Effects of Copper and Manganese on Hemocyte Apoptosis and Antagonism of Iron and Zinc in Oreochromis niloticus

This study aimed to investigate the effects of copper and manganese on hemocyte apoptosis and the antagonism of iron and zinc in Oreochromis niloticus The heavy metal contents in fish blood and feed were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the hemocyte apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. A total of 360 tilapias were selected, and they were divided randomly and evenly into 12 groups. In the challenge groups, the tilapias were fed with con stant-level copper sulfate（0, 200 mg/kg） and manganese sulfate（0, 120 mg/kg）; in the antagonism groups, the tilapias were fed with constant-level zinc sulfate（20320 mg/kg） and iron sulfate（150, 350 mg/kg）. After 20-week aquaculture, the hemocyte apoptosis rates in the copper and manganese groups were significantly increased; with the increased addition levels of iron and zinc, the hemocyte apopto sis rates in the iron and zinc groups were significantly reduced, but they were stil higher than that in the control group. In conclusion, excessive copper and manganese can cause apoptosis in hemocytes of O. niloticus. However, the toxic effects of copper and manganese can be antagonized by iron and zinc.

Iron, Zinc, and Copper Malnutrition among Primary School Children in Lagos, Niagara

This study assessed the iron, zinc and copper status of primary school-attending children in Lagos. A sample of 200 primary School-attending children was randomly selected using a stratified 2 – stage sampling technique. Data was collected in the 2 major seasons in Nigeria;Dry and Rainy seasons using dietary intake (24 hr dietary recall protocol) venipuncture blood samples, and a self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Among ages 5 - 8 years, the main dietary intake for iron was 10.66 ± 12.44 mg/d (106% of DRI), for zinc, 7.30 ± 7.39 mg/d (92% of DRI) and for copper, 1.55 ± 1.31 mg/d (390% of DRI). For ages 9 - 13 yrs, the mean intake of micronutrients showed that iron was 11.03 ± 12.72 mg/d (138% of DRI), 3inc was 8.44 ± 7.7 mg/d (105% of DRI) and copper was 3.75 ± 15.17 mg/d (536% of DRI). Biochemical results indicated that 19.8% of the subjects had inadequate serum iron, 21% and 32.1% were zinc and copper deficient respectively prevalence of anemia was 38.1% while iron deficiency anemia was 13.06% and iron deficiency was 34.6%. Dietary intakes did not provide right amounts of micronutrients to meet body requirements. There is the need to formulate and implement nutrition education programs to correct micronutrient deficiency among primary school-attending children in Lagos, Nigeria.

Seminal concentrations of trace elements in various animalsand their correlations

Aim: To determine the seminal concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, lead and nickel in bulls, rams, boars, stallions and foxes and study their correlations. Methods: Semen samples were obtained, digested and analyzed by means of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed statistically with the Student's t-test and Scheffe's test using PC programs SAS and Excel. Results: The seminal copper concentration was significantly higher in ram [(2.49±0.18) mg/kg] and fox [(2.16±0.53) mg/kg] than that in bull [(1.64±0.21) mg/kg], boar [(1.64±0.28) mg/kg] and stallion (0.86 mg/kg). In boar a significantly higher seminal zinc concentration (171.74±65.72) mg/kg] was found in comparison with stallion [(86.20±45.88) mg/kg], bull [(83.15±61.61) mg/kg], ram [( 60.46±35.37) mg/kg] and fox (13.09±5.22) mg/kg]. The iron concentration in semen was significantly higher in ram [(40.32±10.81) mg/kg), bull [(38.04±22.07) mg/kg] and fox [(33.16±24.36) mg/kg] than that in boar [(16.14±10.35) mg/kg] and stallion (12.68 mg/kg). The seminal cadmium concentration was relatively low [(0.05-0.12) mg/kg] in all studied species. The seminal lead concentration was the highest in ram [(0.35±0.68) mg/kg], which was much higher than in fox [(0.08±0.06) mg/kg], bull [(0.06±0.04) mg/kg], stallion [(0.05±0.05) mg/kg] and boar [0.02±0.03) mg/kg]. The level of seminal nickel was significantly higher in fox [(0.35±0.24) mg/kg] and ram [(0.31±0.19) mg/ kg] in comparison with bull [(0.12±0.07) mg/kg] and boar [(0.06±0.08) mg/kg]. The concentration of nickel in the semen of stallion was (0.20±0.24) mg/kg. There was a high positive correlation between seminal iron and zinc in bull (r=0.723) and stallion (r=0.723), between cadmium and lead in ram (r=0.976) and boar (r=0.973) and between iron and cadmium (r=0.783) and iron and lead (r=0.791) in boar. A high negative correlation between seminal nickel and copper in ram (r=-0.709) and between seminal copper and lead in fox (r=-0.854) was found. Conclusion: There are significant differences in the concentrations of seminal elements in different animals. There is a high concentration of seminal copper in ram and fox, a high zinc level in boar, a high iron level in bull, ram and fox and a high nickel level in ram and fox.

