Numerical simulation and preliminary analysis of typhoon waves during three typhoons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

In this study,typhoon waves generated during three typhoons(Damrey(1210),Fung-wong(1416),and Chan-hom(1509))in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were simulated in a simulating waves nearshore(SWAN)model,and the wind forcing was constructed by combining reanalyzed wind data with a Holland typhoon wind model.Various parameters,such as the Holland fitting parameter(B)and the maximum wind radius?,were investigated in sensitivity experiments in the Holland model that affect the wind field construction.Six different formulations were considered and the parameters determined by comparing the simulated wind results with in-situ wind measurements.The key factors affecting wave growth and dissipation processes from deep to shallow waters were studied,including wind input,whitecapping,and bottom friction.Comparison with in-situ wave measurements suggested that the KOMEN scheme(wind input exponential growth and whitecapping energy dissipation)and the JONSWAP scheme(dissipation of bottom friction)resulted in good reproduction of the significant wave height of typhoon waves.A preliminary analysis of the wave characteristics in terms of wind-sea and swell wave revealed that swell waves dominated with the distance of R to the eye of the typhoon,while wind-sea prevailed in the outer region up to six to eight times the R values despite a clear misalignment between wind and waves.The results support the hypothesis that nonlinear wave-wave interactions may play a key role in the formation of wave characteristics.

Numerical simulation of typhoon- induced storm surge on the coast of Jiangsu Province,China,based on coupled hydrodynamic and wave models

In order to facilitate engineering design and coastal flooding protection, the potential storm surge induced by a typhoon is studied.Using an unstructured mesh, a coupled model which combines the advanced circulation （ ADCIRC ） hydrodynamic model and simulating waves nearshore （ SWAN ） model is applied to analyze the storm surge and waves on the coast of Jiangsu Province.The verifications of wind velocity, tidal levels and wave height show that this coupling model performs well to reflect the characteristics of the water levels and waves in the studied region.Results show that the effect of radiation stress on storm surge is significant, especially in shallow areas such as the coast of Jiangsu Province and the Yangtze estuary.By running the coupled model, the simulated potential flooding results can be employed in coastal engineering applications in the Jiangsu coastal area, such as storm surge warnings and extreme water level predictions.

Evaluation of numerical wave model for typhoon wave simulation in South China Sea

The simulating waves nearshore(SWAN) model has typically been designed for wave simulations in near-shore regions. In this study, the model's applicability to the simulation of typhoon waves in the South China Sea(SCS) was evaluated. A blended wind field, consisting of an interior domain based on Fujita's model and an exterior domain based on Takahashi's model, was used as the driving wind field. The waves driven by Typhoon Kai-tak over the SCS that occurred in 2012 were selected for the numerical simulation research. Sensitivity analyses of time step, grid resolution, and angle resolution were performed in order to obtain optimal model settings. Through sensitivity analyses, it can be found that the time step has a large influence on the results, while grid resolution and angle resolution have a little effect on the results.

Surface wave simulation during winter with sea ice in the Bohai Sea

Sea ice can attenuate wave energy significantly when waves propagate through ice covers.In this study,a third-generation wave model called simulating wave nearshore(SWAN)was advanced to include damping of wave energy due to friction in the boundary layer below the ice.With the addition of an eddy viscosity wave-ice model,the resulting new SWAN model was applied to simulate wave height in the Bohai Sea during the freezing winter.Its performance was validated with available buoy data near the ice edge,and the new model showed an improvement in accuracy because it considered the ice effect on waves.We then performed a wave hindcast for the Bohai Sea during a freezing period in the winter of 2016 that had the severest ice conditions in recent years and found that the mean significant wave height changed by approximately 16.52%.In the Liaodong Bay,where sea ice concentration is highest,the change reached 32.57%,compared with the most recent SWAN model version.The average influence of sea ice on wave height simulation was also evaluated over a five-year(2013-2017)hindcast during January and February.We found that the wave height decrease was more significant in storm conditions even the eddy viscosity wave-ice model itself showed no advantage on damping stronger waves.

Study on the growth of wind wave frequency spectra generated by cold waves in the northern East China Sea

The growth of frequency spectra and spectral parameters of wind waves generated by cold waves, a kind of severe weather system, in the northern East China Sea is studied in this paper. Based on a third-generation wave action model(the Simulating WAves Nearshore model), simulations were developed to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of wind waves and to output spectral data. It is shown that the cold wave-induced spectra can be well described by the modified Joint North Sea Wave Project spectral form. The growth of wave spectra is comprehensively reflected by the evolution of the three characteristic parameters: peak frequency, spectral peak and wave energy. Besides, the approximations of dependences between spectral parameters and the three types of universal induced factors are obtained with the least squares method and compared systematically. Fetch and peak frequency turn out to be suitable parameters to describe the spectral parameters, while the dependences on the inverse wave age vary in different sea areas. In general, the derived relationships improve on results from previous studies for better practical application of the wind wave frequency spectrum in the northern East China Sea.

