The Impact of Network Topologies and Radio Duty Cycle Mechanisms on the RPL Routing Protocol Power Consumption

The Internet of Things(IoT)has witnessed a significant surge in adoption,particularly through the utilization of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),which comprise small internet-connected devices.These deployments span various environments and offer a multitude of benefits.However,the widespread use of battery-powered devices introduces challenges due to their limited hardware resources and communication capabilities.In response to this,the Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)has developed the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks(RPL)to address the unique requirements of such networks.Recognizing the critical role of RPL in maintaining high performance,this paper proposes a novel approach to optimizing power consumption.Specifically,it introduces a developed sensor motes topology integrated with a Radio Duty Cycling(RDC)mechanism aimed at minimizing power usage.Through rigorous analysis,the paper evaluates the power efficiency of this approach through several simulations conducted across different network topologies,including random,linear,tree,and elliptical topologies.Additionally,three distinct RDC mechanisms—CXMAC,ContikiMAC,and NullRDC—are investigated to assess their impact on power consumption.The findings of the study,based on a comprehensive and deep analysis of the simulated results,highlight the efficiency of ContikiMAC in power conservation.This research contributes valuable insights into enhancing the energy efficiency of RPL-based IoT networks,ultimately facilitating their widespread deployment and usability in diverse environments.

Role of digital single-operator cholangioscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary disorders

Due to the need for improvement in the diagnosis and minimally invasive therapy of the bile duct disorders new technologies for cholangioscopy have been recently developed. Per-oral cholangioscopy has become an important diagnostic and therapeutic tool leading to avoidance of aggressive and unnecessary surgery in many clinical scenarios. This paper focuses on the newly developed SpyGlass DS technology, its advantages, and the technique of single-operator cholangioscopy(SOC), biliary indications and possible adverse events. We also review the available literature; discuss the limitations and future expectations.Digital SOC(D-SOC) is a useful technique, which provides endoscopic imaging of the biliary tree, optical diagnosis, biopsy under direct vision and therapeutic interventions. The implementations are diagnostic and therapeutic. Diagnostic indications are indeterminate biliary strictures, unclear filling defects, staging of cholangiocarcinoma, staging of ampullary tumors(extension into the common bile duct), unclear bile duct dilation, exploring cystic lesions of the biliary tree,unexplained hemobilia, posttransplant biliary complications. Therapeutic indications are lithotripsy of difficult stones, retrieval of migrated stents, foreign body removal, guide wire placement, transpapillary gallbladder drainage and endoscopic tumor ablative therapy. Most studied and established indications are the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary stricture and intraductal lithotripsy of difficult stones. The adverse events are not different and more common compared to those of Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)alone. D-SOC is a safe and effective procedure, adjunct to the standard ERCP and the newly available digital technology overcomes many of the limitations of the previous generations of cholangioscopes.

Digital single-operator video cholangioscopy improves endoscopic management in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis-a retrospective observational study

BACKGROUND Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)are at a high risk of developing cholestatic liver disease and biliary cancer,and endoscopy is crucial for the complex management of these patients.AIM To clarify the utility of recently introduced digital single-operator video cholangioscopy(SOVC)for the endoscopic management of PSC patients.METHODS In this observational study,all patients with a history of PSC and in whom digital SOVC(using the SpyGlass DS System)was performed between 2015 and 2019 were included and retrospectively analysed.Examinations were performed at a tertiary referral centre in Germany.In total,46 SOVCs performed in 38 patients with a history of PSC were identified.The primary endpoint was the evaluation of dominant biliary strictures using digital SOVC,and the secondary endpoints were the performance of selective guidewire passage across biliary strictures and the diagnosis and treatment of biliary stone disease in PSC patients.RESULTS The 22 of 38 patients had a dominant biliary stricture(57.9%).In 4 of these 22 patients,a cholangiocellular carcinoma was diagnosed within the stricture(18.2%).Diagnostic evaluation of dominant biliary strictures using optical signs showed a sensitivity of 75%and a specificity of 94.4%to detect malignant strictures,whereas SOVC-guided biopsies to gain tissue for histopathological analysis showed a sensitivity of 50%and a specificity of 100%.In 13%of examinations,SOVC was helpful for guidewire passage across biliary strictures that could not be passed by conventional methods(technical success rate 100%).Biliary stone disease was observed in 17.4%of examinations;of these,in 37.5%of examinations,biliary stones could only be visualized by SOVC and not by standard fluoroscopy.Biliary stone treatment was successful in all cases(100%);25%required SOVC-assisted electrohydraulic lithotripsy.Complications,such as postinterventional cholangitis and pancreatitis,occurred in 13%of examinations;however,no procedure-associated mortality occurred.CONCLUSION Digital SOVC is effective and safe for the endoscopic management of PSC patients and may be regularly considered an additive tool for the complex endoscopic management of these patients.