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga_2O_3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle.But indeed,recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga_2O_3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst.In this work,Gallium oxide(β-Ga_2O_3)nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700-1000℃ using the iron,nickel,copper,cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst,respectively.The β-Ga_2O_3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850,900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts.But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst.As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods,and its diameter increased.From these results,we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga_2O_3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires.Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM,FE-SEM,EDX and XRD.

Efficacy of Essential Trace Elements Supplementation on Mineral Composition,Sperm Characteristics,Antioxidant Status,and Genotoxicity in Testis of Tebuconazole-treated Rats

Objective This research was performed to evaluate the effect of tebuconazole(TBZ)on reproductive organs of male rats and to assess the protective role of combined essential trace elements in alleviating the detrimental effect of TBZ on male reproductive function.Methods For this purpose,48 rats were exposed to 100 mg/kg TBZ,TBZ supplemented with zinc(Zn),selenium(Se),copper(Cu),and iron(Fe),TBZ+(Se+Zn);TBZ+Cu;or TBZ+Fe.The experiment was conducted for 30 consecutive days.Results TBZ caused a significant perturbation in mineral levels and reduction in reproductive organs weights,plasma testosterone level,and testicular antioxidant enzyme activities.The TBZ-treated group also showed a significant increase in sperm abnormalities(count,motility,and viability percent),plasma follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone concentrations,lipid peroxidation,protein oxidation,and severe DNA degradation in comparison with the controls.Histopathologically,TBZ caused testis impairments.Conversely,treatment with trace elements,in combination or alone,improved the reproductive organ weights,sperm characteristics,TBZ-induced toxicity,and histopathological modifications in testis.Conclusion TBZ exerts significant harmful effects on male reproductive system.The concurrent administration of trace elements reduces testis dysfunction,fertility,and toxicity induced by TBZ.

Level of Macronutrients and Microelements of Blood Plasma in Different Forms of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

By the method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, the content of macro and microelements in the blood plasma of 35 practically healthy people living in the Northern region of Azerbaijan and in the Nizhny Novgorod region of the Russian Federation was studied as well as of 23 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with different phases of the disease. The elemental homeostasis of the blood plasma did not significantly differ depending on the region of residence, except for the potassium level (by 1.3 times greater for Russians) and strontium (by 10 times higher among the inhabitants of the Northern region of Azerbaijan). In patients with focal pulmonary tuberculosis, there were no significant differences in the content of elements in the blood plasma. With pulmonary tuberculosis, accompanied by decomposition processes, the content of calcium, copper, zinc and iron in blood plasma significantly increases in comparison with healthy people. Analysis of the level of these macro- and microelements can be used to determine the transition of the early form of pulmonary tuberculosis to infiltrative and/or cavernous forms, in which the patient becomes epidemiologically dangerous to others.

