THREE-DIMENSIONAL COUPLED IMPELLER-VOLUTE SIMULATION OF FLOW IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND PERFORMANCE PREDICTION

A three-dimensional turbulent flow through an entire centrifugal pump is simulated using k-ε turbulence model modified by rotation and curvature, SIMPLEC method and body-fitted coordinate. The velocity and pressure fields are obtained for the pump under various working conditions, which is used to predict the head and hydraulic efficiency of the pump, and the results correspond well with the measured values. The calculation results indicate that the pressure is higher on the pressure side than that on the suction side of the blade; The relative velocity on the suction side gradually decreases from the impeller inlet to the outlet, while increases on the pressure side, it finally results in the lower relative velocity on the suction side and the higher one on the pressure side at the impeller outlet; The impeller flow field is asymmetric, i.e. the velocity and pressure fields arc totally different among all channels in the impeller; In the volute, the static pressure gradually increases with the flow route, and a large pressure gratitude occurs in the tongue; Secondary flow exists in the rear part of the spiral.

Numerical simulation of karst groundwater system for discharge prediction and protection design of spring in Fangshan District, Beijing

As the rapid growth of population and social economy, the situation of water resources shortage in Beijing city becomes more and more serious. Karst groundwater in Beijing has great potential for development. The reasonable exploitation of karst groundwater can enhance the water-supply stability of Beijing city. Firstly, the distribution of springs has been investigated in Fangshan, Beijing, and the characteristics of these springs have also been analyzed. Secondly, the hydrogeological conceptual model has been built, based on this, the groundwater flow numerical simulation model was established, and the parameter identification and validation of the model were performed under groundwater level and spring discharge. The results shows that the simulated values of groundwater level and spring discharge are very close to measured values, and the model can be used for groundwater resources evaluation and spring discharge prediction. Finally, a reasonable exploitation design has been developed with three exploitation scenarios considering the spring discharge protection; meanwhile, the quantity of groundwater resources was evaluated in the karst aquifer. The simulation results indicate that different exploitation yields have a significant impact on spring discharge; and the effective measures should be taken to protect the spring discharge.

Study on partition of spontaneous combustion danger zone and prediction of self-ignition in coalmine based on numeric simulation

By solving steady model of air flow diffusion and chemical reaction in loose coal, distribution of oxygen concentration and flow velocity magnitude were obtained. Compared the simulating results with critic value as well as duration of spontaneous combustion from large-scale spontaneous combustion experiment, 'three zones' of spontaneous combustion were partitioned and mining conditions to avoid spontaneous combustion were obtained. The above method was employed to partition 'three zones' in gob of fully mechanized top-coal caving long wall face and got fairly good result. Calculation of the above method is much smaller than simulating the whole process of coal spontaneous combustion, but the prediction precision can satisfy the demand of predicting and extinguishing spontaneous combustion in mining.

基于动网格6DOF模型的框架式流速仪水力特性数值模拟与明渠测流速率常数预测

为分析明渠内框架式流速仪流场特性与运动姿态,同时对流速仪倍常数K和摩阻系数C进行率定,根据不可压缩流体流动的Navier-Stokes方程和SST k-ω湍流模型,结合VOF多相流模型,建立动态网格下的6自由度(6DOF)刚体动力学耦合数值仿真模型,对水冲击流速仪旋桨使之被动旋转过程进行了仿真,分析了流速仪在不同位置对流速仪倍常数K和摩阻系数C的影响规律。结果表明:采用动网格6DOF模型可以较好地模拟框架式流速仪在明渠的流动状态,仿真结果可靠性较高;通过对不同时刻转速与流速拟合曲线分析可知,流速仪位置不同会影响流速仪摩阻系数C,对流速仪倍常数K影响不大。研究结果可为进一步研究框架式流速仪优化和不同含沙水流条件下对流速仪的磨损提供参考。

An Empirical Method for Prediction of Hypersonic Rarefied Flow-Field Structure

Numerical simulations are presented about the effects of gas rarefaction on hypersonic flow field.Due to the extremely difficult experiment,limited wind-tunnel conditions and high cost,most problems in rarefied flow regime are investigated through numerical methods,in which the direct simulation Monte-Carlo(DSMC)method is widely adopted.And the unstructured DSMC method is employed here.Flows around a vertical plate at a given velocity 7 500 m/s are simulated.For gas rarefaction is judged by the free-stream Knudsen number(Kn),two vital factors are considered:molecular number density and the plate′s length.Cases in which Kn varies from 0.035 to13.36 are simulated.Flow characters in the whole rarefied regime are described,and flow-field structure affected by Knis analyzed.Then,the dimensionless position D*of a certain velocity in the stagnation line is chosen as the marker of flow field to measure its variation.Through flow-field tracing and least-square numerical method analyzing,it is proved that hypersonic rarefied flow field expands outward linearly with the increase of 1/2Kn.An empirical method is proposed,which can be used for the prediction of the hypersonic flow-field structure at a given inflow velocity,especially the shock wave position.

