Microstructure,mechanical property and in vitro biocorrosion behavior of single-phase biodegradable Mg-1.5Zn-0.6Zr alloy

The microstructure,mechanical property,and in vitro biocorrosion behavior of as-cast single-phase biodegradable Mg-1.5Zn-0.6Zr alloy were investigated and compared with a commercial as-cast AZ91D alloy.The results show that the Mg-1.5Zn-0.6Zr alloy had a single-phase solid solution structure,with an average grain size of 34.7±13.1μm.The alloy exhibited ultimate tensile strength of 168±2.0 MPa,yield strength of 83±0.6 MPa,and elongation of 9.1±0.6%.Immersion tests and electrochemical measurements reveal that the alloy displayed lower biocorrosion rate and more uniform corrosion mode than AZ91D in Hank's solution.The elimination of intensive galvanic corrosion reactions and the formation of a much more compact and uniform corrosion film mainly account for the better biocorrosion properties of the Mg-1.5Zn-0.6Zr alloy than AZ91D.

Dynamic behavior of coalbed methane flow along the annulus of single-phase production

Dynamic behavior of coalbed methane (CBM) flow will provide the theoretical basis to optimize production performance for a given well.A mathematical model is developed to simulate flowing pressures and pressure drops of CBM column from well head to bottom hole.The measured parameters and independent variables of flow rates,flowing pressures and temperatures are involved in CBM producing process along the annulus.The developed relationships are validated against full-scale measured data in single-phase CBM wellbores.The proposed methodology can analyze the dynamic behavior in CBM reservoir and process of CBM flow with an overall accuracy of 2%.The calculating process of flowing pressures involves friction factor with variable Reynolds number and CBM temperature and compressibility factor with gravitational gradients.The results showed that the effect of flowing pressure on CBM column was more obvious than that on CBM and water column accompanied by an increase of dynamic water level.The ratios of flowing pressure on increment of CBM column to the whole column increased with the declined flow rates of water column.Bottom-hole pressure declined with the decreased flowing pressure of CBM column along the annulus.It will lead to the results of the increased pressure drop of CBM column and CBM flow rate in single-phase CBM wellbores.

Prediction of Outdoor Noise Propagation Induced By Single-Phase Power Transformers

Outdoor power transformers are one of the most pervasive noise sources in power transmission and distribution systems.Accurate prediction of outdoor noise propagation plays a dominant role for the evaluation and control of noise relevant to the transformer stations.In this paper surface vibration tests are carried out on a scale model of a single-phase transformer tank wall at different excitation frequencies.The phase and amplitude of test data are found to be randomly distributed when the excitation frequency exceeds the seventh mode frequency,which allows the single-phase power transformer to be simplified as incoherent point sources.An outdoor-coherent model is subsequently developed and incorporated with the image source method to investigate noise propagation from single-phase power transformers,due to the occurrence of multiple reflections and diffractions in the propagation path of each point source.The proposed model is used to calculate the sound field of the power transformer group by exploiting the additional phase information.In comparison with the ISO9613 model and the boundary element method,it is found that the proposed coherent image source method leads to more accurate prediction results,and hence better performance for the prediction of the outdoor noise induced by single-phase power transformers.

Symmetrical dynamical characteristic of peak and valley current-mode controlled single-phase H-bridge inverter

Complex dynamical phenomenon was studied in the single phase H-bridge inverter which was controlled by either a peak current or a valley current. The state functions and the discrete iterative map equations were established to analyze the dynamical phenomenon in the single phase H-bridge inverter. The dynamical characteristics of the single phase H- bridge inverter, such as time domain waveform diagram, bifurcation diagram, and folding map, were obtained by using the numerical calculation when the circuit parameters varied in specific range. Moreover, the simulation results were obtained by using the OrCAD-PSpice software to validate the numerical calculation. Both the numerical calculation and the circuit simulation show that the symmetrical dynamical phenomenon occurs in the single phase H-bridge inverter controlled by the peak current or the valley current.

The Use of Single-Phase Immersion Cooling by Using Two Types of Dielectric Fluid for Data Center Energy Savings

Data centers are recognized as one of the most important aspects of the fourth industrial revolution since conventional data centers are inefficient and have dependency on high energy consumption,in which the cooling is responsible for 40%of the usage.Therefore,this research proposes the immersion cooling method to solving the high energy consumption of data centers by cooling its component using two types of dielectric fluids.Four stages of experimentalmethods are used,such as fluid types,cooling effectiveness,optimization,and durability.Furthermore,benchmark software is used to measure the CPU maximum work with the temperature data performed for 24 h.The results of this study show that the immersion cooling reduces 13℃ lower temperature than the conventional cooling method which means it saves more energy consumption in the data center.The most optimum variable used to decrease the temperature is 1.5 lpm of flow rate and 800 rpm of fan rotation.Furthermore,the cooling performance of the dielectric fluids shows that the mineral oil(MO)is better than the virgin coconut oil(VCO).In durability experiment,there are no components damage after five months immersed in the fluid.