Effects of Heavy Metal Ions (Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺and Cr³⁺) on the Productivity of Biogas and Biomethane Production

It was shown that the concentration of heavy metal ions Fe3+, Cu2+, Cr3+ and Zn2+, which are contained in the fermentation medium, affects the process of biogas production. The aim of this paper was to establish the concentration of ions, which makes it possible to increase the yield of biogas and the methane content in it. The total yield of biogas per unit of dry organic matter, methane and the kinetics of changes in the yield of biogas during fermentation of cattle manure in the presence of different concentrations of metal ions in the anaerobic environment. It was established that the content of Fe3+, Cu2+ is up to 80 mg/dm3, Cr3+ and Zn2+ is up to 50 mg/dm3 in the medium lead to increased methane production by anaerobic association of microorganisms due to the effect on the activity of enzyme systems in comparison with the sample without the addition of metal ions. It was found that the rational concentrations to increase the methane yield in the biogas obtained by fermentation of cattle manure are: Fe3+-20 - 40 mg/dm3, Cu2+-40 - 60 mg/dm3, Cr3+-10 mg/dm3. The increase in the concentration of metal ions above rational values leads to a decrease in the methane content in biogas. It was shown that zinc ions have a positive effect on methane production, but reduce the total biogas yield and, accordingly, the degree of conversion of organic raw materials. Therefore, the rational concentration of Zn2+ in the fermentation medium is 10 mg/dm3.

Trace metals and animal health: Interplay of the gut microbiota with iron, manganese, zinc, and copper

Metals such as iron,manganese,copper,and zinc are recognized as essential trace elements.These trace metals play critical roles in development,growth,and metabolism,participating in various metabolic processes by acting as cofactors of enzymes or providing structural support to proteins.Deficiency or toxicity of these metals can impact human and animal health,giving rise to a number of metabolic and neurological disorders.Proper breakdown,absorption,and elimination of these trace metals is a tightly regulated process that requires crosstalk between the host and these micronutrients.The gut is a complex system that serves as the interface between these components,but other factors that contribute to this delicate interaction are not well understood.The gut is home to trillions of microorganisms and microbial genes(the gut microbiome)that can regulate the metabolism and transport of micronutrients and contribute to the bioavailability of trace metals through their assimilation from food sources or by competing with the host.Furthermore,deficiency or toxicity of these metals can modulate the gut microenvironment,including microbiota,nutrient availability,stress,and immunity.Thus,understanding the role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism of manganese,iron,copper,and zinc,as well as in heavy metal deficiencies and toxicities,and vice versa,may provide insight into developing improved or alternative therapeutic strategies to address emerging health concerns.This review describes the current understanding of how the gut microbiome and trace metals interact and affect host health,particularly in pigs.

锂电三元前驱体工艺设计要点控制研究

锂电池材料分为正极材料、负极材料、隔膜、电解液等,正极材料是锂电池材料的关键性材料之一,三元前驱体是生产三元正极材料的重要上游材料。在三元前驱体工艺设计中,关注重点工艺控制条件、废水处理工艺设计、铜铁锌等异物引入的防护措施、工艺智能化设计,优化设计提升产品的竞争力,推动锂电池行业的发展。

乳糜泻与微量元素相关性研究进展

乳糜泻是一种由遗传易感个体摄入麸质引起的自身免疫病,主要累及小肠,引起小肠绒毛萎缩。许多乳糜泻患者因肠道炎症出现各种营养素吸收障碍,导致体内营养失衡,包括各种微量元素失衡。虽然微量元素在人体中含量很少,但因其特殊生理功能,对人体健康具有重要作用。部分乳糜泻相关并发症与不同微量元素失衡有关。此外,研究发现多种微量元素在乳糜泻发生、发展中发挥作用。本文就乳糜泻患者中一些重要微量元素水平,以及近年各种微量元素在乳糜泻发病机制、病情评估和治疗中作用的研究进展作一综述。