MODFLOW-CFPv2 模型在岩溶隧道突涌水及对地下水环境影响中的应用: 以云南鹤庆锰矿沟岩溶水系统为例

滇中地区构造复杂、岩溶发育,隧洞突涌水及泉流量衰减是隧洞施工过程中最棘手的问题之一。锰矿沟岩溶水系统岩溶管道化程度高,岩溶裂隙与岩溶管道2种含水介质差异显著。采用MODFLOW-CFPv2双重介质数值模型对锰矿沟岩溶水系统展开数值模拟研究,精细刻画岩溶管道与引水隧洞,进而掌握隧洞施工对地下水流场影响以及泉流量变化的规律。结果表明:(1)MODFLOW-CFPv2模型能够刻画岩溶地区复杂的地质结构,较好地模拟研究区地下水位的动态特征和岩溶泉流量响应特征。(2)在强排工况下隧洞单位长度最大涌水量为164 m^(3)/(d·m),单位长度稳定涌水量为69 m^(3)/(d·m),锰矿沟岩溶泉流量也出现显著下降的趋势,在模拟期内平均泉流量从天然条件下1578 L/s下降至1098 L/s,总体减少了30.4%;峰值泉流量从2133 L/s下降至1375 L/s,减少了35.5%,强排工况施工会对隧洞工程施工和地下水环境造成显著影响;限排工况下隧洞单位长度最大涌水量为39 m^(3)/(d·m),单位长度稳定涌水量为24 m^(3)/(d·m),隧洞单位长度涌水量显著降低,锰矿沟岩溶泉流量的下降趋势也得到了一定程度的改善,模拟期内平均泉流量降低至1284 L/s,减少了18.6%,峰值泉流量降低至1617 L/s,减少了22.1%。采用的MODFLOW-CFPv2双重介质模型具有较精确刻画岩溶区管道、溶洞、裂隙共存的高度非均质岩溶水系统的能力,能够定量评价香炉山隧洞施工对锰矿沟岩溶水系统地下水流场及泉流量的影响,为香炉山隧洞工程的突涌水灾害防治提供参考依据,也为岩溶地区复杂地质条件下地下水研究提供借鉴经验。

Using Kalman filter algorithm for short-term traffic flow prediction in a connected vehicle environment

We develop a Kalman filter for predicting traffic flow at urban arterials based on data obtained from con-nected vehicles. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and offers a real-time prediction since it invokes the connected vehicle data just before the prediction period. Moreover, it can predict the traffic flow for various pene-tration rates of connected vehicles (the ratio of the number of connected vehicles to the total number of vehicles). At first, the Kalman filter equations are calibrated using data derived from Vissim traffic simulator for different penetra-tion rates, different fluctuating arrival rates of vehicles and various signal settings. Then the filter is evaluated for a variety of traffic scenarios generated in Vissim simulator. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm for different penetration rates under several traffic situations using some statistical measures. Although many of the previous pre-diction methods depend highly on data from fixed sensors (i.e., loop detectors and video cameras), which are associ-ated with huge installation and maintenance costs, this study provides a low-cost mean for short-term flow prediction only based on the connected vehicle data.

Vehicle actuation based short-term traffic flow prediction model for signalized intersections

Traffic flow prediction is an important component for real-time traffic-adaptive signal control in urban arterial networks.By exploring available detector and signal controller information from neighboring intersections,a dynamic data-driven flow prediction model was developed.The model consists of two prediction components based on the signal states(red or green) for each movement at an upstream intersection.The characteristics of each signal state were carefully examined and the corresponding travel time from the upstream intersection to the approach in question at the downstream intersection was predicted.With an online turning proportion estimation method,along with the predicted travel times,the anticipated vehicle arrivals can be forecasted at the downstream intersection.The model performance was tested at a set of two signalized intersections located in the city of Gainesville,Florida,USA,using the CORSIM microscopic simulation package.Analysis results show that the model agrees well with empirical arrival data measured at 10 s intervals within an acceptable range of 10%-20%,and show a normal distribution.It is reasonably believed that the model has potential applicability for use in truly proactive real-time traffic adaptive signal control systems.

