Transfer matrix method for free and forced vibrations of multi-level functionally graded material stepped beams with different boundary conditions

Functionally graded materials(FGMs)are a novel class of composite materials that have attracted significant attention in the field of engineering due to their unique mechanical properties.This study aims to explore the dynamic behaviors of an FGM stepped beam with different boundary conditions based on an efficient solving method.Under the assumptions of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory,the governing differential equations of an individual FGM beam are derived with Hamilton’s principle and decoupled via the separation-of-variable approach.Then,the free and forced vibrations of the FGM stepped beam are solved with the transfer matrix method(TMM).Two models,i.e.,a three-level FGM stepped beam and a five-level FGM stepped beam,are considered,and their natural frequencies and mode shapes are presented.To demonstrate the validity of the method in this paper,the simulation results by ABAQUS are also given.On this basis,the detailed parametric analyses on the frequencies and dynamic responses of the three-level FGM stepped beam are carried out.The results show the accuracy and efficiency of the TMM.

Free vibration and buckling analysis of polymeric composite beams reinforced by functionally graded bamboo fbers

Natural fibers have been extensively researched as reinforcement materials in polymers on account of their environmental and economic advantages in comparison with synthetic fibers in the recent years.Bamboo fibers are renowned for their good mechanical properties,abundance,and short cycle growth.As beams are one of the fundamental structural components and are susceptible to mechanical loads in engineering applications,this paper performs a study on the free vibration and buckling responses of bamboo fiber reinforced composite(BFRC)beams on the elastic foundation.Three different functionally graded(FG)layouts and a uniform one are the considered distributions for unidirectional long bamboo fibers across the thickness.The elastic properties of the composite are determined with the law of mixture.Employing Hamilton’s principle,the governing equations of motion are obtained.The generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM)is then applied to the equations to obtain the results.The achieved outcomes exhibit that the natural frequency and buckling load values vary as the fiber volume fractions and distributions,elastic foundation stiffness values,and boundary conditions(BCs)and slenderness ratio of the beam change.Furthermore,a comparative study is conducted between the derived analysis outcomes for BFRC and homogenous polymer beams to examine the effectiveness of bamboo fibers as reinforcement materials,demonstrating the significant enhancements in both vibration and buckling responses,with the exception of natural frequencies for cantilever beams on the Pasternak foundation with the FG-◇fiber distribution.Eventually,the obtained analysis results of BFRC beams are also compared with those for carbon nanotube reinforced composite(CNTRC)beams found in the literature,indicating that the buckling loads and natural frequencies of BFRC beams are lower than those of CNTRC beams.

Multi-field coupling and free vibration of a sandwiched functionally-graded piezoelectric semiconductor plate

Sandwiched functionally-graded piezoelectric semiconductor(FGPS)plates possess high strength and excellent piezoelectric and semiconductor properties,and have significant potential applications in micro-electro-mechanical systems.The multi-field coupling and free vibration of a sandwiched FGPS plate are studied,and the governing equation and natural frequency are derived with the consideration of electron movement.The material properties in the functionally-graded layers are assumed to vary smoothly,and the first-order shear deformation theory is introduced to derive the multi-field coupling in the plate.The total strain energy of the plate is obtained,and the governing equations are presented by using Hamilton’s principle.By introducing the boundary conditions,the coupling physical fields are solved.In numerical examples,the natural frequencies of sandwiched FGPS plates under different geometrical and physical parameters are discussed.It is found that the initial electron density can be used to modulate the natural frequencies and vibrational displacement of sandwiched FGPS plates in the case of nano-size.The effects of the material properties of FGPS layers on the natural frequencies are also examined in detail.