生物活性离子改性透钙磷石骨水泥的生物和理化性能

背景:透钙磷石骨水泥作为一种骨替代和骨填充材料,因其具有良好的生物相容性、骨传导性等优点,尤其是相比于其他磷酸钙类骨水泥具有更好的生物降解能力,在骨修复方面有重要应用价值,但也因其存在机械性能不足、固化反应快及注射性能差等问题的限制,目前一般只能用于非负重区骨的修复。目的:探讨生物活性离子(金属离子和非金属离子)改性透钙磷石骨水泥,以期拓展使用范围。方法:利用Pub Med、Science Direct和中国知网、万方数据库检索2018-2023年发表的文献,中文检索词为“金属离子,铁,铜,锶,镁,锌,非金属离子,改性,骨,透钙磷石骨水泥”;英文检索词为“metal ion,iron,Fe,copper,Cu,strontium,Sr,magnesium,Mg,zinc,Zn,non-metal ion,modification,bone,Brushite Cements”。通过阅读标题、摘要对所得文献进行初筛,排除重复及内容不相关文献,最终纳入64篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:(1)生物活性离子影响透钙磷石骨水泥水化反应过程,不同离子以离子取代的方式掺入透钙磷石骨水泥晶体结构中,改变了骨水泥晶体形态,引起凝固时间、注射性、抗压强度等理化性能改变。(2)离子改性的透钙磷石骨水泥因不同的晶体结构而产生不同的离子释放效应,不同类型离子具有如促血管生成/成骨、抗菌及抗肿瘤等特性而发挥作用,此外,透钙磷石骨水泥具有良好的生物降解性,这对于各离子性能的发挥具有极大优势。(3)不同离子改性透钙磷石骨水泥理化性能影响如下:铁、铜、锶、镁、锌、银、钴可延长凝固时间;锶、镁可提高注射性能;铜、锶、镁、银、硅可增强抗压强度;能同时改善透钙磷石骨水泥以上3种理化性能的离子有锶、镁;良好的理化性能是临床应用的前提,故离子改善透钙磷石骨水泥的凝固时间、注射性及抗压强度等性能对骨水泥的研究应用具有重要意义。(4)不同离子改性透钙磷石骨水泥生物性能影响如下:铜、锶、镁、锌、钴、锂、硅、硒具有促血管生成/成骨效应;铁、铜、镁、锌、银具有抗菌特性;镁离子具有抗炎特性;铜、硒具有抗肿瘤性。(5)综上所述,镁离子能改善透钙磷石骨水泥凝固时间、注射性和抗压强度,同时具有促新生血管生成/成骨及抗菌性,对合并感染的骨缺损治疗具有良好应用前景;此外,铜还具有抗肿瘤特性,因此铜离子在感染、肿瘤引起的骨缺损治疗方面有巨大潜力;只是目前相关研究仍处于基础研究阶段,不同离子掺杂浓度和合成条件等对透钙磷石骨水泥理化性能的影响需进一步探索,同时对于生物性能影响也需更长期的研究观察。

2022-2023年中国十省(自治区)成年居民膳食铁、锌、硒和铜摄入现状及食物来源

目的了解中国十省(自治区)18岁及以上成年居民膳食铁、锌、硒和铜摄入状况和食物来源。方法利用2022-2023年“中国发展与营养健康影响队列调查”资料,选择有完整连续3天24小时膳食调查数据的9981名18岁及以上居民为研究对象,分析膳食铁、锌、硒和铜的摄入状况和食物来源,并与其平均需要量(estimated average requirement,EAR)进行比较。结果十省(自治区)成年居民每天摄入铁、锌,、硒和铜的中位数分别为17.4 mg、8.7 mg、38.3μg和1.2 mg;均数分别为19.8mg、9.4 mg、41.3μg和1.4 mg。11.2%、44.5%、72.0%和12.1%成年居民膳食铁、锌、硒、铜摄入量低于EAR。结论中国十省(自治区)成年居民膳食铁、锌、铜的主要食物来源为植物性食物。成年居民特别是60岁及以上男性居民膳食锌和18~45岁女性膳食铁摄入不足的风险较高。

DTPA-CaCl_(2)-TEA浸取-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤中有效锌、锰、铁、铜

本文以DTPA-CaCl_(2)-TEA浸提剂提取土壤中有效态铜、锌、铁、锰,以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)进行测定。对不同的提取温度进行探究,确定最佳提取温度为25℃±2℃。对空白溶液平行测定6次,以3倍标准偏差计算出有效铜、锌、铁、锰的检出限依次为0.024mg/kg、0.024mg/kg、0.030mg/kg、0.147mg/kg,通过对国家标准土壤样品GBW 07461(ASA-10)、GBW 07414a(ASA-3a)、GBW07460(ASA-9)进行验证,其准确度与精密度均可满足分析要求。