Improving longitudinal motion prediction of hybrid monohulls with the viscous effect

A new method improves prediction of the motion of a hybrid monohull in regular waves. Stem section hydrodynamic coefficients of a hybrid monohull with harmonic oscillation were computed using the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations （RANSE）. The governing equations were solved using the finite volume method. The VOF method was used for free surface treatment, and RNGK-ε turbulence model was employed in viscous flow calculation. The whole computational domain was divided into many blocks each with structured grids, and the dynamic process was treated with moving grids. Using a 2-D strip method and 2.5D theory with the correction hydrodynamic coefficients allows consideration of the viscous effect when predicting longitudinal motion of a hybrid monohull in regular waves. The method is effective at predicting motion of a hybrid monohull, showing that the viscous effect on a semi-submerged body cannot be ignored.

Modelling of Streamflow of a Catchment in Kenya

Modeling stream flow forms a basis upon which policy makers, watershed planners and managers make ap- propriate decisions consistent with sustainable management of land and water resources in the watershed. The aim of this research is to provide a preliminary assessment of the performance of a complex watershed model in predicting stream flow on the Naro Moru river catchment in Ewaso Ng’iro river basin, Kenya. The research involved model input data preparation, model set up and test running, sensitivity analysis and cali- bration of the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Preliminary evaluation of the model performance involved the use of known quantitative evaluation statistics that included correlation coefficient, Nash Sut- cliffe efficiency (NSE), Deviation Volume (Dv) and a graphical technique for comparing observed and simu- lated flows. Initial model runs yielded poor daily flow simulations compared to monthly simulations. Poor daily simulation was attributed to differences in the timing of observed and simulated hydrographs. The model was calibrated for a three year period followed by a three year validation period based on monthly flows. Calibration results indicated an acceptable, but modest, agreement between observed and simulated monthly stream flows with a correlation coefficient (r) of about 0.7, NSE = 5%, and Dv= 61.7%. After vali- dation, the model performance was satisfactory with the coefficient of determination (R2 ≈ 0.6), Nash-Sut- cliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.51 and a deviation volume (Dv) value of 24.7%. The modest model performance was associated with input data deficiencies and model limitations. Even then, the results indicate that the model can possibly be adapted to the local conditions in the catchment for which it is being applied but with improvements involving better parameter calibration techniques, and collection of better quality data. Such a study may be used to predict the effect of climate change on river flows as well as the effect of land use changes on the hydrologic response of a catchment.

不同叶顶弯曲对离心叶轮性能影响机理

面对现代发动机对离心叶轮性能需求不断提高的背景,叶顶弯曲具备有效改善离心叶轮气动特性的能力,本文通过数值模拟的方式对不同叶顶弯曲方向、弯曲形式、弯曲程度的压气机性能进行预测,基于仿真结果对不同流动状态下压气机内部流场进行分析,给出了叶顶弯曲压气机性能变化机理。结果显示:负弯叶轮有助于提升压气机峰值效率,提高压气机堵塞流量。正弯叶轮则在损失部分效率的情况下,使压气机失速裕度得到提升。弯曲叶轮主要通过改善叶顶前缘载荷,重构叶轮通道内静压分布,从而削弱激波强度、减少二次流损失、抑制低能涡发展,达到提升压气机性能的目的。本文研究结果可为离心压气机叶片改型设计提供参考。

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的疏散行人密度预测算法研究

疏散效率的提升是疏散系统研究的核心关注点。由于疏散系统通常呈现局部可观测性,而异常的局部观测信息会降低疏散效率,因此需对观测信息进行预测校正。为此,提出一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的人员密度信息预测校正算法。该算法采用神经网络拟合方法对扩展卡尔曼滤波算法中状态函数和观测函数的参数进行辨识,完成非线性疏散系统的近似线性化,提高了建模的精度;同时算法通过误差协方差矩阵的迭代更新机制实现疏散人员密度的快速预测和校正。在此基础上,还结合密度控制算法构建异常疏散场景下的行人流疏散控制策略。为验证所提算法的有效性,在设计和构建异常疏散场景仿真模型的基础上进行了对比仿真和真人疏散可控实验。结果表明,相较无数据校正的疏散控制策略,算法在异常疏散仿真和真人可控场景中分别获得最高38.9%和23.26%的效率提升,为异常疏散场景中的控制策略提供了有效的解决思路。