Real-Time Method for Detecting Harmonic and Reactive Currents of Single-Phase Circuits

According to the characteristics of single-phase circuits and demand of using active filter for real-time detecting harmonic and reactive currents, a detecting method based on Fryze＇s power definition is proposed. The results of theoretical analysis and simula- tion show that the proposed method is effective in realtime detecting of instantaneous harmonic and reactive currents in single-phase circuits. When only detecting the total reactive currents, this method does not need a phase-locked loop circuit, and it also can be used in some special applications to provide different compensations on the ground of different requirements of electric network. Compared with the other methods based on the theory of instantaneous reactive power, this method is simple and easy to realize.

Modified surface tension model for free surface flow with single-phase lattice Boltzmann method

A single-phase lattice Boltzmann model with modified surface tension is developed in this paper to solve the problem of high-density-ratio free surface flow.The computational efficiency and accuracy are both enhanced.The restriction to the relaxation factor （which needs to be smaller than 1） is circumvented by the new surface tension algebra,due to its rational physical nature compared with the treatment of Xing,Buther and Yang in their paper （Comp.Mater.Sci.,2007,39（2）：282-290）.The proposed stable surface tension scheme is applied to simulate the free deformation of a square droplet with surface tension effect and the process of a droplet impinging on a liquid film.The numerical solution for free deformation of a droplet agrees well with thermodynamic principles,and also achieves high accuracy in comparison with Xing,et al.＇s model.Three typical impinging modes are successfully obtained with the new scheme,and another particular mode found by Wang and Chen is also successfully simulated.The evolutions of liquid crown agree well with the power law related to time.

Industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system for urban rail transit and its key technologies

To avoid stray current and maintain the benefit of no phase-split in the DC traction power supply system, an AC traction power supply system was proposed for the urban public transport such as metro and light rail transit. The proposed system consists of a main substation （MSS） and cable traction network （CTN）. The MSS includes a single-phase main traction transformer and a negative-se- quence compensation device, while the CTN includes double-core cables, traction transformers, overhead catenary system, rails, etc. Several key techniques for the proposed system were put forward and discussed, which can be summarized as （1） the power supply principle, equivalent circuit and transmission ability of the CTN, the cable-catenary matching technique, and the selection of catenary voltage level; （2） the segmentation technology and status identification method for traction power supply network, distributed and centralized protection schemes, etc.; （3） a power supply scheme for single-line MSS and a power supply scheme of MSS shared by two or more lines. The proposed industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system shows an excellent technical performance, good economy, and high reliability, hence provides a new alternative for metro and urban rail transit power supply systems.

A Single-phase of Supercritical CO_2/Polystyrene Solution in Foam Extrusion

The high quality single-phase solution of CO2/ Polystyrene was achieved,by analyzing the influential factors for polymer microcellular foaming extrusion.The curve of pressure distribution along the barrel was determined.The axial position of gas-injecting port on the barrel was chosen form the results of stable foaming,and the number of gas-injecting ports in the circumference of the barrel was determined from the CO2 solubility in polymer.The effect of the screw rotation speed on CO2 solubility was studied,and the effects of pressure difference between the gas and the polymer melt on gas-injecting process and on the foaming stability were investigated.The influence of the gas temperature before injection on the single-phase of CO2/Polystyrene solution also was studied.

A quasi single-phase model for debris flows and its comparison with a two-phase model

A depth-averaged quasi single-phase mixture model is proposed for debris flows over inclined bed slopes based on the shallow water hydrosediment-morphodynamic theory with multi grain sizes. The stresses due to fluctuations are incorporated based on analogy to turbulent flows, as estimated using the depth-averaged k-? turbulence model and a modification component. A fully conservative numerical algorithm, using wellbalanced slope limited centred scheme, is deployed to solve the governing equations. The present quasi single-phase model using four closure relationships for the bed shear stresses is evaluated against USGS experimental debris flow and compared with traditional quasi single-phase models and a recent physically enhanced two-phase model. It is found that the present quasi single-phase model performs much better than the traditional models, and is attractive in terms of computational cost while the two-phase model performs even better appreciably.

Mixture Regression-Cum-Ratio Estimator Using Multi-Auxiliary Variables and Attributes in Single-Phase Sampling

In this paper, we have proposed a class of mixture regression-cum-ratio estimator for estimating population mean by using information on multiple auxiliary variables and attributes simultaneously in single-phase sampling and analyzed the properties of the estimator. An empirical was carried out to compare the performance of the proposed estimator with the existing estimators of finite population mean using simulated population. It was found that the mixture regression-cum-ratio estimator was more efficient than ratio and regression estimators using one auxiliary variable and attribute, ratio and regression estimators using multiple auxiliary variables and attributes and regression-cum-ratio estimators using multiple auxiliary variables and attributes in single-phase sampling for finite population.

