PERFORMANCE OF BRAZED DIAMOND CUP-TYPE WHEELS WITH DEFINED GRAIN PATTERN IN GRINDING CEMENTED CARBIDE

A new cup-type grinding wheel of the brazed monolayer diamond is developed with a defined grain pattern on the wheel surface. Grinding performance of the brazed wheel in the surface grinding of cemented carbide is studied. Experimental results show that when continuous dry grinding is employed, grits of the brazed diamond grinding wheel fail mainly in attritious wear and fracture modes and no pull-out ones are found in conventional electroplated and sintered diamond wheels. It indicates the strong retention of brazing alloy to diamond grits and the longer service life of the wheel. In addition, the ground surface has good roughness. The theoretical surface roughness agrees well with experimental results.

Grindability and Surface Integrity of Cast Nickel-based Superalloy in Creep Feed Grinding with Brazed CBN Abrasive Wheels

The technique of creep feed grinding is most suitable for geometrical shaping, and therefore has been expected to improve effectively material removal rate and surface quality of components with complex profile. This article studies experimentally the effects of process parameters （i.e. wheel speed, workpiece speed and depth of cut） on the grindability and surface integrity of cast nickel-based superalloys, i.e. K424, during creep feed grinding with brazed cubic boron nitride （CBN） abrasive wheels. Some important factors, such as grinding force and temperature, specific grinding energy, size stability, surface topography, microhardhess and microstructure alteration of the sub-surface, residual stresses, are investigated in detail. The results show that during creep feed grinding with brazed CBN wheels, low grinding temperature at about 100 ℃ is obtained though the specific grinding energy of nickel-based superalloys is high up to 200-300 J/mm^3. A combination of wheel speed 22.5 m/s, workpiece speed 0.1 m/min, depth of cut 0.2 mm accomplishes the straight grooves with the expected dimensional accuracy. Moreover, the compressive residual stresses are formed in the bum-free and crack-free ground surface.

Brazed joints of CBN grains and AISI 1045 steel with AgCuTi-TiC mixed powder as filler materials

The brazing process of cubic boron nitride （CBN） grains and AISI 1045 steel with AgCuTi-TiC mixed powder as a filler material was carried out.The joining strength and the interfacial microstructure were investigated.The experimental results indicate that the spreading of the molten filler material on AISI 1045 steel is decreased with the increase of TiC content.A good interface is formed between the TiC particulates and AgCuTi alloy through the wetting behavior.In the case of AgCuTi＋16wt% TiC,the strength of the brazed steel-to-steel joints reached the highest value of 95MPa dependent upon the reinforcement effect of TiC particles within the filler layer.Brazing resultants of TiB2,TiB,and TiN are produced at the interface of the CBN grains and the AgCuTi-TiC filler layer by virtue of the interdiffusion of B,N,and Ti atoms.

Comparative investigation on high-speed grinding of TiCp/Ti–6Al–4V particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites with single-layer electroplated and brazed CBN wheels

In order to develop the high-efficiency and precision machining technique of TiCp/Ti - 6Al-4V particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites （PTMCs）, high-speed grinding experiments were conducted using the single-layer electroplated cubic boron nitride （CBN） wheel and brazed CBN wheel, respectively. The comparative grinding performance was studied in terms of grinding force, grinding temperature, grinding-induced surface features and defects. The results display that the grinding forces and grinding temperature obtained with the brazed CBN wheel are always lower than those with the electroplated CBN wheel. Though the voids and microcracks are the dominant grinding-induced surface defects, the brazed CBN wheel produces less surface defects compared to the electroplated wheel according to the statistical analysis results. The max mum materials removal rate with the brazed CBN wheel is much higher than that with the electroplated one. All above indicate that the single-layer brazed CBN super-abrasive wheel is more suitable for high-speed grinding of PTMCs than the electroplated counterpart.

