Single-phase-to-ground fault protection based on zero-sequence current ratio coefficient for low-resistance grounding distribution network

Definite-time zero-sequence over-current protection is presently used in systems whose neutral point is grounded by a low resistance(low-resistance grounding systems).These systems frequently malfunction owing to their high settings of the action value when a high-impedance grounding fault occurs.In this study,the relationship between the zero-sequence currents of each feeder and the neutral branch was analyzed.Then,a grounding protection method was proposed on the basis of the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient.It is defined as the ratio of the zero-sequence current of the feeder to that of the neutral branch.Nonetheless,both zero-sequence voltage and zero-sequence current are affected by the transition resistance,The influence of transition resistance can be eliminated by calculating this coefficient.Therefore,a method based on the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient was proposed considering the significant difference between the faulty feeder and healthy feeder.Furthermore,unbalanced current can be prevented by setting the starting current.PSCAD simulation results reveal that the proposed method shows high reliability and sensitivity when a high-resistance grounding fault occurs.

Single-phase earth fault current distribution between optical fiber composite overhead ground wire and ordinary ground wire in transmission system

It is important for the safety of transmission system to accurately calculate single-phase earth fault current distribution.Features of double sided elimination method were illustrated.Quantitative calculation of single-phase earth fault current distribution and case verification were accomplished by using the loop method.Influences of some factors,such as single-phase earth fault location and ground resistance of poles,on short-circuit current distribution were discussed.Results show that:1) results of the loop method conform to those of double sided elimination method;2) the fault location hardly influences macro-distribution of short-circuit current.However,current near fault location is evidently influenced;and 3) the short-circuit current distribution is not so sensitive to the ground resistance of poles.

The Research on Grounding Protection for 110kV Resistance Grounding Distribution System

Using the neutral grounding method by the resistance in 110?kV system, it can limit the voltage sag and short circuit current when one-phase grounding fault occurred, but it will change the sequence of the network structure and parameters. This paper analyzes the size and distribution of zero sequence voltage and current when one-phase grounding fault occurred in the 110 kV resistance grounding system, and puts forward the grounding protection configuration setting principle of this system combining the power supplying characteristics of 110?kV distribution network. In a reforming substation as an example, the grounding protection of 110 kV lines and transformer have been set and calculated.

Protection of Zero-Sequence Power Variation in Mountain Wind Farm Collector Lines Based on Multi-Mode Grounding

The arc-suppression coil(ASC)in parallel low resistance(LR)multi-mode grounding is adopted in the mountain wind farm to cope with the phenomenon that is misoperation or refusal of zero-sequence protection in LR grounding wind farm.If the fault disappears before LR is put into the system,it is judged as an instantaneous fault;while the fault does not disappear after LR is put into the system,it is judged as a permanent fault;the single-phase grounding fault(SLG)protection criterion based on zerosequence power variation is proposed to identify the instantaneous-permanent fault.Firstly,the distribution characteristic of zero-sequence voltage(ZSV)and zero-sequence current(ZSC)are analyzed after SLGfault occurs in multi-mode grounding.Then,according to the characteristics that zero-sequence power variation of non-fault collector line is small,while the zero-sequence power variation of fault collector line can reflect the active power component of fault resistance,the protection criterion based on zero-sequence power variation is constructed.The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the protection criterion can distinguish the property of fault only by using the single terminal information,which has high reliability.

Fault protection method of single-phase break for distribution network considering the influence of neutral grounding modes

With the rapid development of modern distribution network and the access of distributed generation,the network structure is becoming increasingly complex.Frequent single-phase break faults have seriously affected equipment and personal safety and stable operation of the power system.However,with the development and application of the composite neutral grounding modes,the protection of single-phase break fault is facing new challenges.This paper proposes a protection method of single-phase break fault for distribution network considering the influence of neutral grounding modes.The characteristics of neutral voltage and sequence current are analyzed under normal operation and single-phase break fault with different grounding modes.Following this,the protection criterion based on neutral voltage and sequence current variation is constructed.The protection method of singlephase break fault for distribution network is proposed,which is applicable for various neutral grounding modes.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the protection method is less affected by system asymmetry,fault location and load distribution.The method has higher sensitivity,reliability and adaptability.