Positron Annihilation Behaviors and Magnetic Properties of Single-phase Nd_2Fe_(14)B and NanocompositeNd_2Fe_(14)B/α-Fe Magnets

Positron annihilation behaviors have been studied in the single phase Nd2Fe14B magnet and the nanocomposite Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe magnet, prepared by melt spinning. The results showed that the number of vacancy-cluster at grain boundaries increases with increasing annealing temperature for the both types of magnets. The increase of this kind of defect can improve the coercivity of the single-phase magnet. Conversely,the increase of vacancy-cluster amount leads to decreasing of the coercivity for the nanocomposite magnet. It implies that the mechanism of dominant magnetic hardening for the two types of magnets is different, and the domain walls pinning mechanism in the single-phase magnet and the reversal magnetization nucleation mechanism in the nanocomposite magnet operate, respectively.

HC-55 Single-Phase AC Series-Excitation Commutator Motor

The HC-55 single-phase AC series-excitation commutator motor exported to Japan by the Linquan Motor Factory is an open-type motor characterized by simple structure, small volume, high rotary speed, large starting torque, reliable operation and easy installation. It can be used as a driving component for various kinds of household electrical appliances, such as electric mills, pulverlizers, small stirrers, vacuum cleaners and electric hair dryers, an ideal product for electrical equipment.

Single-Phase Velocity Determination Based in Video and Sub-Images Processing:An Optical Flow Method Implemented with Support of a Programmed MatLab Structured Script

Important in many different sectors of the industry, the determination of stream velocity has become more and more important due to measurements precision necessity, in order to determine the right production rates, determine the volumetric production of undesired fluid, establish automated controls based on these measurements avoiding over-flooding or over-production, guaranteeing accurate predictive maintenance, etc. Difficulties being faced have been the determination of the velocity of specific fluids embedded in some others, for example, determining the gas bubbles stream velocity flowing throughout liquid fluid phase. Although different and already applicable methods have been researched and already implemented within the industry, a non-intrusive automated way of providing those stream velocities has its importance, and may have a huge impact in projects budget. Knowing the importance of its determination, this developed script uses a methodology of breaking-down real-time videos media into frame images, analyzing by pixel correlations possible superposition matches for further gas bubbles stream velocity estimation. In raw sense, the script bases itself in functions and procedures already available in MatLab, which can be used for image processing and treatments, allowing the methodology to be implemented. Its accuracy after the running test was of around 97% (ninety-seven percent);the raw source code with comments had almost 3000 (three thousand) characters;and the hardware placed for running the code was an Intel Core Duo 2.13 [Ghz] and 2 [Gb] RAM memory capable workstation. Even showing good results, it could be stated that just the end point correlations were actually getting to the final solution. So that, making use of self-learning functions or neural network, one could surely enhance the capability of the application to be run in real-time without getting exhaust by iterative loops.

Vector Control of the Single-Phase Inverter Based on the Extended and Virtual Circuits

A vector control based on the extended equivalent circuit and virtual circuits is proposed for the single-phase inverter.By the extended circuit,the other two phase voltages can be extended by the output voltage of the single-phase inverter so as to construct the voltage vector.The voltage outer-loop is to control the voltage vector in dq coordinate system,and the output voltage can track the target value without deviation in steady state.By designing the virtual circuit,the voltage inner-loop can achieve approximate decoupling and improve the dynamic response under the changeable load.Compared with the traditional dual closed-loop control,the proposed dual closed-loop control scheme only needs to detect and control the voltage without the current.It not only can achieve good control effect,but also reduce the complexity of the hardware.Finally,the simulation and experimental results show that the single-phase inverter has good static and dynamic characteristics regardless of stable load or changeable load.

Electro-triggered Joule heating method to synthesize single-phase CuNi nano-alloy catalyst for efficient electrocatalytic nitrate reduction toward ammonia

Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR)has great potential for ammonia(NH_(3))synthesis benefiting from its environmental friendliness and sustainability.Cu-based alloys with elemental diversity and adsorption tunability are widely used as electrocatalyst to lower the reaction overpotential for NO_(3)RR catalysis.However,phase separation commonly found in alloys leads to uneven distribution of elements,which limits the possibility of further optimizing the catalytic activity.Herein,an electrotriggered Joule heating method,possessing unique superiority of flash heating and cooling that lead to well-dispersed nanoparticles and uniform mixing of various elements,was adopted to synthesize a single-phase CuNi nano-alloy catalyst evenly dispersed on carbon fiber paper,CFP-Cu_(1)Ni_(1),which exhibited a more positive NO_(3)RR initial potential of 0.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(vs.RHE)than that of pure copper nanoparticles at 10 mA·cm^(−2)in 0.5 mol·L^(−1)Na_(2)SO_(4)+0.1 mol·L^(−1)KNO_(3)solution.Importantly,CFP-Cu_(1)Ni_(1) presented high electrocatalytic activity with a Faradaic efficiency of 95.7%and NH_(3)yield rate of 180.58μmol·h^(−1)·cm^(−2)(2550μmol·h^(−1)·mg_(cat)^(−1))at−0.22 V vs.RHE.Theoretical calculations showed that alloying Cu with Ni into single-phase caused an upshift of its d-band center,which promoted the adsorption of NO_(3)−and weakened the adsorption of NH_(3).Moreover,the competitive adsorption of hydrogen ions was restrained until−0.24 V.This work offers a rational design concept with clear guidance for rapid synthesis of uniformly dispersed single-phase nano-alloy catalyst for efficient electrochemical NO_(3)RR toward ammonia.

Fast Single-phase Fault Location Method Based on Community Graph Depth-first Traversal for Distribution Network

With the increasing complexity of distribution network structures originating from the high penetration of renewable energy and responsive loads,fast and accurate fault location technology for distribution networks is a prerequisite for rapid isolation of faults and restoration of the power supply.In this paper,a fault location method based on community graph depth-first traversal is proposed for fast location of single-phase ground faults in distribution networks.First,this paper defines the fault graph weight of the vertices in the distribution network graph model,which can be used to reflect the topology of the vertices and fault points as well as the fluctuation of the vertices’currents.Then,the vertices on the graph model are clustered by using an improved parallel louvain method(IPLM).Finally,the community formed by IPLM is used as the smallest unit for depth-first traversal to achieve fast and accurate location of the fault section.The paper develops a distribution network graph model of IEEE 33-bus system on the graph database for testing.And three other methods are selected for comparison with IPLMDF.The test results show that IPLMDF can achieve fast and accurate fault location when half of the nodes in the distribution network are equipped with D-PMUs.When some of the D-PMUs lose time synchronization,it is still possible to locate the fault section,and at the same time,the locating results can be avoided by falling into local optimal solutions.

Improved Control in Single Phase Inverter Grid-Tied PV System Using Modified PQ Theory

Grid-connected reactive-load compensation and harmonic control are becoming a central topic as photovoltaic(PV)grid-connected systems diversified.This research aims to produce a high-performance inverter with a fast dynamic response for accurate reference tracking and a low total har-monic distortion(THD)even under nonlinear load applications by improving its control scheme.The proposed system is expected to operate in both stand-alone mode and grid-connected mode.In stand-alone mode,the proposed controller supplies power to critical loads,alternatively during grid-connected mode provide excess energy to the utility.A modified variable step incremental conductance(VS-InCond)algorithm is designed to extract maximum power from PV.Whereas the proposed inverter controller is achieved by using a modified PQ theory with double-band hysteresis current controller(PQ-DBHCC)to produce a reference current based on a decomposition of a single-phase load current.The nonlinear rectifier loads often create significant distortion in the output voltage of single-phase inverters,due to excessive current harmonics in the grid.Therefore,the proposed method generates a close-loop reference current for the switching scheme,hence,minimizing the inverter voltage distortion caused by the excessive grid current harmonics.The simulation findings suggest the proposed control technique can effectively yield more than 97%of power conversion efficiency while suppressing the grid current THD by less than 2%and maintaining the unity power factor at the grid side.The efficacy of the proposed controller is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink.

Can orientations of directionally solidified dual-phase Al_(2)O_(3)/YAG eutectics be induced by single-phase sapphire seeds?

Directionally solidified dual-phase Al_(2)O_(3)/Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12)(YAG)eutectic ceramics(DSECs)typically exhibit strong anisotropy.To improve their properties,various single-phase sapphire seeds,including r-axis[1-102],m-axis[10-10],c-axis[0001],and a-axis[11-20],were used as seeds to induce the orientation of the Al_(2)O_(3)/YAG DSECs.The results showed that Al_(2)O_(3) in the eutectics could be governed by the sapphire seeds.The YAG in each induced eutectic had a specific growth direction endowed by Al_(2)O_(3) in the asinduced eutectics or the sapphire seed.Herein,we calculated the planar lattice misfits and interfacial strain energies of four crystallographic orientation relationships based on the constructed lattice models.It was elucidated the constraint of the sapphire seed caused YAG to grow following the rule of mini-mizing the interfacial strain energy.This revealed the reason why Al_(2)O_(3)/YAG DSECs orientation can be successfully induced.These results may provide a novel method for the design of high-performance eu-tectic ceramic materials.