圆弧形带状弹簧纯弯曲峰值力矩分析

带状弹簧的应用中,峰值力矩是一项重要的设计指标。基于Calladine对于圆管峰值力矩的预测模型,建立了带状弹簧反向弯曲时的应变能与弯矩解析模型,对带状弹簧的峰值力矩进行了预测。将带状弹簧弯曲分为截面扁平化和纵向弯曲两个阶段,截面扁平化过程中,将截面变形量用多项式表示,并根据最小势能原理求解多项式的系数,从而推导出弯矩表达式,求得峰值力矩。用ABAQUS软件建立带状弹簧反向弯曲的有限元模型,并将数值分析结果与理论模型计算结果进行比较,验证了理论模型的准确性。利用理论模型进行参数分析,考察了带状弹簧截面半径、圆心角和厚度对峰值力矩与Mises应力的影响规律。

基于DNDC模型长期复种翻压绿肥对土壤有机碳和小麦产量的模拟

对青海高原农田特有春小麦(Triticum aestivum)+豆科绿肥栽培模式,为揭示绿肥还田对于春小麦产量和土壤有机碳(SOC)的长期效应,本研究采用小区试验与模型相结合的方法探索适宜青海高原的绿肥还田方式。本研究采用裂区试验设计,主区为秋闲期复种绿肥翻压还田(G)和不种绿肥不还田(CK),副区为后茬春小麦化肥用量,设置100%常规施肥(F_(100),225 kg·hm^(-2)N、112.5 kg·hm^(-2)P_(2)O_(5))、70%常规施肥(F_(70),157.5 kg·hm^(-2)N、78.75 kg·hm^(-2)P_(2)O_(5))和不施化肥(F_(0)),共6个处理,基于2019-2022年的田间试验数据对反硝化-分解(DNDC)模型进行率定与验证,用验证过的模型对不同处理下土壤有机碳和小麦产量的长期变化规律进行模拟研究。结果表明:DNDC模型可以较好地模拟土壤有机碳和小麦产量,率定和验证过程中土壤有机碳模拟值和实测值的NRMSE值介于0.017-0.295,R^(2)介于0.763-0.924,小麦产量模拟值和实测值的NRSME值范围为0.160-0.280,R^(2)均大于0.75,表明模拟值和实测值具有一致性,可以用校准验证过的模型模拟0-50 cm土层土壤SOC和小麦产量;未来30年的模拟结果显示,绿肥翻压还田可以增加土壤SOC,具体表现为F_(70)+G>F_(100)+G>F_(0)+G>F_(100)> F_(70)> F_(0);0-50 cm土层土壤SOC储量30年变化依次为172.82、136.91、65.21、-35.61、-46.70和-143.95kg·hm^(-2),产量趋势为F_(70)+G>F_(100)+>G>F_(100)>F_(70)>F_(0)+G>F_(0),绿肥翻压还田配施化肥增产效果较好,F_(0)+G、F_(70)+G和F_(100)+G比无绿肥处理(F_(0)、F_(70)、F_(100))下小麦产量分别提高了85.7%、87.5%和20.0%;模拟的土壤有机碳含量和小麦产量具有一定的相关性。综合来看,长期复种绿肥翻压还田配施70%的化肥的固碳增产效果最佳。

航空发动机燃油雾化喷嘴流量预测方法的研究

为了指导喷嘴设计与性能校核,对航空发动机燃油雾化喷嘴燃油在喷嘴内的流动特性进行了数值模拟计算。通过对喷嘴从供油管路到主副喷口进行完整建模与网格划分,计算获得燃油在不同部位的压降情况,分析燃油在不同部位的流动损失情况,建立喷嘴流量预测模型。结果表明:燃油在主副油路油管等部位,主要由于摩擦作用而发生沿程损失;在主副油路活门内芯、主油路底杯、涡流器、副油路喷口前部等部位,主要由于截面积突变发生局部阻力损失。二者均引起了不同程度的压降。通过建立关键部位几何参数与流动损失之间的关系,根据机械能守恒式与连续性方程,推导喷嘴流量预测模型。通过对比不同供油压差与不同关键几何参数下的实验数据,验证了理论预测模型的准确性,能较好地运用于喷嘴流量的设计与校核。

