The runoff characteristics and harmonic analysis of the soil moisture dynamics in Robinia pseudoacacia stand

Robinia pseudoacacia stands act as a typical ecological protection forest in hilly semi-arid area of China. Two fields of surface runoff were separately set up in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area in the western Liaoning Province (1850-12225 E, 4024-4234 N) for measuring the characteristics of runoff and sediment as well as soil moisture dynamics. Contractive analysis of the two land types showed that there existed a significant difference in volumes of runoff and sediment between the sites of R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area. The runoff volume and sediment volume in clearcut area were much bigger than those in R. pseudoacacia stand, with an increase amount of 40%-177% for runoff and 180%-400% for sediment. Hydrograph of surface runoff of typical rainfall showed that the peak value of runoff in R. pseudoacacia stand was decreased by 1.0-2.5?0-3m3s-1 compared with that in its clearcut area, and the occurring time of peak value of runoff in R. pseudoacacia stand was 10-20 min later than that in its clearcut area. Harmonic analysis of soil moisture dynamics indicated that the soil moisture in R. pseudoacacia stand was 2.3 % higher than that in clearcut area, and the soil moisture both in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area could be divided into dry season and humid season and varied periodically with annual rainfall precipitation. It was concluded that R. pseudoacacia stand plays a very important role in storing water, increasing soil moisture, and reducing surface runoff and soil erosion.

Theoretical Study on Dynamic Filtration with the Membrane in Simple Harmonic Motion

A simple harmonic motion is proposed to make the membrane move in a simpleharmonic way so as to enhance the membrane filtration, and minimize the membrane fouling andconcentration polarization. The velocity distribution and pressure distribution are deduced from theNavier-Stokes equation on the basis of a laminar flow when the membrane rotates at the speed of Asin(αt). And then the shear stress, shear force, moment of force on the membrane surface and powerconsumed by viscous force are calculated. The velocity distribution demonstrates that the phase ofmembrane velocity does not synchronize with that of shear stress. The simple harmonic motion canresult in self-cleaning, optimize energy utilization, provide the velocity field with instability,and make the feed fluid fluctuation. It also results in higher shear stress on the membrane surfacethan the constant motion when they consume the same quantitative energy.

Bessel Function and Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

A glance at Bessel functions shows they behave similar to the damped sinusoidal function. In this paper two physical examples (pendulum and spring-mass system with linearly increasing length and mass respectively) have been used as evidence for this observation. It is shown in this paper how Bessel functions can be approximated by the damped sinusoidal function. The numerical method that is introduced works very well in adiabatic condition (slow change) or in small time (independent variable) intervals. The results are also compared with the Lagrange polynomial.

Deduction of Market Prices for Futures Derivatives From Projectile Physics With Effects of the Simple Harmonic Oscillations on Equilibrium Price Positions

We investigated the motions associated with prices for futures contracts within financial markets.We aimed to derive the market prices from the physics approach.We used the projectile motion models defined under two distinct conditions(perfect/horizontal and imperfect/drag implication)based on Newton’s and Galileo’s laws of motion.In addition,we applied the simple harmonic oscillatory model to present the movements of prices from the market equilibrium position.Despite that it was more theoretical,we managed to derive the futures price functions and the results showed that futures prices depend largely on market forces of demand and supply and underlying assets price behaviour.Also,we managed to find the terminal prices for the securities given the initial prices,which are a worrying matter to the trading parties.The equilibrium price analysis was done and the simple harmonic model proved to be efficient in such modelling.We managed to identify the price motions to and from the equilibrium point with markets.Results suggested that it is the market frictions(market forces of demand and supply)that propel prices to move.Also,we noted that these forces are responsible for bringing back the prices at equilibrium if the market is left to operate as free.Nevertheless,from the performance comparison of the two models used,results suggested that futures price function from a drag variable is more powerful in modelling the price behaviour for options than the one sorely controlled by market demand and supply forces.And the simple harmonic oscillator model is good at modelling the equilibrium movements of asset prices.Above all,we used the mean absolute deviation(MAD)to validate our futures derivative pricing model.Fortunately,the obtained MAD results supported the efficiency of our model.However,it should not be carelessly taken that the projectile models used are much good at price motions/movements within the market from time to time with a stunted ability to capture in other facts of interest,such as volatility coefficients which pave a research way for other scholars.

