Spatial Differences of Coastal Urban Expansion in China from 1970s to 2013

As the ′economic engines′ of China,coastal cities have developed and expanded considerably since the 1970 s.In this study,information on the urban expansion process of Chinese coastal cities from the 1970 s to 2013 was retrieved.Through the analysis of stage characteristics,spatial expansion modes,influences on land use,centroid shifts,and spatial morphological evolutions,the spatial differences of coastal urban expansion were revealed.Results indicate that 1) the expansion stages of southern coastal cities are more complex than those of northern coastal cities,and the expansion ranges and speeds of the former are far higher than those of the latter;2) the spatial expansion of southern coastal cities mostly adopt a single mode,whereas northern coastal cities mostly adopt a mixed mode;3) significant spatial differences in the occupations of different land sources exist between the south and the north along the coastline;4) the centroid of coastal cities tends to migrate toward the coastline,and the centroid shift distances of southern coastal cities are clearly higher than those of northern coastal cities;and 5) the spatial morphology of southern coastal cities tends to be compact,whereas that of northern coastal cities tends to be loose.Policies have a powerful significance in terms of guiding urban expansion and its spatial differences in coastal cities.Urban expansion in coastal cities will encounter new opportunities and challenges under the guidance of new types of urbanization strategies.

The Limiting Case of Blending Differences for Bivariate Blending Continued Fraction Expansions

For a univariate function given by its Taylor series expansion, a continued fraction expansion can be obtained with the Viscovatov＇s algorithm, as the limiting value of a Thiele interpolating continued fraction or by means of the determinantal formulas for inverse and reciprocal differences with coincident data points. In this paper, both Viscovatov-like algorithms and Taylor-like expansions are incorporated to yield bivariate blending continued expansions which are computed as the limiting value of bivariate blending rational interpolants, which are constructed based on symmetric blending differences. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of our methods.

Study of Difference-Expansion Embedding Schemes

Difference expansion（DE） is one of the famous schemes in the field of reversible data hiding.With the high efficiency and simplicity,DE also has received more attention over the years.DE has a good information capacity,but due to its major location map,the pure payload is rather low.Therefore many scholars did relevant improvements which let n pixels as a unit instead of the original two pixels as a unit and can adaptively adjust the number of embedding secret information according to the smoothness degree of the block,which achieves the result of improving the information payload or the image quality.In this paper,the study of DE-based reversible data hiding schemes is comprehensively discussed.The performance of DEbased schemes is evaluated and compared in terms of embedding capacity and stego-image quality.

Can Industrial Structure Upgrading Restrain Industrial Land Expansion?Evidence from China

China has made great achievements in industrial development and is transforming into a powerful manufacturing country.Meanwhile,the industrial land scale is also expanding.However,whether industrial structure upgrading achieves the purpose of restraining industrial land expansion remains unanswered.By calculating the industrial land structure index(ILSI)and industrial land expansion scale(ILES),this study analyzed their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics at both regional and city levels from 2007to 2020 in China.Results show that industrial land expansion presents a different trend in the four regions,the ILES in the eastern region is the largest,and the speed of industrial land expansion has declined since 2013,but it has gradually increased since 2016.The ILSI of the eastern and central regions is higher than that of the western and northeastern regions.Furthermore,a spatial Durbin model(SDM)has been established to estimate the spatial effect of industrial structure upgrading on industrial land expansion from 2007 to2020.Notably,industrial structure upgrading has not slowed industrial land expansion.The eastern and western regions require a greater amount of industrial land while upgrading the industrial structure.The improvement of the infrastructure level and international trade level has promoted industrial land expansion.

Expansion of spherical cavity of strain-softening materials with different elastic moduli of tension and compression

An expansion theory of spherical cavities in strain-softening materials with different moduli of tension and com-pression was presented. For geomaterials,two controlling parameters were introduced to take into account the different moduli and strain-softening properties. By means of elastic theory with different moduli and stress-softening models,general solutions cal-culating Tresca and Mohr-Coulomb materials' stress and displacement fields of expansion of spherical cavity were derived. The effects caused by different elastic moduli in tensile and compression and strain-softening rates on stress and displacement fields and development of plastic zone of expansion of cavity were analyzed. The results show that the ultimate expansion pressure,stress and displacement fields and development of plastic zone vary with the different elastic moduli and strain-softening prop-erties. If classical elastic theory is adopted and strain-softening properties are neglected,rather large errors may be the result.