基于任务剖面的光伏逆变器寿命预测研究

以单相单级式光伏并网逆变器为研究对象,提出一种基于任务剖面的光伏逆变器寿命预测方法。将实际环境温度和光照强度作为任务剖面,向PLECS软件中导入绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)的热阻模型,进行多次热仿真后得到结温数据。通过插值查表法得到1年的IGBT结温剖面,并通过雨流计数法以及解析寿命模型预测单个IGBT的寿命。最后,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法得到单个IGBT的寿命分布函数,通过串联框图法得到单相单级式光伏并网逆变器的4个IGBT即IGBT系统的不可靠度分布函数。预测结果符合光伏逆变器的使用寿命通常在15 a以下的实际情况。

井喷失控油气井喷量预测新技术

油气井井喷失控后,能否及时准确地预测失控井喷量是当前抢险方案制定和决策指挥面临的关键难题之一。文章通过对失控油气井喷射行为分析,提出了基于仿真反演、图像智能识别流速和气核流速直接测量等三种喷量预测方法,开发了相应的软硬件系统。带火喷射模拟实验表明,喷量预测精度最高能达到95%以上。喷量预测新技术的开发实现了井喷失控油气井喷射产量从定性到定量评估的升级,有助于进一步提升抢险效率和安全性。

基于拟流动角点理论的铝合金板成形仿真方法

金属板材冲压技术已经广泛用于运载工具薄壁结构的成形制造,而有限元仿真方法能够有效缩短新成形工艺的研发周期。为保证金属板材成形预测的有效性,基于拟流动角点本构理论建立了适用于数值仿真的应力更新方法。采用半隐式返回映射算法将拟流动角点本构理论与考虑材料轧制各向异性的Barlat'89屈服准则相结合(QF-Barlat'89),通过编写材料子程序VUMAT,实现了本构模型在有限元分析软件Abaqus中的应用。通过对单个单元的受力特征进行对比,验证了算法的准确性。进一步对AA5052-O铝合金试样的单向拉伸及圆筒拉深成形工艺进行了仿真预测,并分析了板材尺寸对成形质量的影响。结果表明,QF-Barlat'89本构模型可以对板材的失效位移、减薄量和应变分布等成形特征进行有效预测,适用于金属板材冲压成形工艺的仿真研究。

基于GMS数值模拟的某矿床涌水量预测研究

某矿床在开采过程中遇到一定程度的涌水。为解决涌水问题,并为防治水方案提供依据,以该矿床为研究对象,通过分析矿床水文地质条件、含水层类型及特征、地下水补给径流和排泄条件、地质构造特征、水文地质试验资料和矿床开采设计资料等,对矿床水文地质条件进行了概化,对研究区水文地质单元进行了划定,采用GMS软件建立了地下水流数值模型,预测得到了-200 m以下中段的矿坑涌水量。

面向高速公路连续瓶颈的协同可变限速控制

高速公路瓶颈处极易因通行能力受限而诱发交通拥堵,进而导致通勤时间延长、燃料消耗增加、驾驶舒适性降低,尤其是在连续多瓶颈处,更容易对道路网络造成连锁反应而大范围增加事故风险。既有拥堵控制策略聚焦于孤立瓶颈处拥堵消除,通过对多个瓶颈路段实施多个孤立瓶颈控制策略,由于控制策略间交通状态与控制参数缺乏协同,致使控制效果受限,且极易因策略协同失衡导致更为复杂的交通拥堵。本文提出一种基于模型预测控制方法的连续多瓶颈拥堵消除的协同可变限速控制策略:首先,针对连续多瓶颈主动管控场景改进元胞传输模型,以模拟高速公路多瓶颈生成、通行能力下降、随机交通流波动和可变限速控制状态与效果;其次,基于拉格朗日坐标系改进LWR模型,以精准预测交通拥堵场景下的交通流随机状态;再次,构建以多瓶颈路段总体交通运行状态作为输入的可变限速控制策略,并采用反馈式控制框架协同多瓶颈可变限速控制策略;最后,通过构建仿真实验测试了所提出控制策略消除连续瓶颈处拥堵的控制效率,并与其他控制策略进行了效果对比。实验结果表明,本文所提出的协同可变限速策略可有效消除连续瓶颈的多处拥堵,且控制效果显著优于其他控制策略,车辆总行程时间和总延误时间分别降低21.3%和70.6%。