Application of Scale Relativity to the Problem of a Particle in a Simple Harmonic Oscillator Potential

In the present work, Scale Relativity (SR) is applied to a particle in a simple harmonic oscillator (SHO) potential. This is done by utilizing a novel mathematical connection between SR approach to quantum mechanics and the well-known Riccati equation. Then, computer programs were written using the standard MATLAB 7 code to numerically simulate the behavior of the quantum particle utilizing the solutions of the fractal equations of motion obtained from SR method. Comparison of the results with the conventional quantum mechanics probability density is shown to be in very precise agreement. This agreement was improved further for some cases by utilizing the idea of thermalization of the initial particle state and by optimizing the parameters used in the numerical simulations such as the time step and number of coordinate divisions. It is concluded from the present work that SR method can be used as a basis for description the quantum behavior without reference to conventional formulation of quantum mechanics. Hence, it can also be concluded that the fractal nature of space-time implied by SR, is at the origin of the quantum behavior observed in these problems. The novel mathematical connection between SR and the Riccati equation, which was previously used in quantum mechanics without reference to SR, needs further investigation in future work.

Non-Characteristic Harmonics Analysis of the ITER Pulsed Power Supply

The ITER pulsed power supply system will be operated in non-ideal conditions including an asymmetric firing angle, an unbalanced AC supply and an unbalanced AC side impedance of the transformer. In this study the switching functions approach is used to calcu- late non-characteristic harmonics in ITER, possibly caused by an AC-DC convertor in non-ideal conditions. A PSCAD simulation model is set up to study the non-characteristic harmonics in those non-ideal conditions. It is found that the non-characteristic harmonic does appear and the simulation result is in accordance with the calculating strategy.

Analysis of echo signal modulation characteristic parameters on aerial and space targets

Based on the scattering characteristic,the comparison of RCS(radar cross-section)at different positions of a target in the same direction of incidence can be obtained first by extruding or deleting part of the entity.A simulation method of aerial&space targets echo characteristics(A&STEC)is proposed that is universal to aerial and space targets.We utilize a fixed-wing UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)and typical missiles in simulation.The echo signal modulation characteristic parameters are calculated theoretically by the atmospheric attenuation model,the finite element method and a MUMPS solver.The verification simulations show that this method can analyze the influence of the target shape,incident direction,detection position and detection frequency on echo waveform,intensity and energy distribution.The results show that the profile of echo waveform can invert the general shape of the target.The relationship between time and intensity can determine whether the target is moving towards or away from the detector in addition.These conclusions can provide a reference for the ballistic missile target tracking and the defense against UVA intrusion in theory.

1/3 PURE SUB-HARMONIC SOLUTION AND FRACTAL CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSIENT PROCESS FOR DUFFING'S EQUATION

The 1/3 sub-harmonic solution for the Duffing＇s with damping equation was investigated by using the methods of harmonic balance and numerical integration. The assumed solution is introduced, and the domain of sub-harmonic frequencies was found. The asymptotical stability of the subharmonic resonances and the sensitivity of the amplitude responses to the variation of damping coefficient were examined. Then, the subharmonic resonances were analyzed by using the techniques from the general fractal theory. The analysis indicates that the sensitive dimensions of the system time-field responses show sensitivity to the conditions of changed initial perturbation, changed damping coefficient or the amplitude of excitation, thus the sensitive dimension can clearly describe the characteristic of the transient process of the subharmonic resonances.

Three-Dimensional Conjugate Tooth Surface Design and Contact Analysis of Harmonic Drive with Double-Circular-Arc Tooth Profle

A three-dimensional conjugate tooth surface design method for Harmonic Drive with a double-circular-arc tooth profle is proposed. The radial deformation function of the fexspline (FS), obtained through Finite Element (FE) analysis, is incorporated into the kinematics model. By analyzing the FS tooth enveloping process, the optimization of the overlapping conjugate tooth profle is achieved. By utilizing the hobbing process, the three-dimensional machinable tooth surface of FS can be acquired. Utilizing the coning deformation of the FS, simulations are conducted to analyze the multi-section assembly and meshing motion of the machinable tooth surface. The FE method is utilized to analyze and compare the loaded contact characteristics. Results demonstrate that the proposed design method can achieve an internal gear pair consisting of a circular spline with a spur gear tooth surface and the FS with a machinable tooth surface. With the rated torque, approximately 24% of the FS teeth are engaged in meshing, and more than 4/5 of the tooth surface in the axial direction carries the load. The contact patterns, maximum contact pressure, and transmission error of the machinable tooth surface are 227.2%, 40.67%, and 71.24% of those on the spur gear tooth surface, respectively. It clearly demonstrates exceptional transmission performance.

