Measurement of oil volume fraction and velocity distributions in vertical oil-in-water flows using ERT and a local probe

This paper presents the use of a high performance dual-plane electrical resistance tomography (ERT) system and a local dual-sensor conductance probe to measure the vertical upward oil-in-water pipe flows in which the mean oil volume fraction is up to 23.1%. A sensitivity coefficient back-projection (SBP) algorithm was adopted to reconstruct the flow distributions and a cross correlation method was applied to obtain the oil velocity distributions. The oil volume fraction and velocity distributions obtained from both measurement techniques were compared and good agreement was found, which indicates that the ERT tech- nique can be used to measure the low fraction oil-water flows. Finally, the factors affecting measurement precision were discussed.

Study on water treatment effect of dispersion discharge plasma based on flowing water film electrode

To improve the utilization rate of plasma active species,in this study,a closed non-uniform air gap is formed by a flowing water film electrode and a sawtooth insulating dielectric layer to realize the diffuse glow discharge in the atmosphere.Firstly,the electric field distribution characteristics of non-uniform air gap in the sawtooth dielectric layer are studied,and the influence of aspect ratio on the characteristics of diffuse discharge plasma is discussed.Subsequently,the effects of wire mesh,the inclination angle of the dielectric plate,and liquid inlet velocity on the flow characteristics of the water film electrode are analyzed.The results show that the non-uniform electric field distribution formed in the sawtooth groove can effectively inhibit the filamentous discharge,and the 1 mm flowing water film is directly used as the electrode,and high-active plasma is formed directly on the lower surface of the water film.In addition,a plasma flowing water treatment device is built to treat the methyl orange solution and observe its decolorization effect.The experimental results show that after 50 min of treatment,the decolorization rate of the methyl orange solution reaches 96%,which provides a new idea for industrial applications of wastewater treatment.

Oil–water two-phase flow pattern analysis with ERT based measurement and multivariate maximum Lyapunov exponent

Oil–water two-phase flow patterns in a horizontal pipe are analyzed with a 16-electrode electrical resistance tomography(ERT) system. The measurement data of the ERT are treated as a multivariate time-series, thus the information extracted from each electrode represents the local phase distribution and fraction change at that location. The multivariate maximum Lyapunov exponent(MMLE) is extracted from the 16-dimension time-series to demonstrate the change of flow pattern versus the superficial velocity ratio of oil to water. The correlation dimension of the multivariate time-series is further introduced to jointly characterize and finally separate the flow patterns with MMLE. The change of flow patterns with superficial oil velocity at different water superficial velocities is studied with MMLE and correlation dimension, respectively, and the flow pattern transition can also be characterized with these two features. The proposed MMLE and correlation dimension map could effectively separate the flow patterns, thus is an effective tool for flow pattern identification and transition analysis.

正极性直流电场对绝缘子雾凇覆冰的影响机理及覆冰试验验证

复杂大气环境下绝缘子覆冰是影响电网安全运行的关键科学问题。与交流相比,直流电场对荷电水滴具有较强的吸附作用,但鲜有研究涉及。基于场致荷电、流体力学和电磁学原理,对两种典型悬式绝缘子开展了电场-流场耦合仿真分析以及自然覆冰试验研究。结果表明,荷电水滴在直流电场中趋向于沿电场线运动,且其轨迹偏移量随着外施电压和水滴直径的增加而增大,而随着风速的增加而减小;直流电场下绝缘子表面产生冰树枝,不同绝缘子表面法向电场分量存在较大差异,进而影响冰树枝的生长特性;随着外施电压的升高,冰树枝逐渐从绝缘子伞裙边缘扩散至其表面,且冰树枝尖端逐渐变钝;带电情况下两种绝缘子覆冰量和覆冰长度大于不带电情况,且增长幅度均超过15%。研究结果对于建立带电绝缘子覆冰增长模型奠定了基础。

低含水油水两相流等效介电常数模型

电容法测油水两相流含水率在油田的地面油水计量及井中的产出剖面分层测试中都得到广泛应用。持水率(水相体积分数)的测量需要建立油水两相流持水率与传感器电容的关系,为此需要建立混相等效介电常数与持水率的理论模型或经验模型。由于油井采出的地层水以及地面实验室标定所用的自来水在低频和中频时均具有良好导电性,因此,单纯考虑介电性而不考虑导电性会对持水率测量的准确性产生显著影响。基于电介质极化的有效电场理论,在低含水且油水状态为精细泡状流条件下,将水视为良导体,建立了油水两相流等效介电常数模型。按此模型,油水两相流的等效介电常数只取决于持水率和油相介电常数,与水相介电常数以及水相电导率无关,初步实验验证了模型正确。该研究对于油为连续相时油水两相流的含水率传感器的设计和现场应用具有重要意义。