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定锡矿中7种元素的研究

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱检测方法对锡矿中锌、铜、铁、铅、砷、锑、铋元素进行分析。锡矿样品以盐酸、硝酸、氢氟酸为消解液,经微波消解后,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定消解液中锌、铜、铁、铅、砷、锑、铋元素含量。在选定的测定条件下,锌、铜、砷、锑、铋元素在浓度0~5 mg/L范围内,铁、铅元素在浓度0~20 mg/L范围内,线性关系良好,方法的检出限在0.0008%~0.0016%。该方法简便快速,稳定性好,结果准确可靠,适用于锡矿中常规元素含量的分析。

Distribution of Micronutrients in Selected Pedons of Sugarcane Growing Vertisols in Northern Karnataka State of India

Micronutrients deficiency is a major limiting factor for increasing yield and productivity of major crops in India. Recent findings of multiple micronutrients interactions have evidenced the indispensable role played by micronutrients in plant nutrition. Though they are needed in smaller quantities, however, their availability in the Right amount, at the Right time, and for the Right crop has been a major limiting factor for improving the productivity and yield of Sugarcane in northern Karnataka state of India. This study was conducted to assess the level of Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) deficiencies in Sugarcane growing Vertisols of six micro-watersheds in northern Karnataka. The six selected micro-watersheds were intensively traversed and six representative pedons of standard dimensions were dug and horizon-wise soil samples collected and analyzed for various micronutrients using standard analytical procedures. Based on the optimum critical levels of micronutrients, B, Fe and Zn were deficient, ranging from 0.15 - 0.64, 1.23 - 5.92 and 0.11 - 0.64 mg⋅kg−1 respectively while Cu and Mn were in excess, ranging from 1.54 - 7.62 and 1.22 - 7.03 mg⋅kg−1 respectively. The distribution of B, Fe and Zn were inversely proportional to soil depth whereas that of Cu and Mn were irregular, which is an indication of the influence of pedoturbation in these soils. With the current rate of agricultural intensification, unbalanced fertilizer application, depletion of nutrients and no replenishment by smallholders, the results reveal that the current deficiency levels may increase further if appropriate and timely actions are not taken. We therefore recommend the use of site-specific nutrient management, balanced fertilizer application and good agronomic practices. These can enhance nutrient use efficiency in the study area.

秘鲁某选铁尾矿综合回收有价金属试验研究

秘鲁某选铁尾矿中含有Cu、Zn、Fe、Au、Ag等多种金属,其中Cu品位0.46%、Zn品位0.76%、Fe品位22.83%,综合利用价值较高。由于细粒级含量较高、选铁尾矿中残余大量药剂、海水介质中无机盐等方面的影响,该尾矿未得到较好的利用。在原矿性质研究的基础上进行了工艺流程探索,确定采用“铜锌混合浮选→再磨→铜锌分离→锌浮选→铁磁选→铁精矿反浮选”工艺。闭路试验最终获得铜精矿Cu品位25.67%,Cu回收率72.24%,铜精矿中含Au 6.68 g/t,Ag 248.5 g/t,Au回收率72.87%,Ag回收率67.16%;锌精矿Zn品位46.13%,Zn回收率57.72%;铁精矿Fe品位65.13%,铁精矿产率11.24%,Fe回收率32.93%的较好指标。Cu、Zn、Fe及伴生Au、Ag等金属均得到了较好的综合回收。