Nonlinear free vibration of piezoelectric semiconductor doubly-curved shells based on nonlinear drift-diffusion model

In this paper, the nonlinear free vibration behaviors of the piezoelectric semiconductor(PS) doubly-curved shell resting on the Pasternak foundation are studied within the framework of the nonlinear drift-diffusion(NLDD) model and the first-order shear deformation theory. The nonlinear constitutive relations are presented, and the strain energy, kinetic energy, and virtual work of the PS doubly-curved shell are derived.Based on Hamilton's principle as well as the condition of charge continuity, the nonlinear governing equations are achieved, and then these equations are solved by means of an efficient iteration method. Several numerical examples are given to show the effect of the nonlinear drift current, elastic foundation parameters as well as geometric parameters on the nonlinear vibration frequency, and the damping characteristic of the PS doublycurved shell. The main innovations of the manuscript are that the difference between the linearized drift-diffusion(LDD) model and the NLDD model is revealed, and an effective method is proposed to select a proper initial electron concentration for the LDD model.

Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Forced and Free Vibrations of Mill Roll System Based on Fractional Order Theory

In this paper,the main researches are focused on the horizontal nonlinear vibration characteristics of roll systems for rolling mill,mainly including the study of forced vibration and free vibration of the roller.Firstly,the nonlinear damping parameters and nonlinear stiffness parameters within interface of the rolling mill are both considered,and a fractional-order differential term is also introduced to model the horizontal nonlinear vibration.Secondly,the averaging method is introduced to solve the forced vibration system of the mill roll system,and the amplitude-frequency characteristic curves of the system are obtained for different orders,external excitation amplitudes,stiffness and fractional order coefficients.Thirdly,the amplitude-frequency and phasefrequency characteristics of the free vibration of the mill roll system are investigated at different fractional orders.Then,the accuracy of the averaging method for solving the dynamic characteristics of the system is verified by numerical analysis,and the effect of the fractional differential term coefficients and order on the dynamic characteristics of the roll system are investigated.Finally,the time-frequency characteristics and phase-frequency characteristics of free vibration systems at different fractional orders are studied.The validity of the theoretical study is also verified through experiments.

Free vibration of thermo-elastic microplate based on spatiotemporal fractional-order derivatives with nonlocal characteristic length and time

A fractional-order thermo-elastic model taking into account the small-scale effects of the thermo-elastic coupled behavior is developed to study the free vibration of a higher-order shear microplate.The nonlocal strain gradient theory is modified with the introduction of the fractional-order derivatives and the nonlocal characteristic length.The Fourier heat conduction is replaced by the non-Fourier heat conduction with the introduction of the fractional order and the memory characteristic time.Numerical calculations are performed to analyze the effects of the nonlocal strain gradient parameters,the spatiotemporal fractional order,the nonlocal characteristic length,and the memory characteristic time on the natural frequencies,the vibration attenuation,and the phase shift between the temperature field and the displacement field.The numerical results show that the new thermo-elastic model with the spatiotemporal fractional order can provide more exquisite descriptions of the thermo-elastic behavior at a small scale.

Bending and Free Vibration Analysis of Porous-Functionally-Graded(PFG)Beams Resting on Elastic Foundations

The bending and free vibration of porous functionally graded(PFG)beams resting on elastic foundations are analyzed.The material features of the PFG beam are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness according to the volume fraction of components.The foundation medium is also considered to be linear,homogeneous,and isotropic,and modeled using the Winkler-Pasternak law.The hyperbolic shear deformation theory is applied for the kinematic relations,and the equations of motion are obtained using the Hamilton’s principle.An analytical solution is presented accordingly,assuming that the PFG beam is simply supported.Comparisons with the open literature are implemented to verify the validity of such a formulation.The effects of the elastic foundations,porosity volume percentage and span-to-depth ratio are finally discussed in detail.

Free Vibration Analysis of Rectangular Plate with Cutouts under Elastic Boundary Conditions in Independent Coordinate Coupling Method

Based on Kirchhoff plate theory and the Rayleigh-Ritz method,the model for free vibration of rectangular plate with rectangular cutouts under arbitrary elastic boundary conditions is established by using the improved Fourier series in combination with the independent coordinate coupling method(ICCM).The effect of the cutout is taken into account by subtracting the energies of the cutouts from the total energies of the whole plate.The vibration displacement function of the hole domain is based on the coordinate system of the hole domain in this method.From the continuity condition of the vibration displacement function at the cutout,the transition matrix between the two coordinate systems is constructed,and the mass and stiffness matrices are completely obtained.As a result,the calculation is simplified and the computational efficiency of the solution is improved.In this paper,numerical examples and modal experiments are presented to validate the effectiveness of the modeling methods,and parameters related to influencing factors of the rectangular plate are analyzed to study the vibration characteristics.