Fault Line Selection Method Considering Grounding Fault Angle for Distribution Network

In the distribution network system with its neutral point grounding via arc suppression coil, when single-phase grounding fault occurred near zero-crossing point of the phase voltage, the inaccuracy of the line selection always existed in existing methods. According to the characteristics that transient current was different between the fault feeder and other faultless feeders, wavelet transformation was performed on data of the transient current within a power frequency cycle after the fault occurred. Based on different fault angles, wavelet energy in corresponding frequency band was chosen to compare. The result was that wavelet energy in fault feeder was the largest of all, and it was larger than sum of those in other faultless feeders, when the bus broke down, the disparity between each wavelet energy was not significant. Fault line could be selected out by the criterion above. The results of MATLAB/simulink simulation experiment indicated that this method had anti-interference capacity and was feasible.

Accident of Large-scale Wind Turbines Disconnecting from Power Grid and Its Protection

There were many accidents of large-scale wind turbines disconnecting from power grid in 2011.As singlephase-to-ground fault cannot be correctly detected,single-phase-to-ground fault evolved to phase-to-phase fault.Phase-to-phase fault was isolated slowly,thus leading to low voltage.And wind turbines without enough low voltage ride-through capacity had to be disconnected from the grid.After some wind turbines being disconnected from the grid,overvoltage caused by reactive power surplus made more wind turbines disconnect from the grid.Based on the accident analysis,this paper presents solutions to above problems,including travelling waves based single-phase-to-ground protection,adaptive low voltage protection,integrated protection and control,and high impedance fault detection.The solutions lay foundations in theory and technology to prevent large-scale wind turbines disconnecting from the operating power grid.

Multiple Random Forests Based Intelligent Location of Single-phase Grounding Fault in Power Lines of DFIG-based Wind Farm

To address the problems of wind power abandonment and the stoppage of electricity transmission caused by a short circuit in a power line of a doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG) based wind farm, this paper proposes an intelligent location method for a single-phase grounding fault based on a multiple random forests(multi-RF) algorithm. First, the simulation model is built, and the fundamental amplitudes of the zerosequence currents are extracted by a fast Fourier transform(FFT) to construct the feature set. Then, the random forest classification algorithm is applied to establish the fault section locator. The model is resampled on the basis of the bootstrap method to generate multiple sample subsets, which are used to establish multiple classification and regression tree(CART) classifiers. The CART classifiers use the mean decrease in the node impurity as the feature importance,which is used to mine the relationship between features and fault sections. Subsequently, a fault section is identified by voting on the test results for each classifier. Finally, a multi-RF regression fault locator is built to output the predicted fault distance. Experimental results with PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed method can overcome the shortcomings of a single RF and has the advantage of locating a short hybrid overhead/cable line with multiple branches. Compared with support vector machines(SVMs)and previously reported methods, the proposed method can meet the location accuracy and efficiency requirements of a DFIG-based wind farm better.

Comparison between open phase fault of arc suppression coil and single phase to earth fault in coal mine distribution network

When, in a coal mine distribution network whose neutral point is grounded by an arc suppression coil (ASC), a fault occurs in the ASC, compensation cannot be properly realized. Furthermore, it can damage the safe and reliable run of the network. We first introduce a three-phase five-column arc suppression coil (TPFCASC) and discuss its autotracking compensation theory. Then we compare the single phase to ground fault of the coal mine distribution network with an open phase fault at the TPFCASC using the Thévenin theory, the symmetrical-component method and the complex sequence network respectively. The results show that, in both types of faults, zero-sequence voltage of the network will appear and the maximum magnitude of this zero-sequence voltage is different in both faults. Based on this situation, a protection for the open phase fault at the TPFCASC should be estab-lished.

风电场集电线路单相接地故障柔性电压消弧与动态保护新原理

为解决风电场集电系统长期存在的线路单相接地故障处理难题,提出风电场中性点柔性接地方式,理论推导获得柔性接地风电场三序等效电路,与集电线路单相接地故障复合序网模型,建立风电场零序电压柔性调控理论,提出集电线路单相接地故障柔性电压消弧方法,可主动将故障点电压及故障残流迅速抑制到零,实现单相接地故障电弧的可靠消除。进一步提出基于零序电流动态增量的高阻故障辨识与保护方法,通过柔性调控零序补偿电流,逐渐放大故障残流,实现永久性单相接地故障的灵敏感知与保护。利用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建含双馈异步风电机(doubly-fedinduction generator,DFIG)的规模化风电场模型,模拟多种运行与故障条件对所提方法进行验证,仿真结果表明,该方法能够在考虑系统不平衡电压的情况下精准调控集电线路故障点电压,实现瞬时性单相接地故障快速可靠消弧,动态感知并持续抑制永久性单相接地故障残流,实现集电线路高阻接地故障的灵敏保护。该技术有望提升风电场运行灵活性与故障防御能力,有力保障新能源电能外送的持续性、可靠性。