70~90 kg牦牛犊牛矿物质元素铜、铁、锌营养需要量研究

为探究70~90 kg牦牛犊牛矿物质元素铜、铁、锌的分布规律及营养需要量,采用比较屠宰法,选取21头体质健康、体重[(60.44±4.59)kg]相近的公牦牛犊牛,随机分为3组,试验犊牛分别在平均体重达到73.61、81.96和96.53 kg时屠宰,即初期屠宰组(BL组)、中期屠宰组(M组)和末期屠宰组(F组)。对内脏(含血)、骨骼(含头蹄)、肌肉、脂肪、皮、毛称重并记录数据,测定各组织中矿物质元素铜、铁、锌含量,分析各组犊牛的生长性能、屠宰性能及矿物质元素体内分布规律,并建立70~90 kg牦牛犊牛矿物质元素铜、铁、锌净生长需要量预测模型。结果表明:1)随着牦牛犊牛体重增加,宰前活重(SBW)、空腹体重(EBW)、干物质采食量、胴体重、肉重、内脏(含血液)重、毛重均显著增加(P<0.05)。F组的骨重显著高于BL组和M组(P<0.05),M组的屠宰率显著高于BL组和F组(P<0.05)。2)铜、铁在内脏(含血)中的占比最高,锌在肌肉中的占比最高,铜、铁、锌在脂肪中占比均较低。3)牦牛犊牛体内铜、铁、锌含量与EBW具有高度相关性,70~90 kg牦牛犊牛铜、铁、锌的净生长需要量预测模型和净生长需要量分别为:铜净生长需要量=4.4025×EBW^(-0.1228),净生长需要量为2.65~2.72 mg/kg EBW;铁净生长需要量=94.4258×EBW^(0.0039),净生长需要量为95.88~95.97 mg/kg EBW;锌净生长需要量=5.1939×EBW^(0.4161),净生长需要量为26.55~29.19 mg/kg EBW。综上所述,本试验得出了70~90 kg牦牛犊牛铜、铁、锌净生长需要量参数及分布规律,为牦牛犊牛的科学饲养提供了一定的参考。

湿法炼锌过程铜回收率提升工艺研究

针对常规炼锌工艺中存在铜回收率低、杂质累积等问题,本文提出了弱酸浸铜沉铁-低酸强化浸铜两段逆流酸浸、弱酸浸出液回收铜-中和除杂的湿法浸出工艺。首先,对锌焙砂进行弱酸浸出,避免中性浸出存在的铜沉淀问题,同时将部分铁沉淀入渣;然后,通过低酸浸出破坏原料中的氧化物、铁酸盐和硅酸盐等多种含铜化合物的矿物结构,最大限度地实现铜的高效浸出;第三,通过铁粉置换的方法从弱酸浸出液中回收铜,再进行中和除杂;最后,考察体系酸度、反应温度和时间等参数对浸出过程锌、铁、铜元素浸出及沉淀的影响。研究结果表明:浸出过程中元素行为以及焙砂中复杂锌、铜物相的破坏溶出主要受体系酸度影响。反应温度以及反应时间对于复杂物相的溶出影响较小。在温度为80℃、反应时间为2.5 h、搅拌转速为400 r/min的条件下,弱酸浸出铁的沉淀率为72.17%,铜的浸出率为67.24%;低酸浸出锌和铜浸出率分别为91.86%和71.83%。在温度为70℃、反应时间为20 min、搅拌转速为400 r/min的条件下,弱酸液沉铜铁粉添加系数为3,铜沉淀率为93.2%。由于锌、铜在原料中的赋存状态复杂,难溶和易溶物相种类多样,增大了锌、铜金属高效综合回收的难度。氧化物、硅酸盐等多种矿物结构均被较彻底地破坏,而硫化物、铁酸盐溶出效果欠佳,铜的回收率提高至70%。

氯化焙烧铜熔炼渣的过程机理及动力学

提出一种以CaCl_(2)为氯化剂,采用氯化焙烧法从铜熔炼渣中高效回收锌的工艺。利用热力学计算、热重–差热(TG-DSC)分析和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段,研究氯化反应机理和氯化焙烧过程动力学。结果表明,CaCl_(2)氧化分解和所有含锌相的氯化反应温度均分别高于774.3和825℃。铜熔炼渣的氯化焙烧过程可分为4个阶段,依次为吸附水脱除、结晶水脱除、含铁相氧化和锌的氯化挥发。铁氧化阶段和锌氯化挥发阶段的表观活化能分别为101.70和84.4 k J/mol,铁氧化过程的最概然机理函数为Avrami–Erofeev方程(n=2),锌氯化过程符合未反应核收缩模型且受化学反应控制。