Epistemic Analysis of Kantian Ethics of Duty Call vis-a-vis Paranormal in Nigerian Society Among Nigerian Clergymen

This work is geared to carry out epistemic analysis of Kantian ethics of duty call vis-à-vis paranormal in Nigerian society among clergymen.The recent changes in Nigerian and other African countries like colonialism that brought Western education,globalization,urbanization,and new religion(Islam and Christianity)have made it that divination in traditional African religion is no longer in vogue in this contemporary period.Divination and fortune telling have taken a new dimension in form of faith healing and miracles by some prophets and so called men of God like pastors,priests,and imam.The quest for materialism among the ministers and clerics of Islamic,Christian and traditional religion has made them abuse their religious calling for their selfish interests.This work makes use of analytic and critical methods of data analysis.This work postulates that Immanuel Kant’s ethics of duty call serves to provide a guiding principle to Nigeria clergymen of different religions on the need for them to carry out their religious duties out of good will.On the other hand,twisting or distorting the teachings of their religion to serve their various selfish interests contravenes Immanuel Kant’s ethics of duty call.Finally,they have to contribute positively to nation building by propagating or fostering the positive ideology,theories,or doctrines that will promote love and national unity in a multicultural country like Nigeria.

An Analytic Method of Segmented PWM Duty Cycle for Switched Reluctance Motor

In view of the large current peak and torque ripple in the actual current chopping control of switched reluctance motor,a segmented PWM duty cycle analysis method of switched reluctance motor based on current chopping control is proposed in this paper.The method realizes the control of the winding current by adjusting the average voltage of the two ends of the winding in one cycle through the PWM duty cycle.At the same time,according to the inductance linear model,the conduction phase is divided into a small inductance region and an inductance rising region,and the analytical formulas of PWM duty cycle in the two regions are deduced respectively.Finally,through matlab/simulink simulation and motor platform experiment,the current chopping control is compared with the segmented PWM duty cycle analysis method in this paper.Simulation and experimental results show that the segmented PWM duty cycle analysis method can effectively reduce the current peak and torque ripple,and has high practical application value.

公司法上信义义务的体系构成——兼评新《公司法》相关规定

信义义务起源于信托法上的受托人义务,在普通法系衡平法传统影响下,其在英美等国的适用早就超越了信托法范畴,成为公司法领域通用的原则。无论是从“委托—代理”视角,还是信托关系视角来看,公司法制度引入信义义务理论都有必要。董、监、高之所以对公司负有信义义务,是因为他们在公司担任特定职务,与公司存在特定的法律关系,“公司利益至上”是其信义义务的内核。新《公司法》构建了较为完整的信义义务规则体系。在控股股东与实际控制人实际履行董、监、高职能的情况下,他们的行为后果对于公司利益的影响与董、监、高并无差异,理应对公司负信义义务;同时完善信义义务的例外和救济条款,增加了对全资子公司的“双重股东代表诉讼”制度。