基于功率流有限元法的涡旋压缩机振动特性研究

针对涡旋压缩机内部振动传递路径复杂,采用传统的传递函数法往往不能真实地描述振动产生与传递的本质问题,引入功率流有限元法从能量角度分析振动传递特性,进行涡旋压缩机内部振动产生、传递与空间分布的可视化研究。在分析涡旋压缩机的动力拓扑关系基础上建立激励源,提取与振动响应模型并进行仿真分析;利用实体试验和响应分析结果对比进行模型有效性分析;在验证后的模型上定义8个能量输出面,分析谐波与激励作用下上支撑和下支撑的振动能量传递特性,并且计算节点的功率流矢量确定振源的空间分布。结果表明,涡旋压缩机曲轴在运转到280°时,振动频率在1 000 Hz与1 890 Hz时振动能量传递率较高,上支撑能量分布均匀并集于自身,下支撑能量集中于支脚并向外传递。研究方法和研究成果对于涡旋压缩机振动分布及传递、振动控制和优化设计等方面具有一定借鉴意义。

无刷励磁机旋转整流器二极管开路故障的轴电压特征研究

内转子式三相无刷励磁机旋转整流器二极管单管开路故障发生频率较高且不易直接监测,可能诱发多个二极管故障的连锁效应,严重影响发电机组的安全可靠运行,根据故障在轴电压中形成的特征谐波进行在线监测是一种新型检测方法。首先分析了旋转整流器二极管单管开路故障时励磁机电枢磁动势特征,利用气隙磁导法得到交链电枢转轴交变磁通表达式,进而预测二极管开路故障后,励磁机轴电压中将出现Pωr/2π整数倍频率的谐波。最后以一台5.8 MW的三相无刷励磁机为例进行有限元仿真,结果与理论预期相符,证明了轴电压信号可用于内转子式无刷励磁机的旋转整流桥二极管开路故障在线监测。

飞跨电容型多电平整流器载波重构调制策略

针对飞跨电容型多电平整流器存在众多冗余开关状态的特性及飞跨电容的电压平衡控制需求,提出一种通用的载波重构调制策略。该策略通过构造多段锯齿形载波来增加调制自由度,在保持与载波同相层叠调制策略相同的线电压谐波性能的同时,还具备载波移相调制策略的飞跨电容电压自平衡特性。仿真与实验结果验证了所提调制策略的有效性。

机械设备用感应电机电磁力动态特性计算与研究

机械设备用感应电机的动态性能是不可忽略的设计要求。为抑制电机动态电磁振动和噪声水平,展开了对电机电磁力动态特性分析及相应削弱措施的研究。首先利用经典气隙谐波磁场理论,确定磁场中的谐波磁势和谐波磁导来源,由此再通过张量法计算电机径向电磁力,并对比主要谐波分量的幅值、极对数和频率特征。然后采用有限元仿真和傅里叶分解法,确定电磁力时空行波的基本特征,推断主要力波的谐波磁场产生来源。结果表明谐波径向力绝对幅值的变化很难影响其占基波的相对比值。最后建立磁性槽楔理想模型对比仿真,谐波电磁力的削弱程度与槽楔磁导率正相关,样机振动测试试验间接验证了磁性槽楔的优越性,为电机动态特性研究及优化设计提供理论依据。

基于球谐函数的三维集料简化与重构方法

建立高效的三维集料重构方法是开展沥青混合料虚拟实验的必要前提。利用3D激光扫描仪采集500颗集料的点云数据,经正二十面体剖分简化后通过球谐函数表征其三维形态。分析集料的体积、表面积、形状指数FI、棱角性指数AI随点云数量与球谐阶数的变化规律,确定点云的简化标准。计算简化集料10阶球谐系数,得到121个球谐系数的累积分布曲线,根据分布特性采用Monte Carlo方法随机生成1 400组球谐系数,实现集料的几何重构,对比真实集料与虚拟集料AI、FI的分布特性,验证重构方法的有效性。结果表明:可采用642个数据点与10阶球谐函数实现集料的有效简化;虚拟集料的FIv、AIv分布范围均可包含真实集料的参数值。研究成果可以为沥青混合料的细观模型构建提供基础。

复杂电能信号谐波时频域特征分析及其对电能计量影响

为准确分析复杂电能信号谐波时频域特性对电能计量的影响,提出了一种零值搜索-短时傅里叶变换时频域电压、电流信号幅度和相位分析算法,利用信号波形过零特征,自适应调整短窗傅里叶变换的时域窗宽,解决了电网频率波动导致的相位累积效应对相位分析的影响,算法的幅值分析误差为10-3、相位分析误差小于1°;建立了复杂电能信号时频域数据表征模型和4类时频域全局化特征矩阵提取算法,解决了时频域特性表征与提取的问题;以典型非线性动态负荷中频炉为分析案例,分析给出了其4类时频域全局化特征,并建立了畸变波形动态电能测试信号特征模型,通过辅助实验验证了4个时频域全局化特征对电能表动态超差的影响,提出了对国际和国内标准修改的建议。