陶瓷磨削用多层钎焊金刚石砂轮的研制

为解决传统树脂、电镀金刚石砂轮磨削陶瓷材料时存在的磨削寿命短、砂轮易堵塞烧伤等问题,分析利用钎焊金刚石技术制备陶瓷磨削用多层钎焊金刚石砂轮的可行性。结合钎料组分优选,制备具有开槽结构的多层钎焊金刚石砂轮,并对99.9%高纯度的Al_(2)O_(3)陶瓷进行磨削性能试验。结果表明:树脂、电镀金刚石砂轮分别存在磨削效率低和磨削寿命不足的问题,单层钎焊金刚石砂轮磨削效率较高但磨削寿命有限,多层钎焊金刚石在保持高磨削效率的同时磨削寿命优势明显,较单层钎焊金刚石磨轮提升约60%。在陶瓷材料磨削过程中,多层钎焊金刚石砂轮磨削效果显著,虽磨粒出露高度有限,但开槽设计的排屑效果显著,砂轮表面不易发生陶瓷粉末黏结、堵塞。

Dimension Accuracy and Surface Integrity of Creep Feed Ground Titanium Alloy with Monolayer Brazed CBN Shaped Wheels

Titanium alloy tenon is creep feed ground with monolayer brazed cubic boron nitride （CBN） shaped wheels. The dimension accuracy of the tenon is assessed and the results indicate that it completely meets the requirement of blade tenon of aero-engine. Residual stresses, surface roughness, microstructure and microhardness are measured on ground surfaces of the specimen, which are all compared with that ground with vitrified CBN wheels. Under all the circumstances, compressive residual stress is obtained and the depth of the machining affected zone is found to be less than 40 μm. No phase transformation is observed at depths of up to 100 lain below the surface, though plastic deformation is visible in the process of grain refinement. The residual stress and microhardness of specimens ground with brazed CBN wheels are observed to be lower than those ground with vitrified ones. The arithmetic mean roughness （Ra） values obtained are all below 0.8μm.

Review on monolayer CBN superabrasive wheels for grinding metallic materials

A state-of-the-art review on monolayer electroplated and brazed cubic boron nitride（CBN） superabrasive wheels for grinding metallic materials has been provided in this article. The fabrication techniques and mechanisms of the monolayer CBN wheels are discussed. Grain distribution, wheel dressing, wear behavior, and wheel performance are analyzed in detail. Sample applications of monolayer CBN wheel for grinding steels, titanium alloys, and nickel-based superalloys are also provided. Finally, this article highlights opportunities for further investigation of monolayer CBN grinding wheels.

Investigation on induction brazing of profiled cBN wheel for grinding of Ti-6Al-4V

Profiled monolayer cBN wheel was induction brazed for grinding of titanium dovetail slot in this study.Aimed at acquiring a uniform temperature distribution along the profiled surface and reducing the thermal deformation of the brazed wheel,a finite element model was established to investigate the temperature uniformity during induction brazing.A suitable induction coil and the related working parameters were designed and chosen based on the simulation results.Ag-Cu-Ti alloy and cBN grains were applied in the induction brazing experiment.The results showed geometric deformation of the brazed wheel was no more than 0.01 mm and chemical reaction layer were found on the brazed joint interface.Further validation tests were carried out by grinding of Ti-6 Al-4 V alloy.Compared to the electroplated wheel,the brazed wheel showed better performance such as low specific grinding energy and good ground quality in grinding of Ti-6 Al-4 V alloy.Abrasion wear was found to be the main failure mode for the induction brazed wheel,while adhesion and grains pull-out were the main failure mode for the electroplated wheel.

Ni-Cr合金Ar气保护炉中钎焊金刚石砂轮的研究

用活性钎料钎焊单层金刚石砂轮与传统电镀砂轮相比具有磨削锋利、寿命长等优异性能。利用 Ar气保护炉中钎焊的方法 ,用 Ni-Cr合金粉末做钎料 ,适当控制钎焊温度、保温时间和冷却速度 ,实现了金刚石与钢基体的牢固连接。利用扫描电镜和 X射线能谱 ,结合 X射线衍射结构分析 ,发现在钎焊过程中 Ni-Cr合金中的 Cr元素分离出在金刚石界面形成富 Cr层并与金刚石表面的 C元素反应生成 Cr3C2 和 Cr7C3,这是实现合金层与金刚石有较高结合强度的主要因素。重负荷磨削实验表明金刚石为正常磨损 。