应用于高性能延迟锁相环的占空比修正电路设计

设计了一款应用于高性能延迟锁相环的占空比修正电路。该电路主要由差分放大电路、占空比调整电路、缓冲器电路和占空比检测电路组成,采用TSMC 40 nm CMOS工艺和1.1 V的电源电压。仿真的结果表明,时钟频率2 GHz~8 GHz,占空比20%~80%的输入时钟信号,经过占空比修正电路调节后,输出时钟信号占空比变为50%±0.2%,可应用于高性能延迟锁相环中。

公司法上的受信义务:评新《公司法》的相应修改

新《公司法》关于受信义务的规定体现了创新精神:一是突出了关联交易、公司机会和竞业限制的重要性,完善了程序规则,重组了公司管理者的禁止性行为;对注意义务的界定突破了该条无法进入司法裁判的困境;将公司控股股东、实际控制人纳入了受信义务体系,并将股东代表诉讼扩及公司全资子公司。二是增加了董事、高管对第三人的赔偿责任。三是增加了董事责任保险。但新《公司法》依然与现实需求存在差距:一是关联交易的规定依然缺乏实质公平的裁判标准;公司机会缺乏界定,将导致司法审判困难;竞业限制不能适应现代企业;管理报酬未被纳入忠实义务,司法审判无据可循。二是注意义务规定不周延,未能对管理者的经营义务与监管义务区别对待。三是审计委员会取代监事机构的情形,股东代表诉讼之先诉请求不明确。新《公司法》关于受信义务的上述修改和问题有必要进行系统性分析与评估,从中也能间接省察今后的完善方向。

“避风港”规则的实践困境与完善路径

“避风港”规则是判定网络侵权责任的重要规则之一,在互联网发展早期较好地平衡了权利保护与产业发展的关系。但随着新技术新业态的快速发展,“避风港”规则在新技术环境下面临着一系列实践困境:网络内容分享平台驶入“避风港”的条件不明确,对特定侵权内容的通知处置难以遏制重复侵权,公法审查义务可能会架空“避风港”规则的适用。摆脱这些困境,就应该在《民法典》解释论框架下,合理划定新技术环境下平台应尽的注意义务,适当扩展解释“必要措施”以遏制重复侵权,澄清私法注意义务与公法审查义务的关系。

Stamp Duty Tax and Growth of Economy:Evidence from Nigeria

This study looked at the impact of the Nigerian stamp duty tax on the growth of the economy.Time series data were employed spanning the years 1999-2020.For various years,related data were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin,the Bureau of National Statistics,and Federal Inland Revenue Service reports.E-view 9.0 was used to test the hypothesis using the ordinary least square.The study outcome revealed that stamp duty has an insignificant and positive impact on Nigeria’s economic growth.It was recommended that the government improve public entities and provide strong government investment as a source of domestic revenue generated from various business activities.

数字守门人理论:溯源、误读与构建

在数字市场治理的讨论中,数字平台经常被称为数字守门人。“数字守门人”概念主要涉及两种不同的守门人理论,一是讨论中介机构履行第三方监管义务的传统守门人理论,二是讨论超大型平台履行促进竞争义务的新型守门人理论。两种理论在概念逻辑、义务产生机制和义务设立方式上存在本质区别。将两种理论混为一谈,会产生提高第三方监管义务的设立标准、将反垄断义务转换为事前义务的问题。事实上,传统守门人理论已经为数字平台第三方监管义务的设立初步提供了可资借鉴的分析方式,而新型守门人理论则未能证成为超大型平台设立促竞争义务的正当性与可行性。因此,为了有效回应数字市场治理实际需要,构建逻辑自洽的数字守门人理论应聚焦于数字平台的第三方监管义务,在具体内涵阐释、义务标准构建上进一步完善传统守门人理论。