Investigation of wave characteristics in a semi-enclosed bay based on SWAN model validated with buoys and ADP-observed currents

In this study, the simulating waves nearshore (SWAN) model with a locally refined curvilinear grid system was constructed to simulate waves in Jervis Bay and the neighbouring ocean of Australia, with the aim of examining the wave characteristics in an area with special topography and practical importance. This model was verified by field observations from buoys and acoustic Doppler profilers (ADPs). The model precisions were validated for both wind-generated waves and open-ocean swells. We present an approach with which to convert ADP-observed current data from near the bottom into the significant wave height. Our approach is deduced from the Fourier transform technique and the linear wave theory. The results illustrate that the location of the bay entrance is important because it allows the swells in the dominant direction to propagate into the bay despite the narrowness of the bay entrance. The wave period T p is also strongly related to the wave direction in the semi-enclosed bay. The Tp is great enough along the entire propagating direction from the bay entrance to the top of the bay, and the largest Tp appears along the north-west coast, which is the end tip of the swells’ propagation.

SWAN近岸海浪模式在辽东湾的应用

介绍了第三代近岸海浪数值模式SWAN,并使用SWAN对辽东湾海浪进行了模拟。辽东湾平缓的淤泥质海岸为研究海浪底摩擦耗散提供了理想的条件。与实测数据对比分析表明,SWAN模式能够较好的模拟辽东湾近岸水域海浪。在8月南风过程中,底摩擦耗散起作用的范围主要集中于辽东湾北部10m等深线以浅水深变化平缓的地区。耗散强度随水深变浅而逐渐增强。

基于WRF-SWAN耦合模式的台风“威马逊”波浪场数值模拟

获取高分辨率的风场数据和气压场数据是精确模拟台风浪的基础,采用经验公式构建台风风场和气压场对海浪模式进行驱动,无法反映台风影响下海气动力过程,难以提供高精度的风场、气压场数据。本文基于中尺度大气模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)和第三代海浪模式SWAN(Simulating WAves Nearshore model),构建了南中国海地区大气—海浪实时双向耦合模式,针对超强台风"威马逊"进行数值模拟。将数值模拟结果与现场观测结果及卫星高度计观测结果进行对比验证,验证结果表明,本文建立的WRF-SWAN耦合模式在对台风"威马逊"影响下的南中国海台风浪的模拟中展现出较高的模拟精度,揭示了台风风场分布和台风浪分布在空间上的"右偏性"不对称分布特征及其形成机制。基于WRF和SWAN建立的大气-海浪实时双向耦合模式能够准确模拟台风动力过程以及台风浪的时空分布特征,可以推广用于南中国海地区台风浪的模拟分析。

基于SWAN模式的“灿鸿”台风浪数值模拟

以第三代海浪模式SWAN(simulating wave nearshore,近岸海浪数值模型)为基础,构建了东中国海海域波浪数值模式,并以高时间、空间分辨率的CCMP(cross calibrated multi-platform,多平台交叉校正)风场作为驱动风场进行波浪计算,模拟了1509号"灿鸿"台风的波浪过程。同时,对SWAN模式中的底摩擦参数化方案、波浪破碎参数、风能输入与白冠耗散、波-波非线性相互作用等因素对台风浪模拟的影响进行了分析,并对模式中的各影响因素给出了建议。模拟结果与浮标实测有效浪高数据(舟山朱家尖站、南麂岛站、舟山外海站、温州外海站)两者之间的偏差较小,表明本研究所建立的模式以及选择的参数合理,SWAN和CCMP风场的结合能满足海洋波浪数值模拟的需求。本研究对于台风浪数值预报具有参考意义。

基于SWAN模型的风生波河道防浪林消浪模拟

选取嫩江干流佰大街堤防为研究区,综合分析其河道地形与岸线条件,应用地表水模拟系统(surface water modeling system, SMS)差分生成局部加密的非结构三角形计算网格。在此基础上,基于第三代浅水波浪模型(simulating wave nearshore, SWAN)模拟防浪林对河道风生波的影响。结果表明:在发生50年一遇洪水时,模型模拟波高与实测波高的相关系数达到0.95,模拟结果较好;嫩江干流佰大街堤防现状防浪林的消浪效果显著,消浪系数达到30.51%;基于非结构三角网格的SWAN模型能较好地模拟以风生波为主的复杂地形河道内的波浪场。