新型砂轮研究进展及其展望

磨削加工技术是制造技术中的重要领域,是实现精密加工、超精密加工中最有效、应用最广的工艺技术。砂轮是磨削加工技术中使用最为广泛的加工工具,但传统砂轮存在磨粒容易脱落、磨削比能高、法向力与切向力之比大、需要定期修锐、加工塑性金属材料时容易堵塞等问题。探讨了砂轮的最新研究进展和研究成果,分析了单层钎焊砂轮、纤维砂轮、开槽砂轮、柔性砂轮、多孔砂轮以及磨粒有序化砂轮等新型砂轮的结构特点和不足,并对砂轮的研究发展进行了展望。

银基钎料钎焊单层金刚石砂轮的研究

概述了单层高温钎焊超硬磨料砂轮的优点。这种新型超硬磨料砂轮以其卓越的磨削性能在今后将逐步替代传统电镀砂轮。鉴于它极其广阔的应用前景，国内也必将大力开发此种单层钎焊超硬磨料砂轮。本文利用高频感应钎焊的方法，用 Ａｇ－ Ｃｕ合金和 Ｃｒ粉共同作中间层材料，在一定的钎焊温度和时间下，实现了金刚石与钢基体间的牢固结合。经扫描电镜分析发现Ｃｒ与金刚石之间形成ＣｒＣ，与钢基体之间形成（ＦｅｘＣｒｙ）Ｃ，这是实现合金层与金刚石及钢基体之间都有较高结合强度的主要因素。最后通过磨削实验证实了金刚石确实有较高的把持强度。

钎焊单层金刚石砂轮关键问题的研究

概述了用活性钎料将金刚石磨料钎焊到钢基体表面制作单层金刚石砂轮 ,比传统的单层电镀金刚石砂轮具有明显的工艺优势。分析指出了钎焊工艺现存的关键问题 ,即如何实现金刚石磨料与合金钎料层高的结合强度、钎料层厚度的均匀性和金刚石磨料的有序排布。给出了可行的解决方案 ,即利用 Ag- Cu- Cr或 Ni- Cr等活性钎料与金刚石界面化学反应生成的 Cr7C3 和 Cr2 3 C7实现钎料层与金刚石间的高强度结合 ;通过砂轮地貌优化 ,优化出磨粒排布方式 ,然后按优化的结果排布磨料。

碟轮修整单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的试验研究

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮在制作完成之初由于砂轮基体加工存在误差以及磨粒粒径大小不一等原因造成磨粒等高性不一致,这使其难以在硬脆材料的精密磨削中得到广泛的应用。采用自制的钎焊碟轮对80/100#单层钎焊金刚石砂轮进行了修整试验研究。在修整试验前后跟踪了砂轮磨粒等高性的变化,进行了SiC陶瓷的磨削试验,并观测了工件表面质量的变化情况。试验结果表明:采用此方法能够实现单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的高效精密修整。修整试验结束后砂轮磨粒等高性较好,磨削SiC陶瓷的表面质量得到明显改善,表面粗糙度Ra值达到了0.1μm以下。

钎焊单层金刚石砂轮的现存问题及其对策

概述了用活性钎料将金刚石磨料钎焊到钢基体表面制作单层金刚石砂轮 ,比传统的单层电镀金刚石砂轮具有明显的工艺优势。分析指出了钎焊工艺的现存问题 ,即如何实现金刚石磨料与合金钎料层高的结合强度、钎料层厚度的均匀性和金刚石磨料的有序排布。给出了可行的解决方案 ,即利用Ag -Cu -Cr或Ni-Cr等活性钎料与金刚石界面化学反应生成的Cr7C3 和Cr2 3 C7实现钎料层与金刚石间的高强度结合 ;通过砂轮地貌优化 ,优化出磨粒排布方式 ,然后按优化的结果排布磨料。研制出了具有磨料出露高度高、有序排布、钎料层厚度一致性、高结合强度、高锋利度的单层钎焊金刚石砂轮。