重卡发展技术路线及电气化进程探讨

近年来,中国重卡产销量进入震荡下行和深度调整阶段,动力构成优化速度加快。在“双碳”目标和汽车电动化两大国家战略背景下,中国重卡正在经历从燃油车向电动、氢重卡的逐渐转型。各技术路线的经济性直接影响其发展速度和发展规模,不同技术路线的重卡在实际使用过程中各有优势,政策层面对各技术路线的发展导向和支持力度也明显不同。未来中国重卡动力构成优化速度将明显加快,预计短期内LNG重卡依然是替代柴油重卡的主力,电动重卡销量将明显提升,氢燃料电池重卡继续保持小规模增长,并有望于“十五五”期间取得明显的技术突破。建议沿着油-气(LNG为主)-电-氢的道路稳步推进重卡的电气化进程。

通用人工智能提供者内容审查注意义务的证成

通用人工智能可自发或受用户操控被动生成有害信息,它的提供者作为新型的网络内容提供者,负有数字内容“守门人”职责,同时负有网络空间的安全保护义务,应承担内容审查的注意义务,从而预防有害信息的侵权风险。“以数据为中心”的内容生产方式和算法黑箱效应降低了通用人工智能提供者对内容的管控力,导致对生成内容的普遍审查难以被实现。应针对有害信息,结合内容生产场景、提供者风险预见能力差异化构建内容审查的注意义务。该注意义务以技术性审查为标准,提供者采取符合技术特点的内容审查机制,便应当认定履行了相关义务。

全面注册制下中介机构责任边界的阶层构造

合理配置中介机构的法律责任、科学厘清中介机构的责任边界是注册制下确保中介机构归位尽责的前提和基础。中介机构的责任边界具体包含中介机构与发行人的责任边界、各中介机构彼此之间的责任边界以及中介机构自身的责任厘定三个层次。这三个层次的责任边界划分是由外及里、纵深递进的关系,各层次的结构逻辑以及不同层次之间的勾连,本质上是基于各中介机构在信息披露制度中的职责定位与其应当秉持的勤勉尽责标准相结合而形成的责任划分体系。

重载机车风源系统智能控制研究

针对重载机车提速运行过程中空气中不断扬起的粉尘对风源系统中处理的空气的质量提出了更高的要求。当压缩空气中粉尘颗粒浓度高或压缩空气湿度过大时,使得制动设备无法正常工作甚至损坏,给重载机车的平安行车带来安全隐患。该文通过设计一套智能重载机车风源控制系统,通过智能采集、检测风源系统中空气的洁净度与湿度参数,自动去除压缩空气中的粉尘和水,得到高质量的合格压缩空气,使得处理后的空气的湿度与洁净度符合机车制动系统管路的要求,当处理后的空气不符合要求时发出报警信号,提示工作人员进行排故处理,避免了计划维修的盲目性,提升了风源系统的有效运行效率,保障了重载机车的安全运输。

证券虚假陈述的危险信号理论

在我国证券法上,危险信号开始被用来论证证券虚假陈述的有关责任人未勤勉尽责。危险信号理论的引入,有助于优化签字即担责的执法逻辑,科学精准地打击违法者,但我国对该理论的运用尚处于起步阶段。美国证券法上运用危险信号理论的司法实践有助于我们更好地判断危险信号,提升危险信号理论的确定性和可预期性。危险信号虽因场景而异,甚至因人而异,但也有一定的边界,其应是发行人自身发生的一项具体事实,需具有警示性,需与被告的主观过错直接相关,并需达到一定的金额或比例。危险信号也是一把双刃剑,既可以用来论证被告未勤勉尽责,也可能因其已被发行人主动披露而导致不够审慎的投资者败诉。