Assessment of vegetation cover changes and the contributing factors in the Al-Ahsa Oasis using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)

The abandonment of date palm grove of the former Al-Ahsa Oasis in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia has resulted in the conversion of delicate agricultural area into urban area.The current state of the oasis is influenced by both expansion and degradation factors.Therefore,it is important to study the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation cover for the sustainable management of oasis resources.This study used Landsat satellite images in 1987,2002,and 2021 to monitor the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation cover in the Al-Ahsa Oasis,applied multi-temporal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)data spanning from 1987 to 2021 to assess environmental and spatiotemporal variations that have occurred in the Al-Ahsa Oasis,and investigated the factors influencing these variation.This study reveals that there is a significant improvement in the ecological environment of the oasis during 1987–2021,with increase of NDVI values being higher than 0.10.In 2021,the highest NDVI value is generally above 0.70,while the lowest value remains largely unchanged.However,there is a remarkable increase in NDVI values between 0.20 and 0.30.The area of low NDVI values(0.00–0.20)has remained almost stable,but the region with high NDVI values(above 0.70)expands during 1987–2021.Furthermore,this study finds that in 1987–2002,the increase of vegetation cover is most notable in the northern region of the study area,whereas from 2002 to 2021,the increase of vegetation cover is mainly concentrated in the northern and southern regions of the study area.From 1987 to 2021,NDVI values exhibit the most pronounced variation,with a significant increase in the“green”zone(characterized by NDVI values exceeding 0.40),indicating a substantial enhancement in the ecological environment of the oasis.The NDVI classification is validated through 50 ground validation points in the study area,demonstrating a mean accuracy of 92.00%in the detection of vegetation cover.In general,both the user’s and producer’s accuracies of NDVI classification are extremely high in 1987,2002,and 2021.Finally,this study suggests that environmental authorities should strengthen their overall forestry project arrangements to combat sand encroachment and enhance the ecological environment of the Al-Ahsa Oasis.

THE INTERIOR LAYER FOR A NONLINEAR SINGULARLY PERTURBED DIFFERENTIAL-DIFFERENCE EQUATION

In this article, the interior layer for a second order nonlinear singularly perturbed differential-difference equation is considered. Using the methods of boundary function and fractional steps, we construct the formula of asymptotic expansion and point out that the boundary layer at t = 0 has a great influence upon the interior layer at t = a. At the same time, on the basis of differential inequality techniques, the existence of the smooth solution and the uniform validity of the asymptotic expansion are proved. Finally, an example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of our result. The result of this article is new and it complements the previously known ones.

Urban expansion in China and its spatial-temporal differences over the past four decades

The urban expansion process in China from the 1970s to 2013 was retrieved based on remote sensing and GIS technology. With the latest zoning method used as reference, annual expansion area per city, urban expansion type, and fractal dimension index were employed to analyze the Chinese urban expansion characteristics and its spatial difference from the aspects of urban expansion process, influence of urban expansion on land use, and urban spatial morphological evolutions. Results indicate that 1） under the powerful guidance of policies, urban expansion in China went through six different stages, and cities in the eastern region entered the rapid expansion period the earliest, followed by cities in the central, northeastern and western regions; 2） cultivated lands and rural settlements and industrial traffic lands were the important land sources for urban expansion in China; the influence of urban expansion on land use in the eastern region was the strongest, followed by the central, northeastern and western regions; 3） urban spatial morphology tended to be complex and was directly related to the adopted spatial expansion mode. Infilling expansion became the main urban expansion mode in the western region first, then in the central and northeastern regions, and finally in the eastern region. This study establishes the foundation for an in-depth recognition of urban expansion in China and optimization of future urban planning.

Threshold Controlled Scheme of Difference Expansion Techniques for Reversible Watermarking

Since Tian Jun proposed the difference expansion embedding technique,based on which,many reversible watermarking techniques were proposed.However,these methods do not perform well when the payload is high.In this paper,we proposed an expandable difference threshold controlled scheme for these three methods.Experiments show that our scheme improves the performance of these three methods for heavy payload.

教育对缓解多维相对贫困的影响——基于高校扩招自然实验的证据

在以多维性为贫困重要属性的后脱贫时代,高等教育减贫相较于其他扶贫方式具有显著优势,因此有必要对高等教育减贫效果进行评估。本文基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据,利用各省扩招政策强度差异和样本出生队列信息构造双重差分模型,考察高校扩招对个体陷入多维相对贫困概率的影响。研究发现,高等教育减贫的效果显著,高校扩招后直接受到政策影响的队列陷入多维相对贫困的概率降低17.6%。在改变关键变量度量方式后,研究结果显示高等教育减贫效果依然稳健。高校扩招过程中为个体提供的高等教育机会提高了个体的非认知能力、非农就业的概率和社会资本,从而降低个体陷入多维相对贫困的概率。但是,高校扩招的减贫效应在不同群体之间存在差异,高校扩招对非农村人口、女性、父辈教育水平高的人群的减贫效应更大。因此,需更加注重不同群体在获得高质量高等教育方面的公平,以更好地发挥高等教育的减贫效应。