基于SWAN-MIKE21嵌套模型在大连湾某工程区的波浪后报模拟应用

近海工程中,需分析波浪在工程区的传播特点。采用SWAN-MIKE21嵌套模型对某工程海域进行波浪后报模拟分析,同时进行波浪实测。模拟结果与实测平均绝对误差在0.2 m以内。SWAN-MIKE21嵌套模型兼顾了大尺度模型计算速度,小尺度地形网格划分及后处理。后报模拟结果表明,波浪主要影响因素为外海波浪和区域风场。外海波浪为S—SE向时,绕射后能影响工程区域,波向在E向附近。当区域风场为E—SE向时,区域风场会增大工程区波高。当区域风场为N—NW向时,会把波向变为ENE向。实测结果中,冬季盛行N—NW风时,工程区的强浪向为ENE向,其余季节强浪向为E向,与模拟的结论一致。

SWAN模型中不同破碎指标对波浪模拟的影响

选择在波浪破碎模拟中表现较好的破碎指标GOMOD15和SAMOD17进行比较.首先将两者分别引入SWAN模型,然后利用实验室水槽试验(包括斜坡和平底条件)和现场观测数据比较两者对SWAN模型波浪模拟的影响.总体来看,随着坡度的逐渐变缓,SAMOD17与GOMOD15的结果差异逐渐显著,对于文中的所有算例,采用GOMOD15的模拟结果均更接近实测值.鉴于GOMOD15的更好表现且在模型计算时不需要人为调整其参数,因此在采用SWAN模型模拟波浪破碎时推荐使用.

SWAN模型在设计波浪要素计算中的应用研究

采用SWAN(Simulating Waves Nearshore)模型搭建了覆盖整个台湾海峡和台湾岛东部部分海域的波浪模型,并利用此模型计算了常风浪场、崇武海洋站设计波浪要素和西沙湾海域极值波浪场。计算结果显示,在常风浪模拟中,4个浮标站计算值与实测值有效波高绝对误差均在0.20 m以内,平均绝对误差值为0.13 m;崇武海洋站的设计波浪计算值与多年资料推算值平均绝对误差为0.14 m,平均相对误差为1.9%;SWAN和CGWAVE(Conjugate Gradient Wave Model)在西沙湾海域7个点的波浪极值计算值在S、SE、SSW三个方向上平均绝对误差分别为0.11、0.10、0.07 m,平均相对误差不足3%。以上计算结果表明,SWAN模型在常风浪模拟和设计波浪要素计算中具有良好的适应性。

极值风况下SWAN模型各参数的影响分析

以SWAN为例,在极值风况下,分别研究白帽耗散、底摩阻、波浪破碎、潮位等物理过程对波浪谱数值模型模拟的波浪场影响。计算结果表明:潮位对近岸极值波浪模拟影响明显,深水时底摩阻对波浪场响应程度较低,波浪场在深水区对白帽耗散效应的响应程度明显大于浅水区,水深诱导的波浪破碎是近海波浪场模拟影响最为显著的参数。东店渔港附近海域4个特征点波浪设计要素的模型计算值和推算值相对误差最大为4.24%,表明SWAN模型在计算近岸某点的波浪设计要素方面具有较高的精度。

SWAN模型中不同风拖曳力系数对风浪模拟的影响

本文以荷兰哈灵水道海域为实验区域,通过敏感性实验,研究了在14m/s、31.5m/s和50m/s(分别代表一般大风、强热带风暴和强台风的极端条件)定常风速下SWAN模型中不同风拖曳力系数对风浪模拟的影响程度。结果表明,对于近岸浅水区域(水深小于20m),风拖曳力系数计算方案的选择对有效波高影响较小,而且当风速增加到一定程度后,波浪破碎成为影响波高值的主要因素;对于深水区域(水深大于30m),一般大风条件下风拖曳力系数计算方案的选择对有效波高影响仍然较小,随着风速的继续增大,风拖曳力系数计算方案的选择对有效波高的影响逐渐显著。对于平均周期,风拖曳力系数计算方案的选择和风速的改变对其影响均较小,而由水深变浅导致的波浪破碎对其影响较为显著。根据敏感性实验结果,本文对SWAN模型中风拖曳力系数计算方案的选择做出如下建议:计算近岸浅水区域风浪场或深水区域一般大风条件风浪场时,其风拖曳力系数可以直接采用模型默认选项;而对于深水区域更大风速条件,可首先采用模型默认选项试算,然后结合当地海域实测波浪资料进行修正。