Mechanical Property Estimation of Similar Weld using Ball Indentation Technique

A weld joint is composed of three principal zones viz., base metal, Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), and weld zone. Thus, the variation in mechanical behavior exists not only among these zones, but also from point to point in each individual zone. Being destructive in nature, the conventional method of mechanical testing cannot successfully used to estimate the variation in the mechanical behavior at different zones of the weld joint. Moreover, the conventional method of mechanical testing cannot characterize the material using small amount of material. In this respect, Ball Indentation (BI) methodology was considered to be useful approach, since it can characterize the mechanical properties of a material using very small amount of material in non destructive manner. The present work is an attempt to characterize the variation in the mechanical properties among each zone (global variation), and from point to point in each zone (local variation) of the similar weld joint used in nuclear application using BI approach. For this purpose, the similar weld joint of two SS-304 LN pipe lines was investigated using BI approach.

压裂直井产量公式

油井压裂后,流体在地层中的流动不再是简单的线性流或径向流,流场变得复杂,无法直接运用解析方法求解。为了求解压裂直井的产量公式,将地层中的复杂流场进行了分解,划分成外区径向流、中间线性流和裂缝线性流3个简单流形;对简单流形分别进行求解,并采用水电相似原理和等值渗流阻力法,解析求解得到压裂直井的产量公式。该公式不仅可以计算和预测油井产量,还可以确定压裂裂缝的长度及压裂效果。

煤系天然气电潜螺杆泵举升管柱水粉两相流动态特性

分析油管柱煤粉颗粒群体随水流运移特性对提高电潜螺杆泵的可靠性和保障煤系天然气井连续稳定排采具有重要意义。综合大浓度、低流速和低黏度等多因素影响,把管柱内流固耦合作用和煤粉颗粒运移动力学统一起来,建立适用于电潜螺杆泵油管柱水粉两相双流体运移数学模型及其求解方程,从而更全面和准确地分析煤粉粒径、两相流速和油管内径对水流携煤粉运移特性的影响。结果表明:电潜螺杆泵油管柱煤粉颗粒群体随水流沿径向整体呈现抛物线运移特征,且煤粉固相运移速度要小于井液流动速度,煤粉随水流朝上运移主要分布于管柱中心区域,随两相流量的增大,煤粉固相运移速度不断提升且排出量先是显著增加而后两相流量升至一定阈值后排出量增加趋势逐渐减弱,合理选取筛缝控制煤粉粒径同时采用衬管减小管柱内径可有效提高煤粉排出量。

From laboratory to on-site operation:Reevaluation of empirically based electric water chiller models

Chiller model is a key factor to building energy simulation and chiller performance prediction.With spread of new types of electric water chillers that have higher performance and wider operating range,new challenges have been faced by building energy simulation tools and their chiller models.This work takes a new type of electric water chiller as a case study and reevaluates eight typical empirically based models for predicting the energy performance of electric water chiller to verify whether they are suitable for the new type of chiller,using both laboratory test data from chiller manufacturer and online monitoring data from on-site operation of a central cooling plant with chillers of the same type.The prediction ability of the chiller models(including model prediction accuracy and generation ability)in laboratory test and on-site operation situations are examined.The results show that the existing models can well describe the chiller performance in the laboratory test situation but perform poorly in the on-site operation situation.As the best two models in the laboratory dataset,the overall prediction errors of DOE-2 and GN model increase more than 250%and 75%respectively in the field dataset.The big discrepancy of model prediction accuracy in the two situations is mainly due to the differences of evaporator and condenser water flow rates between the laboratory and on-site operation datasets,which indicates the limitations of the empirical chiller models and implies further research in future in order to improve the suitability and reliability of chiller model.

基于示踪试验的湘桂边界连通关系定量技术

系统分析了示踪剂类型、示踪剂投放量、示踪剂监测和流量监测等因素对饮用水源水系连通试验的影响,引入电导率作为优化采样和测流频次的指标,硝酸钾作为回收率计算的示踪剂指标,结合流量测验数据,构建了一种地下水复杂分支分级回收分析的定量水系连通方法。应用该方法开展湖南省和广西壮族自治区野牛岩省界的生活、生产用水矛盾调查。结果显示:①野牛岩来水全部流入落水氹,之后分为东西两支水流。②东支水流经幸福坝、幸福电站流入地下暗河,最后汇入江源;西支水流经五星隧洞、五星电站、幸福电站流入地下暗河,最后汇入江源,流程达30余km。在试验时段水文气象条件下,东支(幸福坝)分流水量约占野牛岩汇入落水氹水量的34.9%,西支(五星隧洞)分流水量约占野牛岩汇入落水氹水量的65.1%。③白泉、大水步、清塘、兆江洞1和兆江洞2与野牛岩之间无水流连通关系。该研究成果理清了该区域地下水走向及汇(分)流比例,掌握河道各处的水量沿程变化特征,为妥善解决该类型的用水矛盾纠纷提供技术支撑,可为复杂连通的水量分析工作提供参考。