城市商业银行异地扩张与企业创新

基于城市商业银行异地扩张为准自然实验,通过手工整理的城市商业银行异地扩张及银企地理距离数据,并匹配1998—2013年中国工业企业数据库,使用双重差分和包括敏感性分析在内的多重稳健性检验,验证了城市商业银行异地扩张是否能促进企业创新。研究发现,城市商业银行异地扩张能够显著促进企业创新产出,并产生扩散效应,促进位于城市边界的企业创新。机制研究发现,城市商业银行异地扩张能够为企业提供更多信贷渠道并降低融资成本,但是也可能破坏当地原有的银企关系,加剧银行对成熟企业、大型企业和国有企业的信贷偏好。进一步研究发现,城市商业银行异地扩张通过促进金融科技发展,进而促进企业创新。

强镇改革绩效差异的类型学分析——基于多案例的比较研究

强镇改革实践已逾二十年,其总体效果如何,各地差异如何,有哪些类型?基于政府权能理论,可从镇级政府权力和能力两个维度构建强镇改革绩效的四种类型:耦合能效型、融合求变型、失衡变通型和失衡负能型。结合多案例比较分析发现:耦合能效型和融合求变型绩效较为明显,而失衡变通型和失衡负能型绩效亟待提升。其中,耦合能效型下,镇级政府权能作用发挥最佳,失衡负能型因超负荷运转导致镇级政府权能难以发挥甚至起负面作用。四种绩效类型表现出不同特征、效益、策略与向度,彼此之间可能出现积极或消极转化。为此,深化强镇改革,应分类处理好镇级政府权能结构关系,推进权能动态耦合,助力镇级治理效能提升和地方治理绩效优化。

中国古代对行星盈缩历起点黄经及其进动值的测算

唐代天文学家一行在《大衍历》中,首次用行星变差来刻画行星盈缩历起点每年相对于冬至点的进动,此后的历法或者沿袭《大衍历》的做法直接给出行星变差,或者将行星变差隐含在相关算法中。本文全面考察了《大衍历》类历法中的行星变差常数及其含义,对于未直接给出行星变差的历法,则根据历法中的相关术文,重新构建了这些历法中行星盈缩历起点平均每年进动数值的表达式,并总结了行星盈缩历起点的进动规律。本文的研究结果表明,行星盈缩历起点并非行星近日点,但是由于外行星盈缩历起点黄经与其近日点黄经相差较小,因此可以将外行星盈缩历起点视为近日点。与此相应,行星变差或盈缩历起点进动并非行星近日点进动,由于各部历法中的行星变差或盈缩历起点进动值没有明显的规律可循,因此历法家很有可能已经具备了通过实测确定行星盈缩历起点的能力,而行星变差或盈缩历起点进动值应该是历法家确定行星盈缩历起点之后,配合上元积年而调整出来的数值。

公共教育扩张政策与教育收益率的城乡差异

基于2019年中国家庭收入调查数据,通过教育收益率的因果性和异质性测量,实证评估了公共教育扩张政策的个体增收效应和收入分配效应。研究结果如下:(1)利用描述性统计法分析发现,公共教育扩张政策对城镇劳动力受教育程度的提升作用高于农村,因而教育功能具有“城市偏向型”的特征;(2)利用工具变量法纠正内生性问题后,发现公共教育扩张政策对非农户籍具有更强的个体增收效应,农村劳动力的教育收益率高于城镇,大学教育收益率高于义务教育阶段,揭示了公共教育扩张政策的个体增收效应具有“农村导向型”的特征;(3)利用无条件分位数回归及其处理效应模型发现,义务教育改革和高校扩招具有缩小城乡劳动力组内工资收入差距的收入分配功能。

温度变化对CPⅢ平面测量结果的影响

目前我国高速铁路建设里程已达3万余公里,在全球首屈一指。在高铁建设过程中,轨道控制网(CPⅢ)测量是一项必不可少的工作。某高铁CPⅢ建网测量过程中,相同点位搭接时两次测量结果坐标较差较大,不满足规范搭接要求,需进行外业补测。本文对搭接不成功处的数据进行了分析,认为两次测量温差较大可能是导致搭接不成功的原因之一,温度变化会对CPⅢ测量结果产生影响。同时,梁体宽度确定时引入混凝土膨胀系数计算得到的梁体宽度变化值与实测值互差较小,均未超过0.7 mm,验证了本文的观点。根据气温变化调整补测时间后,数据成果满足规范要求。最后通过定量分析得出,若将梁体宽度变化阈值设置为±2 mm,梁体宽度为9.25 m时,两次测量温差不应超过-21.6℃~21.6℃;梁体宽度为12.20 m时,两次测量温差不应超过-16.4℃~16.4℃。