参量共振单摆的理论与实验研究

为了将参量共振引入基础物理实验教学,搭建了参量驱动单摆实验系统,并从理论和实验上研究了平衡点附近的运动.理论上,利用微扰方法计算了轨道的一般形式,在此基础上确定了参量共振带的边界,并得到了轨道特征量与驱动参量(频率与幅度)的依赖关系.实验上,利用2个一维激光位移传感器组装成二维位移传感器,实现了单摆轨迹的实时测量.在参量共振带内,测量了不同驱动频率下的轨道发散指数和振子-驱动相位差;在参量共振带的中心,测量了发散指数与驱动幅度之间的关系;在参量共振带的外边缘,测量了轨道包络的拍频和调制深度与驱动频率的关系.所有测量结果都与一阶微扰计算符合良好.

基于源荷谐波耦合模型的数据驱动概率谐波潮流计算

随着新能源及负荷中电力电子装置的广泛应用,电力系统谐波畸变程度不断增加。同时,新能源及负荷显著的不确定特征,进一步增加了谐波分析难度。为有效评估系统不确定谐波状态,充分挖掘源荷实际运行特征,提出一种数据驱动的概率谐波潮流(probabilistic harmonic power flow,PHPF)计算方法。首先,基于实测数据,建立考虑时变特性的源荷动态谐波耦合矩阵模型(dynamic harmonic coupling matrix model,DHCMM),揭示不同时段内谐波电压与谐波电流的相互耦合关系。然后,利用实测数据挖掘源荷时变不确定特征,采用改进点估计法提取统计特性,克服变量间相互影响引起的估计偏差。最后,提出针对源荷不确定性的PHPF计算方法,对系统中时变不确定谐波进行评估。实验结果表明,基于实测数据的谐波耦合矩阵模型能够有效分析谐波源时变特性,结合源荷时变不确定功率状态,所提PHPF计算方法能够对电力系统谐波进行准确评估。

新型CIIR/NR共混橡胶减振器的三向减振特性

为探究共混橡胶的减振效果,制备一种基于氯化丁基橡胶(CIIR)和天然橡胶(NR)共混的新型橡胶减振器,通过简谐振动与随机振动试验,研究其在0~5kHz范围内的减振特性。结果表明:增大扭矩可增加共振频率,减小振幅、传递率。中低频和中高频的减振效果良好,传递率最小在10^(-6)数量级。

11种1变种单叶花楸的叶表皮微形态

为探讨叶表皮微形态特征的分类学意义,以中国产花楸属(Sorbus)冠萼组(sect. Aria)和落萼组(sect.Micromeles)11种1变种单叶类群为研究对象,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对其特征进行观察。结果如下:单叶花楸的叶表皮细胞呈多边形或不规则形;多边形细胞的垂周壁平直或弧状,不规则形细胞的垂周壁弧状或波状;表皮细胞面积在分类群间差异显著,且上表皮细胞面积均大于下表皮细胞;细胞表面纹饰有脊状、条状、皱褶、次生加厚、局部加厚,蜡质纹饰有壳状、颗粒状、片状、线状;叶光滑或具毛,毛被的位置、颜色、疏密和类型是重要的物种鉴定特征;气孔均为无规则型,分布于下表皮脉间区,保卫细胞具环形外缘、两极有或无T型加厚;气孔的长、宽、面积、密度和气孔指数在分类群间差异显著。由此,叶表皮微形态特征对单叶花楸的物种界定和鉴定具有重要价值。

SIMPLEX算法与其他算法收敛特性的比较

编制了 SIMLPEX 程序。通过两个典型的流动传热问题,验证了程序的正确性,并将 SIMLPEX 与SIMPLE,SIMPLEC,SIMPLER 算法的收敛特性进行了比较。结果表明,不同算法的收敛特性与具体问题有关;SIMPLEX 算法虽能减少迭代次数,但由于求解过程中增加了 de,dn 方程组的求解,使达到收敛耗用的 CPU 时间增加,对于某些问题 SIMPLEX 耗用的 CPU 时间要少于 SIMPLER,但通常情况下多于SIMPLE 和 SIMPLEC;SIMPLE 算法通过选择合适的松弛因子,可以使其计算耗用的 CPU 时间少于其他算法不采用收敛加速技术时耗用的 CPU 时间。