基于单端分支系数的四端柔直环网线路保护方案

为提升直流线路保护在柔性直流环网中的速动性与可靠性,提出一种基于单端分支系数的保护方案。分析了不同故障位置下各换流阀提供的故障电流分量,并根据单端换流阀极线电流突变量构造分支系数,结果表明线路保护区内故障下的单端分支系数小于区外故障,利用该特征构造区内、外故障识别元件。在线路高阻接地致使主保护失效时,根据桥臂最大允许电流决定线路纵联后备保护的开放时限,以优化现有主、后备保护方案之间的时序配合方案,保障各种直流线路故障工况下,换流阀不间断运行。保护方案不依赖线路边界元件,算法简单,大量仿真结果表明,该方案有良好的耐受过渡电阻能力,能在换流阀闭锁前实现故障区域可靠识别。

灵活接地配电网单相接地故障全过程特征分析

为进一步明确灵活接地方式下的单相接地故障特征,给新型接地保护原理的研究提供理论依据,通过建立涵盖灵活接地配电网接地故障全过程的等值电路,分析系统内各检测点处典型故障电气量的幅值、相位特征及其在不同阶段内的变化规律。相比于中性点接地电阻投入之前,在不同故障情况下,故障点电流始终增大,系统零序电压及健全线路零序电流始终减小,而故障线路零序电流随故障点接地电阻的增大而先增大后减小。这与灵活接地方式推行的初衷并不完全相符,解释了目前现场常用的传统小电阻零序过电流保护效果不如理想预期的原因。数字仿真与现场人工试验均验证了本文所得结论的正确性。

西北电网330 kV尖樊线人工短路试验中接地距离保护适应性分析

以风电为代表的新能源场站的故障特征对传统距离保护的附加阻抗产生了新的影响,导致保护性能降低。而现有距离保护适应性研究缺乏对单相接地故障场景的分析。为此,结合西北电网于尖樊线进行的2次人工短路试验数据,基于多种控制策略下的风电场故障特征,分析单相接地故障下接地距离保护附加阻抗系数,进而判断保护适应性。研究发现网侧保护附加阻抗系数较小,两侧电源故障电流对保护影响较小;而风电场侧保护附加阻抗系数较大,两侧电源故障电流对保护影响较大,导致保护拒动。

超、特高压交流线路反时限零序过流后备保护的整定建议

针对国家电网“六统一”线路保护装置,提出了超、特高压交流线路反时限零序过流保护的整定原则。反时限零序过流保护在保证灵敏性方面并无困难,整定原则的核心问题是解决选择性和速动性的矛盾。根据该保护的原理和逻辑提出了转折电流的概念以及接地距离保护与反时限零序过流保护的配合原则;充分考虑配合时间定值和最小时间定值对保护动作特性的影响,综合超、特高压电网实际短路电流水平和接地距离保护的过渡电阻耐受能力,将反时限零序过流保护低电流区的选择性与接地距离保护高电流区的选择性进行结合,提升了对接地故障全域电流范围的选择性切除能力;提出了方向元件投退原则。通过对某省级电网进行算例分析,验证了整定原则的有效性,该整定原则已经在实际电网中进行了应用。

针对海上风电场汇集线路单相接地故障的柔直侧新型距离保护方案

海上风电场汇集线路发生单相接地故障时,线路两侧短路电流分别由风电机组换流器和柔直换流器提供,由于正序、负序与零序网络串联,在传统大电网存在场景下不受控制影响的零序电流也将像正序和负序电流一样呈现幅值受限、相位受控特性,柔直侧距离保护无法正确识别单相接地故障。该文建立海上风电场汇集线路单相接地故障时的复合序网,分析汇集线路两侧故障特性,在不借助线路双端通信的前提下,利用柔直侧负序和零序电流准确求取风机侧零序电流。基于此,构建关于故障距离的方程,提出柔直侧新型距离保护方案,解决了双端均为逆变型电源的线路中零序电流受控导致距离保护性能下降的问题。此外,所提保护方案受风电场无功支撑策略、过渡电阻大小及性质影响小。测试结果表明,该保护方案可以准确识别海上风电场汇集线路区内外单相接地故障。