基于虚拟坐标的矢量地图差值扩展可逆水印方法

传统差值扩展技术受数据相关性限制,直接应用于矢量数据可逆水印方案易导致较低的水印容量和较大的数据失真,对顶点相关性低的矢量地图,水印效果更差。为实现更高的水印容量并控制数据失真,该文针对传统差值扩展技术提出改进:①在顶点坐标之间插入虚拟坐标,以虚拟坐标为参考点计算坐标差值;②将计算得到的坐标差值直方图向左平移,使直方图峰值点与原点重合;③水印以差值扩展的方式嵌入平移后的坐标差值中。实验结果表明:该算法的水印容量为2 bit/点,至少是传统差值扩展水印容量的6倍;与传统差值扩展方法相比,数据失真更小,原始地图坐标与水印地图坐标的RMSE和地图坐标最大改变量Max-R均大幅降低,算法严格可逆且对顶点相关性低的矢量地图水印效果仍然很好。

基于可逆水印的神经网络模型完整性验证算法

针对深度神经网络模型易遭受完整性破坏问题,提出一种基于可逆水印和模型压缩剪枝理论的快速神经网络模型完整性验证算法Fast-MIV(model integrity verification)。基于模型压缩剪枝理论探究模型的冗余性,筛选对模型原始任务影响较小、且可被替代的权重参数进行预处理构建待嵌入参数序列;采用差值扩展可逆水印算法,在神经网络卷积层上嵌入对模型篡改敏感的神经网络水印,达到完整性验证的目的。基于ImageNet数据集,对VGG19、DenseNet-121、ResNet-50和Inception-v3等模型的实验验证结果表明,Fast-MIV在不影响模型原始分类任务精度的前提下,能够快速验证模型的完整性并报告模型的受损程度,可以应对数据中毒攻击和结构性破坏。

基于图像伪装与双向差值扩展的密文域可逆信息隐藏算法

数字图像在云环境下的安全性问题已成为信息安全领域的研究热点之一。为解决传统密文域可逆信息隐藏算法缺乏伪装性,容易受到恶意攻击与信息隐藏空间容量小的问题,提出了基于图像伪装加密与双向差值扩展的大容量密文域可逆信息隐藏算法。该算法首先利用矢量量化与离散小波变换两种技术对原始图像进行伪装加密,从而保证隐蔽性,使得图像在云环境中安全传递;其次采用基于双向差值扩展的信息隐藏技术对伪装加密图像进行秘密信息的嵌入,以实现高容量的信息隐藏。实验结果表明,所提算法不仅实现了图像伪装,而且最终得到的含密伪装图像与原始图像在视觉上无明显差别,峰值信噪比达到40 dB以上,对原始图像起到了很好的伪装效果;同时实现了高容量的秘密信息嵌入,图像平均嵌入率接近0.6 bpp,表现出了良好的实验性能。

新型货币政策的担保品扩容对高碳企业融资约束的影响——基于绿色信贷纳入MLF担保品的准自然实验

以2018年6月我国央行接受绿色信贷作为MLF合格担保品的新型货币政策作为准自然实验,选取2015-2020年间A股上市企业作为研究样本,运用双重差分倾向得分匹配模型研究我国绿色信贷担保品扩容政策对高碳排放企业的影响效应,以及八大重点行业的异质性效果,研究发现:第一,在央行将绿色信贷作为担保品后,高碳排放企业相对于非高碳排放企业的信贷可得性显著下降,政策信号对企业节能减排有正向激励作用;第二,此次新型的结构性货币政策对不同产权性质的企业的影响具有异质性,国有企业的融资成本显著降低;第三,从行业异质性角度看,此项政策对八大重点行业的影响有着明显差异,钢铁和有色金属行业的信贷可得性、融资成本均显著下降,而石化和化工行业的融资成本显著上升,其他四个行业暂时未发现显著性的影响。基于以上实证结果,本文认为央行应加强新型货币政策的定向调控功能,继续控制绿色信贷门槛,稳定信贷市场;同时根据企业的产权性质调整其使用频率、依据不同行业的异质性不断优化绿色金融产品,制定完善的差别信贷标准和差异化考核指标,采取差异化的定价有效地引导资金流向更加环保的行业或者绿色转型的企业,进而达到经济增长与环境保护的可持续发展。