Measurement of Ice Movement in Water Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography

The permafrost with the highest altitude and largest area in the mid and low latitude is located in the Qing-hai-Tibet Plateau. As most frozen soils contain ice particles which are very sensitive to temperature and other externalparameters, thus influencing the stability of the embankment in permafrost regions, it is very important todevelop techniques to prevent damages to railway embankments due to thaw settlement. In this paper, the electricalcapacitance sensors are designed to study the freezing front movement in a vessel and ice movement in water,which is the first step to apply the ECT system to the study of frozen soil. Two sensor arrangements are put intouse. First, the traditional closed electrode sensors are put into use. In this arrangement, the electrodes are attachedto the outside of the pipe or vessel, and the cross-sectional distribution of ice and water could be reconstructedfrom the capacitances measured. Also, the ice moving track at the cross section could be reflected thoroughly.Since the traditional closed electrode sensors can not meet the needs of measuring the ice freezing front movement,a new electrode sensors structure, that is, the unclosed electrode sensors are designed to satisfy the specifictest of frozen soil. In this arrangement, several pairs of electrodes are arranged along the height of the vessel. Asudden decrease in the measured capacitance is observed when the freezing front advances past the electrodes.Therefore, according to the capacitance variation, the ice movement can be reflected. In summary, electrical capacitancetomography has the advantages of being non-intrusive. With different electrode sensor arrangement, icemovement and ice freezing front can be obtained. The electrical capacitance sensor system can be applied to investigatethe complicated phenomena in frozen soil.

Evaporation-driven water flow induced electricity from porous carbon film

Subject code:E02 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a collaborative study by the research group led by Prof.Zhou Jun(周军)from Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Prof.Guo Wanlin(郭万林)from Nanjing University

土石坝溃坝离心模型试验中水流控制与测量

针对目前土石坝溃坝离心模型试验中存在的问题,研发了一套伺服水阀流量控制装置,显著提高了土石坝溃坝离心模型试验上游来水条件的控制精度,有效降低了模型试验结果的不确定性;建立了土石坝溃坝离心模型试验的水流相似准则;提出了一种采用内置于模型箱端板上的薄壁矩形量水堰测量土石坝溃坝离心模型试验中溃坝洪水流量过程的方法,并通过超重力场下的放水试验,证明了薄壁矩形量水堰的流量系数与离心机加速度无关,采用内置于模型箱端板上的薄壁矩形量水堰可准确测定土石坝溃坝离心模型试验中的溃坝洪水流量过程。

王家沟煤矿条带充填开采导水裂隙发育规律研究

为探索陕北榆神矿区王家沟煤矿萨拉乌苏组含水层下保水开采方法,在分析该矿1301、1302综采工作面地质采矿条件的基础上,基于充填条带与关键层协调作用原理,分别采用物理相似模拟实验和FLAC3D数值模拟计算方法,对比研究了综采一次采全高全部垮落法和条带充填两种开采方法开采后覆岩导水裂隙的发育规律。试验模拟结果表明,1301全部垮落法开采导水裂缝带最大高度达110.4m,1302条带充填开采导水裂缝带最大高度约55.4m;覆岩导水裂隙随直接顶、基本顶的初次来压和周期来压以及覆岩主关键层的破断失稳呈间歇性变速向上发育,应用条带充填可以起到支撑关键层的协调控制作用,能够有效控制覆岩导水裂隙带的发育高度,实现王家沟煤矿含水层下保水采煤的目的。

综放工作面导水裂隙带高度研究

为了研究长壁综放工作面覆岩导水裂隙带高度,根据胡家河矿综放工作面开采技术条件和岩石力学性能参数,建立相似模拟试验模型,对上覆岩层破坏后导水裂隙带高度进行研究,将研究结果与经验公式进行对比,采用回归分析法对经验公式进行修正,并考虑了推进距离对导水裂隙带的影响,从而为预测覆岩导水裂隙带高度提供了一种新的、有效的方法。

采动断层活化引发突水机理研究

文章以山东省兖州煤田星村井田为研究背景,采用相似材料模拟试验的手段,进行采动断层活化突水的观测与分析,探索突水发生的根本原因——断层两盘的相对位移(断层活化)导致煤层顶底板突水,主要从地层沉降变化情况、煤层顶板岩层导水裂隙带高度变化情况等方面分析了断层活化突水的可能性。采动后断层活化的相似材料模拟试验有助于优化断层防水煤柱的留设宽度、制定合理的开采方案,提高生产效率,避免矿井突水事故的发生。