New exact solutions for free vibrations of rectangular thin plates by symplectic dual method

The separation of variables is employed to solve Hamiltonian dual form of eigenvalue problem for transverse free vibrations of thin plates, and formulation of the natural mode in closed form is performed. The closed-form natural mode satisfies the governing equation of the eigenvalue problem of thin plate exactly and is applicable for any types of boundary conditions. With all combinations of simplysupported （S） and clamped （C） boundary conditions applied to the natural mode, the mode shapes are obtained uniquely and two eigenvalue equations are derived with respect to two spatial coordinates, with the aid of which the normal modes and frequencies are solved exactly. It was believed that the exact eigensolutions for cases SSCC, SCCC and CCCC were unable to be obtained, however, they are successfully found in this paper. Comparisons between the present results and the FEM results validate the present exact solutions, which can thus be taken as the benchmark for verifying different approximate approaches.

Effect of Internal Flow on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Submarine Free Spanning Pipelines

At present, most researches on the vortex-induced vibration of submarine free spanning pipelines ignore the effect of internal flowing fluid; furthermore, there are no research reports considering the coupling effect of internal and external fluid with the free span. In this paper, combining Iwan's wake oscillator model with the differential equation derived for the dynamic response of submarine free spanning pipelines with inclusion of internal flow, the pipe-fluid coupling equations are developed to investigate the effect of internal flow on the vortex-induced vibration of the free spans. The finite element approximation is implemented to derive the matrix equations of equilibrium. The Newmark method combined with simple iteration is used to solve the system of equations. The results indicate that the internal fluid flow may cause the shift of resonance band to the lower frequency and a slight decrease in the peak value; the effect will be more pronounced with the increase of the span length and can be weakened in the presence of the axial tension.

Closed form solutions for free vibrations of rectangular Mindlin plates

A new two-eigenfunctions theory, using the amplitude deflection and the generalized curvature as two fundamental eigenfunctions, is proposed for the free vibration solutions of a rectangular Mindlin plate. The three classical eigenvalue differential equations of a Mindlin plate are reformulated to arrive at two new eigenvalue differential equations for the proposed theory. The closed form eigensolutions, which are solved from the two differential equations by means of the method of separation of variables are identical with those via Kirchhoff plate theory for thin plate, and can be employed to predict frequencies for any combinations of simply supported and clamped edge conditions. The free edges can also be dealt with if the other pair of opposite edges are simply supported. Some of the solutions were not available before. The frequency parameters agree closely with the available ones through pb-2 Rayleigh-Ritz method for different aspect ratios and relative thickness of plate.

Free vibration of functionally graded beams based on both classical and first-order shear deformation beam theories

The free vibration of functionally graded material （FGM） beams is studied based on both the classical and the first-order shear deformation beam theories. The equations of motion for the FGM beams are derived by considering the shear deforma- tion and the axial, transversal, rotational, and axial-rotational coupling inertia forces on the assumption that the material properties vary arbitrarily in the thickness direction. By using the numerical shooting method to solve the eigenvalue problem of the coupled ordinary differential equations with different boundary conditions, the natural frequen- cies of the FGM Timoshenko beams are obtained numerically. In a special case of the classical beam theory, a proportional transformation between the natural frequencies of the FGM and the reference homogenous beams is obtained by using the mathematical similarity between the mathematical formulations. This formula provides a simple and useful approach to evaluate the natural frequencies of the FGM beams without dealing with the tension-bending coupling problem. Approximately, this analogous transition can also be extended to predict the frequencies of the FGM Timoshenko beams. The numerical results obtained by the shooting method and those obtained by the analogous transformation are presented to show the effects of the material gradient, the slenderness ratio, and the boundary conditions on the natural frequencies in detail.