采用径向射流冲击与钎焊砂轮解决磨削烧伤的研究

在分析高效磨削烧伤机理的基础上，提出了两项对策：一是采用高压径向射流冲击强化磨削弧区换热，以最大限度地疏导已经产生的积聚在弧区的磨削热；二是采用钎焊超硬磨料砂轮取代传统电镀砂轮，以提高砂轮的锋利度降低磨削比能，减少磨削热的产生。缓进给断续磨削试验结果表明，该两项对策对解决难加工材料磨削烧伤问题效果十分明显，具有广阔的应用前景。

钎焊金刚石砂轮磨削硬质合金的磨削力研究

采用钎焊金刚石砂轮对两种硬质合金进行磨削实验,通过测量磨削过程中的磨削水平力和垂直力,对砂轮所受的单位宽度法向力、切向力和力比进行了研究。建立了单颗磨粒磨削力与加工参数间的理论模型,并用实验数据进行验证。理论分析了磨削深度、进给速度对单位宽度磨削力、单颗磨粒磨削力及力比的影响程度。

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的修整实验研究

为满足单层钎焊金刚石砂轮高效精密加工的性能要求,对磨粒有序排布单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的修整进行了实验研究。采用磨粒有序排布的钎焊金刚石修整工具对钎焊砂轮进行了修整,该修整方法通过修整工具粒度的变化以及修整速比的调整来控制砂轮形貌,从而使氧化锆的磨削表面粗糙度达到了精密加工的水平。对砂轮形貌进行了观测统计,数据表明,砂轮磨粒的等高性得到明显改善且避免了磨粒端部的严重钝化。

高温钎焊立方氮化硼界面微结构

以Ag Cu Ti合金为钎料采用真空钎焊的方法在优化的钎焊温度和时间下 ,实现了立方氮化硼 (CBN)与砂轮基体的牢固连接。运用扫描电镜 (SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)及X射线粉末衍射仪 (XRD)对连接界面的微观组织以及CBN表面生成物的三维形貌、化学成分、物相结构进行了综合分析。结果表明 ,钎料中的元素Ti向CBN表面扩散富集 ,生成了针状TiB2 和TiN ,在磨粒与钎料界面形成化学冶金结合 ,这是CBN与Ag Cu Ti钎料间有良好浸润性和高结合强度的主要原因。

银基钎料钎焊单层金刚石砂轮的试验

概述了单层高温钎焊超硬磨料砂轮的工艺优势 ,这种新型超硬磨料砂轮以其卓越的磨削性能在今后逐步替代传统电镀砂轮应是一种无法抗拒的必然趋势。鉴于它极其广阔的应用前景 ,国内在推广应用超硬磨料砂轮时也必将大力开发此种单层钎焊砂轮。本文利用高频感应钎焊的方法 ,用Ag -Cu合金和Cr粉共同作中间层材料 ,在一定的钎焊温度和时间下 ,实现了金刚石与钢基体间的牢固连接。经X射线能谱及X射线衍射分析发现Cr与金刚石之间形成Cr3C2 ,这是实现合金层与金刚石有较高结合强度的主要因素。

高速磨削用单层钎焊CBN砂轮及其磨削性能

针对钎焊砂轮存在的热变形导致精度降低的问题,提出基于局部加热的超高频感应钎焊工艺方法制备高速磨削用单层钎焊CBN砂轮,采用三坐标测量仪对砂轮及其钎焊前后的尺寸进行测量,最后对该砂轮高速磨削镍基高温合金磨削性能进行评价。三坐标测量结果显示,钎焊CBN砂轮基体的变形量小于16μm,在高速重负磨削镍基高温合金试验中,加工表面未见裂纹和烧伤,表面粗糙度可达Ra0.4μm,砂轮表现为正常磨耗磨损。表明超高频感应钎焊工艺制备的单层钎焊砂轮在高速磨削具有应用潜力。