电容层析成像技术应用于冰水两相测试研究

采用电容层析成像(electrical capacitance tomography,ECT)方法研究冰水两相系统中冰在水中的运动和冰锋面的移动等。研究过程中,先采用传统的闭合电极电容层析成像传感器,即电极布置于被测管道某一截面的外侧一周,得到被测截面的冰-水分布,以及冰在水中的运动轨迹。之后,为研究冰锋面的迁移情况,针对测试件的特殊结构设计了新型非闭合电极电容层析成像传感器,即沿容器高度上布置了几组电极,每组电极两两相对。当冰锋面浸没过某一对电极时,该对电极电容值迅速减小,因此采用这种布置方式可以获得冰锋面的运动。采用电容层析成像这种非接触测量方式可以获得冰在水中的移动及冻结情况,为进一步研究冻土中的复杂现象提供新型测试手段。

110kV变压器中性点水流保护间隙与避雷器并联保护方式

为克服传统保护方式的缺陷,提出了1种水流保护间隙和避雷器并联的110 kV变压器中性点新型保护方式。在系统发生非全相运行故障或者单相接地短路且失地时,水流保护间隙形成且立即被击穿(即水流保护间隙动作),从而保护变压器中性点绝缘和避雷器。在雷电过电压下,由避雷器动作泄放雷电流,水流不会喷出,不会形成水流间隙,间隙不会动作;在其他过电压下,水流不会喷出,间隙和避雷器均不动作。对已研制成功的整套水流保护间隙与避雷器并联新型控制系统进行大量试验,研究结果表明:水流保护间隙的工频放电电压和放电分散性都低于同等距离的空气间隙,当工频电压升高到快接近放电电压时,在高压电极头部会产生强烈的电火花。水流保护间隙和避雷器并联新型保护方式可以可靠工作,更有效保护变压器中性点绝缘。

基于水流与电流流动相似性的泥质岩石油水相对渗透率与电阻率关系

大庆G地区葡萄花油层具有高泥、复杂孔隙结构特征。建立该区葡萄花油层油水相对渗透率与电阻率之间关系必须考虑泥质对于岩石导电性以及渗流的影响。引入"三水"概念,将泥质岩石总孔隙水分成可动水、微孔隙水和黏土水,将可动水孔隙等效为n根毛细管组成,结合泊肃叶方程和达西定律,推导水相相对渗透率与含水饱和度及可动水流动等效曲折度之间的关系式。利用三孔隙导电模型推导只有可动流体孔隙存在的岩石电阻率增大系数与含水饱和度及可动水导电等效曲折度之间的关系式。再依据可动水水流与电流流动相似性原理建立泥质岩石水相相对渗透率与含水饱和度及电阻率增大系数之间的关系。依据可动流体孔隙各组分体积等量关系以及比面积概念推导出水相相对渗透率与油相相对渗透率关系式,得出泥质岩石油相相对渗透率与含水饱和度及电阻率增大系数之间的关系式。设计了岩石物理实验,保证储层孔隙结构和泥质含量在岩电和压汞实验测量中的一致性。利用泥质岩样的压汞实验数据根据Burdine模型获得水相和油相相对渗透率实验关系曲线,利用同一泥质岩样的岩电实验数据根据三孔隙导电模型获得假定只有流动孔隙存在的岩石电阻率增大系数值。泥质岩石油水相对渗透率与电阻率关系模型实验数据拟合,证明建立的泥质岩石油水相对渗透率与电阻率关系模型能够准确求取储层相对渗透率,可用于高含泥储层产水率测井解释。

基于表观电导率和Hydrus模型同化的土壤盐分估算

精细刻画农田土壤盐分运移过程对盐渍化精准治理具有重要意义。该文以磁感式大地电导率仪 EM38 测定的土壤表观电导率作为数据源,利用表观电导率与剖面土壤盐分之间的反演模型作为观测算子,将集合卡尔曼滤波(ensembleKalman filter,EnKF)同化方法应用于土壤水盐运移过程模型(HYDRUS-1D),进行滨海盐渍农田周年土壤盐分动态的模拟,并分析了同化过程的敏感性。结果表明:与单纯使用 HYDRUS 模型相比,EnKF 同化方法对模型观测算子的更新,有效提高剖面土壤盐分模拟精度,且 EnKF 同化值的精度优于 EnKF 同化模拟值,在同化过程中的调整量亦最大;敏感性分析结果显示土壤盐分同化过程对状态变量集合数大小不敏感,对观测数据误差和引入观测数据的深度较为敏感,观测数据误差水平越高、引入观测数据的深度越浅其误差越大。研究表明基于水盐运移模型和土壤表观电导率数据的 EnKF 同化方法能提高土壤盐分的模拟精度,为利用多源数据和机理模型进行较大尺度生态过程模拟预测提供了有效手段。