公司濒临破产时董事破产申请义务的立法建构

公司濒临破产时已经或者即将失去债务清偿能力,此时的经营风险将由股东向债权人进行转移。董事破产申请义务是助力债权人应对上述风险的重要支点,因为这一制度能够有效地遏制股东、董事以及债权人内部的机会主义行为,防止公司资产的持续恶化。在学理上,“直接义务论”和“间接义务论”都可以为其立法建构提供逻辑支持,前者强调当公司濒临破产时董事对债权人直接承担信义义务,后者则认为此时董事依然对公司整体承担信义义务,但是应在决策中重点考量债权人利益。从我国公司治理实践来看,也有推进该制度立法建构的现实需求,包括平衡认缴资本制对法定资本规则的弱化、弥补破产程序启动规制的不足、顺应董事会中心主义治理模式的发展以及填补公司法与破产法之间的制度缝隙等。无论是德国和奥地利对该制度的明确规定,还是美国的“加深破产理论”与英国的“不当交易条款”等功能性替代规定,都能够为我国的立法提供参考。就具体的本土方案而言,可以“直接义务论”为指引,将该制度嵌入破产法体系之中。同时,围绕董事破产申请义务触发条件的界定、董事破产申请义务启动主体构成边界的明晰、董事破产申请义务限制期限的规制、董事破产申请义务中重整程序的融入、董事违反破产申请义务的责任承担以及董事违反破产申请义务的债权人追诉机制等相关内容,建构系统化的具体规则。

平等权视角下的法律援助制度研究——以值班律师“同案不同援”问题为切入点

党的二十大提出“建设覆盖城乡的现代公共法律服务体系”,这彰显公共法律服务均等化发展的理念。法律援助作为现代公共法律服务体系的重要组成部分,其均等化更是在诉讼中实现公民平等权的应有之义。然而值班律师作为我国最重要的法律援助形式之一,其实践运行中“同案不同援”的问题显著,具体表现为值班律师个体能力参差、尽职程度差异明显以及诉讼权利受限等,这也严重影响了刑事诉讼中被追诉人的平等权保障。而且,值班律师是“认罪认罚从宽”“律师辩护全覆盖”等改革的重要组成部分,而如何提升法律帮助效果直接关涉改革的正当性基础。值班律师的公设辩护人化改革是解决问题的关键。具体而言,应推进值班律师队伍构成的一元化建设,提升与优化配置值班律师的津贴补助,同时落实认罪认罚从宽制度下值班律师的各项职责。

论高空抛物侵权场合公安机关违反调查职责的赔偿责任

《民法典》第1254条第3款规定了高空抛物侵权场合中“依法及时调查”属于公安机关的法定职责,违反该职责所引发的法律后果在《民法典》未作规定的情况下应回到一般法,即在《人民警察法》中予以确定。其中,相应的损害赔偿责任可经由《人民警察法》第50条引致到《国家赔偿法》中进行认定。当公安机关违反调查职责导致真正侵权人难以确定时,受害人、可能加害的建筑物使用人遭受的纯粹经济损失可以纳入《国家赔偿法》的调整范围。当符合《国家赔偿法》第2条规定的构成要件时,受害人、可能加害的建筑物使用人可以向违反调查职责的公安机关主张国家赔偿。受违反安全保障义务的建筑物管理人应承担补充责任的影响,可能加害的建筑物使用人主张的赔偿责任数额与其承担的补偿责任范围相同,受害人主张的赔偿责任数额是其从真正侵权人处获得的赔偿总额与建筑物管理人承担的补充责任数额及可能加害的建筑物使用人承担的补偿责任数额相加之后的差额。

高原环境下重型车辆排放物生成机制分析

针对高原环境下重型车辆排放物生成机制尚不清晰的问题,以1辆搭载国六重型柴油发动机的车辆作为研究对象,在海拔2 400 m左右高原环境下,利用便携式排放测量系统(PEMS)设备,对不同负荷工况车辆冷启动过程排放污染物的瞬态变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明,受高原稀薄空气的影响,运行前期,车辆在高负荷工况下CO排放更高,且与10%和50%负荷不同,100%负荷下,NOx、NO和NO2排放峰值主要出现在运行时间300~500 s;在高负荷工况下,车辆碳烟颗粒排放量高,但水温增加后,碳烟颗粒排放迅速下降。冷起动过程中CO、NOx和碳烟颗粒数量浓度(PN)仍是排放污染物控制的关键项目,特别是在高原环境下。