SWAN波浪模型和缓坡方程在0903号台风“莲花”波浪数值计算中的联合应用

为了提高近岸台风浪模拟的精度和效率,选取台湾海峡及其邻近海域为研究区域,以0903号台风"莲花"为例,采用大、小网格嵌套的SWAN波浪模型和抛物型近似缓坡方程联合应用的方法模拟了此台风浪场的分布特征.将验证点的计算值与浮标实测值进行对比,峰值的最大绝对偏差为0.89 m,整个模拟过程的平均绝对偏差为0.45 m,平均相对偏差在20%以内,整体模拟效果良好.为了便于分析模拟结果,选取了2009年6月20日23时、21日08时、21日14时3个典型时刻的模拟结果进行对比分析.其结果表明:(1)随着台风中心的北移,研究区域内风浪逐渐占据绝对主导地位,风与波浪的变化趋势更加吻合.21日08时泉州湾内最大风速约15 m/s,湾口的最大波高为2.8 m;至21日14时台风中心逼近泉州湾口,湾内最大风速增大至20 m/s,湾口最大波高迅速增至4.4 m,模拟结果与实际情况相吻合.(2)在台风中心逼近泉州祥芝中心渔港时港区受台风影响最大,但受该渔港东侧防波堤的阻挡,波浪较难进入避风水域,仅从堤头绕射进入港内,港内波高约为0.2 m,港外最大波高达到2.3 m,受到东向浪侵袭时港内避风条件较好.上述结果表明,SWAN波浪模型和缓坡方程联合应用在台湾海峡及其邻近海域的台风浪数值计算中具有良好的适应性.

基于SWAN模式的波浪能发电装置输入能量计算方法研究

本文应用第三代海浪模式SWAN模型,构建出中国南海大万山岛海域的数值波浪场,驱动风场则采用由CCMP大气模式提供的当地卫星风场数据,对“长山号”波浪能发电装置海试期间的有效波高、平均周期等海浪要素进行数值模拟。此外,将数值模拟得到的波浪参数与仪器的现场实测数据进行对比,分析了SWAN模式中底摩阻、波浪破碎、风能输入与白浪耗散等参数对模拟结果的影响,最终得到了适合该海域数值模型的最佳参数配置,并将优化后模型提取的波浪参数带入波浪能公式计算了装置输入的波浪功率。研究成果可为利用数值模拟方法计算波浪能发电装置的输入能量提供参考。

舟山群岛海域近十年波浪能资源评估

海洋波浪能资源储量巨大,前景广阔,充分做好波浪能评估工作有助于产业开发规划和能源持续供给。基于舟山近海单点长时间浮标观测资料,参考国际电工委员会海洋能技术委员会发布的波浪资源评估方法和技术规范(IEC TS 62600-101),应用第三代近岸海浪谱模型SWAN(simulating waves nearshore)验证并执行了舟山群岛海域近10年的波浪场模拟计算,生成包括6项IEC评估参数在内的可用于描述资源分布特征的高精度波浪数据集,进而对舟山海域波浪能资源进行了详细的分析和评估。研究表明,舟山群岛海域的波浪能资源受岛屿遮蔽的影响严重且季节性特征明显,资源量在空间上大致呈东高西低的分布状态;马鞍列岛东南岸、中奎岛东岸以及岱山-东福山岛屿群东半部分沿岸均为不错的波能开发选址地,后者最为理想。10年高精度波浪信息数据集可为舟山群岛的波浪能资源开发提供有价值的参考。

江苏沿海波浪能资源评估研究

随着“3060”目标的提出,波浪能作为一种可持续发展的清洁能源,愈发受到重视。基于此,本文搭建江苏海域的波浪模式,以江苏沿海2021年至2023年的波浪能资源为分析对象,对江苏沿海波浪能流密度空间分布、有效波时和季节变化指数等方面开展初步研究。结果表明:江苏沿海年平均波浪能流密度介于0~11 kW/m,有效波时介于0~6000 h,长江口外深远海波浪能流密度和有效波时相对较大,海州湾内波浪能流密度和有效波时相对较小。越靠外海,波浪能流密度和有效波时越大;纬度越低,波浪能流密度和有效波时向外海增加越明显。江苏沿海区域季节变化指数集中于0.3~1.0,海州湾南侧至洋口港北侧近海区域以及长江口外深远海区域季节变化指数相对较大。该研究结果可为江苏等沿海波浪能资源的开发利用、波能电站的开发选址等方面提供参考。

围填海工程对渤海湾风浪场的影响

为了深入了解围填海工程对波浪场特别是风浪场的影响,针对10 a围填海工程对渤海湾地形岸线的改变,将SWAN(Simulating Waves Nearshore)海浪数值模式应用到渤海湾,讨论了人类大工程对渤海湾风浪场的影响。采用欧洲气象中心每天4次的风场资料作为驱动,模拟渤海湾2000年和2010年的风浪场,着重分析岸线变化显著的3个港口工程(曹妃甸、天津港和黄骅港)附近海域的波浪要素变化。研究结果表明,工程建筑物存在后,有效波高呈减小趋势,港池和潮汐通道内的有效波高减小幅度较大。港口地理位置和海底地形也与岸线变化共同影响着港口附近海域的波浪场分布。围填海工程对波浪有效波高及周期影响的程度不大,有效波高减小值在0.2 m以下,周期几乎不变。