming at overcoming the existing problems, this paper summarizes three related theories: similarity theory, fuzzy evaluation theory and optimization theory. Based on the related theories, a method of structural bionic design is introduced, which includes four steps: selecting the most useful structural characteristic of natural organism; analyzing the structural characteristic finally chosen for engineering problem; completing the structural bionic design for engineering structure; and verifying the structural bionic design. Similarity theory and fuzzy evaluation theory are employed to achieve Step 1. In Step 2 and Step 3, optimization theory is employed to analyze the parameters of structures. Together with the thoughts of simplification and grouping, optimization theory can reveal the relationship between organism structure and engineering structure, providing a way to structural bionic design. A general evaluation criterion is proposed in Step 4, which is feasible to evaluate the performance of different structures. Finally, based on the method, a structural bionic design of thin-walled cylindrical shell is introduced.

Physical Modeling of Influence of Rock Mass Structure on Roof Stability

Based on the developing degree of structure planes in coal roof, whole, blocky and heavily fractured structure models are built up. Through simulation test of similar materials, the distribution of deformation, failure and underground pressure induced by coal mining in coal roof with different rock mass structures are analyzed. The test results indicate that the distances of first and periodic weighting of main roof and the height of caving and fracture zone decrease with the increment of fractures in roof rock mass. From whole to blocky and heavily fractured structures, abutment pressure ahead of working face reduces and the peak value of abutment pressure migrates to inside of roof rock mass.

The Similar Structures and Control Problems of Complex Systems

In this paper, the naturally evolving complex systems, such as biotic and social ones, are considered. Focusing on their structures, a feature is noteworthy, i.e., the similarity in structures. The relations between the functions and behaviors of these systems and their similar structures will be studied. Owing to the management of social systems and the course of evolution of biotic systems may be regarded as control processes, the researches will be within the scope of control problems. Moreover, since it is difficult to model for biotic and social systems, it will start with the control problems of complex systems, possessing similar structures, in engineering. The obtained results show that for either linear or nonlinear systems and for a lot of control problems similar structures lead to a series of simplifications. In general, the original system may be decomposed into reduced amount of subsystems with lower dimensions and simpler structures. By virtue of such subsystems, the control problems of original system can be solved more simply. At last, it turns round to observe the biotic and social systems and some analyses are given.

THE STRUCTURE AND APPROXIMATION OF A.S. SELF-SIMILAR SET

The structure of any a.s. self-similar set K(w) generated by a class of random elements {gn,wσ} taking values in the space of contractive operators is given and the approximation of K(w) by the fixed points {Pn,wσ} of {gn,ow} is obtained. It is useful to generate the fractal in computer.

Three-Dimensional Shaking Table Test of 1/10 Scale Model of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure

A l/10 scale model of reinforced concrete (R C ) frame structure was tested on the 15t-shaking table of State Key Laboratory, Tongji University The structural prototype was a 10-storey office building that was damaged in the 1985 Mexico major earthquake[1] The original acceleration records in the earthquake were applied as the input waves in the test The dynamical test model was designed according to the general law of similarity, and the effect of the shortage of artificial quality was considered The model was carefully made of fine gravel concrete and galvanized iron wire The damage of test model is in good agreement with that of archetypal building in the experiment

Characterization of the sequence spectrum of DNA based on the appearance frequency of the nucleotide sequences of the genome——A new method for analysis of genome structure

The nucleotide (base) sequence of the genome might reflect biological information beyond the coding sequences. The appearance frequencies of successive base sequences (key sequences) were calculated for entire genomes. Based on the appearance frequency of the key sequences of the genome, any DNA sequences on the genome could be expressed as a sequence spectrum with the adjoining base sequences, which could be used to study the corresponding biological phenomena. In this paper, we used 64 successive three- base sequences (triplets) as the key sequences, and determined and compared the spectra of specific genes to the chromosome, or specific genes to tRNA genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Escherichia coli. Based on these analyses, a gene and its corresponding position on the chromosome showed highly similar spectra with the same fold enlargement (approximately 400-fold) in the S. cerevisiae, S. pombe and E. coli genomes. In addition, the homologous structure of genes that encode proteins was also observed with appropriate tRNA gene(s) in the genome. This analytical method might faithfully reflect the encoded biological information, that is, the conservation of the base sequences was to make sense the conservation of the translated amino acids sequence in the coding region, and might be universally applicable to other genomes, even those that consisted of multiple chromosomes.

Structure of Halo Nuclei

A self-similar-structure shell modct （SSM） is proposed to extend the conven-tional shell model （SM） calculation to study halo nuclei.The exotic structures of 11Liand 6He nuclei are reproduced by means of SSM.The neutron halo of 11Li comes fromthe spin-orbit term and the thick neutron skin of 6He arises from the different quantumnumbers Nn and Np（N=2n+1） in SSM.

A Novel Prediction Method of Protein Structural Classes Based on Protein Super-Secondary Structure

At present, the feature extraction of protein sequences is the most basic issue to predict protein structural classes and is also the key problem to decide the quality of prediction. In order to predict protein structural classes accurately, we construct a 14-dimensional feature vector based on protein secondary and super-secondary structure information to reflect the content and spatial ordering of the given protein sequences. Among the vector, seven features about -helix bundle, hairpin motifs, Rossman folds, -plaits and other super-secondary structure information are first proposed in our paper. Experiments show that our method improves overall accuracy of lower similarity datasets 1189 and 640 by 0.9% - 3.8% and 0.5% - 4.2% respectively compared with other methods and has a competitive advantage for predicting proteins in and classes.

Comparison of Ontology-Based Semantic-Similarity Measures in the Biomedical Text

In recent years, there are many types of semantic similarity measures, which are used to measure the similarity between two concepts. It is necessary to define the differences between the measures, performance, and evaluations. The major contribution of this paper is to choose the best measure among different similarity measures that give us good result with less error rate. The experiment was done on a taxonomy built to measure the semantic distance between two concepts in the health domain, which are represented as nodes in the taxonomy. Similarity measures methods were evaluated relative to human experts’ ratings. Our experiment was applied on the ICD10 taxonomy to determine the similarity value between two concepts. The similarity between 30 pairs of the health domains has been evaluated using different types of semantic similarity measures equations. The experimental results discussed in this paper have shown that the Hoa A. Nguyen and Hisham Al-Mubaid measure has achieved high matching score by the expert’s judgment.

Multi-criteria assessment of offshore wind turbine support structures based on dynamic property optimization

Increasing size of wind turbine and deep water deployment have raised the issue of appropriate selection of the most suitable support structure to make offshore wind energy cost competitive.The paper presents an optimization methodology for decision making process of bottom mounted supports of offshore wind turbines （OWTs） through reasonable engineering attributes derivation.Mathematic models of support structures are reduced by the generalized single-degree-of-freedom theory with relatively fewer structural parameters.Soft-stiff design optimization based on dynamic properties of OWTs is performed for monopile and lattice supports with different wind turbines,water depth and hub height.Attributes of support structures,wind turbines and environment conditions are applied in the multi-criteria decision making method——TOPSIS for benchmarking of those options.The results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimazation methodology combined with economical and environmental attributes together.