Free vibration of functionally graded material beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers in thermal environment

Free vibration of statically thermal postbuckled functionally graded material （FGM） beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers subject to both temperature rise and voltage is studied. By accurately considering the axial extension and based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, geometrically nonlinear dynamic governing equations for FGM beams with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers subject to thermo-electro- mechanical loadings are formulated. It is assumed that the material properties of the middle FGM layer vary continuously as a power law function of the thickness coordinate, and the piezoelectric layers are isotropic and homogenous. By assuming that the amplitude of the beam vibration is small and its response is harmonic, the above mentioned non-linear partial differential equations are reduced to two sets of coupled ordinary differential equations. One is for the postbuckling, and the other is for the linear vibration of the beam superimposed upon the postbuckled configuration. Using a shooting method to solve the two sets of ordinary differential equations with fixed-fixed boundary conditions numerically, the response of postbuckling and free vibration in the vicinity of the postbuckled configuration of the beam with fixed-fixed ends and subject to transversely nonuniform heating and uniform electric field is obtained. Thermo-electric postbuckling equilibrium paths and characteristic curves of the first three natural frequencies versus the temperature, the electricity, and the material gradient parameters are plotted. It is found that the three lowest frequencies of the prebuckled beam decrease with the increase of the temperature, but those of a buckled beam increase monotonically with the temperature rise. The results also show that the tensional force produced in the piezoelectric layers by the voltage can efficiently increase the critical buckling temperature and the natural frequency.

CHARACTERISTIC EQUATIONS AND CLOSED-FORM SOLUTIONS FOR FREE VIBRATIONS OF RECTANGULAR MINDLIN PLATES

The direct separation of variables is used to obtain the closed-form solutions for the free vibrations of rectangular Mindlin plates. Three different characteristic equations are derived by using three different methods. It is found that the deflection can be expressed by means of the four characteristic roots and the two rotations should be expressed by all the six characteristic roots,which is the particularity of Mindlin plate theory. And the closed-form solutions,which satisfy two of the three governing equations and all boundary conditions and are accurate for rectangular plates with moderate thickness,are derived for any combinations of simply supported and clamped edges. The free edges can also be dealt with if the other pair of opposite edges is simply supported. The present results agree well with results published previously by other methods for different aspect ratios and relative thickness.

Closed-form solutions for free vibration of rectangular FGM thin plates resting on elastic foundation

This article presents closed-form solutions for the frequency analysis of rectangular functionally graded material (FGM) thin plates subjected to initially in-plane loads and with an elastic foundation. Based on classical thin plate theory, the governing differential equations are derived using Hamilton's principle. A neutral surface is used to eliminate stretching-bending coupling in FGM plates on the basis of the assumption of constant Poisson's ratio. The resulting governing equation of FGM thin plates has the same form as homogeneous thin plates. The separation-of-variables method is adopted to obtain solutions for the free vibration problems of rectangular FGM thin plates with separable boundary conditions, including, for example, clamped plates. The obtained normal modes and frequencies are in elegant closed forms, and present formulations and solutions are validated by comparing present results with those in the literature and finite element method results obtained by the authors. A parameter study reveals the effects of the power law index n and aspect ratio a/b on frequencies.

Free vibration analysis of a spinning piezoelectric beam with geometric nonlinearities

The linear and non-linear free vibrations of a spinning piezoelectric beam are studied by considering geometric nonlinearities and electromechanical coupling effect. The non-linear differential equations of the spinning piezoelectric beam governing two transverse vibrations are derived by using two Euler angles transformation and extended Hamilton principle, wherein an additional piezoelectric coupling term and different linear terms are present in contrast to the traditional shaft model. Linear frequencies are obtained by solving the standard eigenvalues of the linearized system directly, and the non-linear frequencies and non-linear complex modes are achieved by using the method of multiple scales. For free vibrations analysis of a spinning piezoelectric beam, the non-linear modal motions are investigated as forward and backward precession with different spinning speeds. The responses to the initial conditions for such a gyroscopic system are studied,and a beat phenomenon is found, which are then validated by numerical simulation. The influences of some parameters such as electrical resistance, rotary inertia and spinning speeds to the non-linear dynamics of a spinning piezoelectric beam are investigated.