基于相位差的小电阻接地有源配电网接地故障保护算法

大规模分布式电源(DG)接入小电阻接地系统配电网后,故障电流产生明显变化,采用零序电流保护方法切除单相接地故障将出现误动作。为了解决以上问题,首先,提出基于相电压与零序电流相位差的小电阻接地系统有源配电网接地故障保护算法;然后,通过建立包含多个分布式电源的配电网接地故障电气系统结构与模型,对故障时刻相电压与零序电流相位关系进行理论推导与计算,分析得出不同接地故障位置的相位差区间,根据相位差区间进行接地故障判断与保护;最后,进行仿真验证,结果表明该方法在配电网中性点采用小电阻接地系统时,在多种过渡电阻,不同分布电源接入数量与容量,各类型电缆长度等情况下,负载波动,均能可靠判断接地故障,适用于DG中性点经小电阻接地和不接地两种方式。

高速铁路10 kV变配电所馈线保护方式优化研究

铁路10 kV变配电所地方进线电源一般为中性点不接地系统。高速铁路变配电所内的馈线、贯通线多为全电缆线路,发生单相接地故障后,馈线电缆零序保护不跳闸只报警,允许故障馈线带故障运行。然而,电力电缆的绝缘裕度比架空线路的绝缘裕度小得多,承受过电压的能力低,一旦发生单相接地故障,易引起永久性的绝缘击穿,进而发展成为相间故障,使故障范围扩大。本文提出高速铁路变配电所故障馈线小电流选线方法,可准确判断出发生电缆单相接地故障的馈线,避免故障扩大。对于高阻接地故障,提出了采用基于暂态量的综合选线方法,除比对故障和非故障线路的零序电流幅值和相位,还利用暂态无功功率方向进行准确选线。

基于故障相电压与零序电流相位比较的中性点不接地系统高阻接地故障保护方法

为降低电力线路故障引发森林火灾的风险,中压配电网接地保护须可靠检测过渡电阻为12kΩ的接地故障。穿越林区的10 kV中压配电系统主要采用中性点不接地方式,现有保护方法依赖零序电压检测故障方向,耐过渡电阻能力不超过6 kΩ,无法满足防治森林火灾的要求。为此,提出了一种基于相电压与零序电流相位比较的中性点不接地系统高阻接地故障保护方法,作为高阻接地故障的后备保护。通过中性点不接地系统高阻接地故障等值电路分析,发现在现有保护的动作死区内,故障相电压与故障线路零序电流近似同相,与健全线路零序电流近似反相的规律,使用故障相电压作为极化量,构造了通过故障相电压与零序电流的相位关系来判断故障方向的高阻接地故障保护方法。相较于现有保护方法,所提方法的耐过渡电阻能力从6 kΩ提升至12 kΩ。所提方法能可靠检测导线触树故障,将保护能力边界提升至防范森林火灾的安全范围内。数字仿真与现场人工试验均验证了所提方法的有效性。

考虑三次谐波调制的柔直系统交流侧单相接地保护研究

为了简单可靠地实现柔直系统阀交流侧单相接地保护,针对阀交流侧中性点经阻抗接地的柔直系统,分析了交流侧的零序基波分量与直流侧的共模分量,推导了金属性接地故障下故障端与非故障端的零序基波电压、电流解析式。针对采用三次谐波注入调制策略的柔直系统,分析了三次谐波调制引起的纵向三次谐波电压相位特征,推导了三次谐波电压、电流的表达式,提出了利用中性点零序基波电压和三次谐波电压来判断接地故障及其位置的保护判据,并给出了相应的整定计算方法。不同工况下的仿真结果表明,当保护安装端发生接地故障时保护可以正确动作,当其他端发生接地故障时保护不会误动作。

基于高阻接地距离继电器的零序电流保护选择性提升方案

交流线路零序电流保护最末一段均采用300 A定值,存在无序跳闸风险。因此,文中提出了基于零序电抗线和非故障相极化的高阻接地距离继电器原理。继电器采用先选相、后测量的技术路线,选相元件将零序电抗线与非故障相极化方法相结合,构成多种组合判据,以分工完成选相。由于保护安装处零序电流与故障点零序电流存在相位差异,单相接地故障的故障相和相间接地故障的超前相的零序电抗线在故障点位于整定点附近时存在混叠区。区内近端、低阻单相接地故障时非故障相工作电压大幅变化,不利于区分混叠区的两类故障,故将选相元件分为低阻模块和高阻模块。低阻模块采用下偏的零序电抗线,用于识别近端、低阻故障;经低阻模块辅助后,高阻模块只需针对性处置故障点位于整定点附近的故障,可有效区分两类故障。选相完成后,通过非故障相极化的方法获得故障前工作电压,从而确定继电器的动作特性。高阻距离继电器的耐过渡电阻能力远超规程要求,提高了接地后备保护对高阻接地故障的选择性。