Free vibration analysis of functionally graded laminated sandwich cylindrical shells integrated with piezoelectric layer

An analytical method for the three-dimensional vibration analysis of a functionally graded cylindrical shell integrated by two thin functionally graded piezoelectric （FGP） layers is presented. The first-order shear deformation theory is used to model the electromechanical system. Nonlinear equations of motion are derived by considering the von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relations using Hamilton＇s principle. The piezoelectric layers on the inner and outer surfaces of the core can be considered as a sensor and an actuator for controlling characteristic vibration of the system. The equations of motion are derived as partial differential equations and then discretized by the Navier method. Numerical simulation is performed to investigate the effect of different para- meters of material and geometry on characteristic vibration of the cylinder. The results of this study show that the natural frequency of the system decreases by increasing the non-homogeneous index of FGP layers and decreases by increasing the non-homogeneous index of the functionally graded core. Furthermore, it is concluded that by increasing the ratio of core thickness to cylinder length, the natural frequencies of the cylinder increase considerably.

Modeling and Free Vibration Behavior of Rotating Composite Thin-walled Closed-section Beams with SMA Fibers

Smart structure with active materials embedded in a rotating composite thin-walled beam is a class of typical structure which is using in study of vibration control of helicopter blades and wind turbine blades. The dynamic behavior investigation of these structures has significance in theory and practice. However, so far dynamic study on the above-mentioned structures is limited only the rotating composite beams with piezoelectric actuation. The free vibration of the rotating composite thin-walled beams with shape memory alloy（SMA） fiber actuation is studied. SMA fiber actuators are embedded into the walls of the composite beam. The equations of motion are derived based on Hamilton＇s principle and the asymptotically correct constitutive relation of single-cell cross-section accounting for SMA fiber actuation. The partial differential equations of motion are reduced to the ordinary differential equations of motion by using the Galerkin＇s method. The formulation for free vibration analysis includes anisotropy, pitch and precone angle, centrifugal force and SMA actuation effect. Numerical results of natural frequency are obtained for two configuration composite beams. It is shown that natural frequencies of the composite thin-walled beam decrease as SMA fiber volume and initial strain increase and the decrease in natural frequency becomes more significant as SMA fiber volume increases. The actuation performance of SMA fibers is found to be closely related to the rotational speeds and ply-angle. In addition, the effect of the pitch angle appears to be more significant for the lower-bending mode ones. Finally, in all cases, the precone angle appears to have marginal effect on free vibration frequencies. The developed model can be capable of describing natural vibration behaviors of rotating composite thin-walled beam with active SMA fiber actuation. The present work extends the previous analysis done for modeling passive rotating composite thin-walled beam.

FREE VIBRATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Three displacement functions are introduced to represent each mechanical displacement according to the 3-D theory in this paper. By expanding the displacement functions and the electric potential in orthogonal series, the free vibration equation of piezoelectric cylindrical shells satisfying SS3 boundary conditions can be obtained. The equation was solved by utilizing Bessel functions with complex arguments. Results are presented graphically as well as in table, and compared with those of other references. Some frequencies that were missing in Ref. [9] are discovered.

Analysis of free vibration characteristic of steel-concrete composite box-girder considering shear lag and slip

Based on Hamilton principle,the governing differential equations and the corresponding boundary conditions of steel-concrete composite box girder with consideration of the shear lag effect meeting self equilibrated stress,shear deformation,slip,as well as rotational inertia were induced.Therefore,natural frequency equations were obtained for the boundary types,such as simple support,cantilever,continuous girder and fixed support at two ends.The ANSYS finite element solutions were compared with the analytical solutions by calculation examples and the validity of the proposed approach was verified,which also shows the correctness of longitudinal warping displacement functions.Some meaningful conclusions for engineering design were obtained.The decrease extent of each order natural frequency of the steel-concrete composite box-girder is great under action of the shear lag effect.The shear-lag effect of steel-concrete composite box girder increases when frequency order rises,and increases while span-width ratio decreases.The proposed approach provides theoretical basis for further research of free vibration characteristics of steel-concrete composite box-girder.