Permanent Fault Identification Method for Single-Phasea Adaptive Reclosure of UHVAC Transmission Line

In order to avoid the UHVAC (Ultra High Voltage Alternating Current) transmission line with shunt reactor fault voltage smaller problems, through the analysis of single-phase permanent fault when tripping phase terminal voltage characteristics, this paper presents a fault phase voltage signal of the two order derivative and the original signal ratio of a new method for steady-state frequency discrimination single-phase permanent fault. The principle of this method is simple, and it can avoid the problem that the fault voltage caused by the installation of shunt reactor is small. The adaptability and correctness of the proposed method are verified by a large number of simulations.

Guaranteeing the Fault Transient Performance of Aerospace Multiphase Permanent Magnet Motor System: an Adaptive Robust Speed Control Approach

To enhance the fault transient performance of aerospace multiphase permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)system,an adaptive robust speed control is proposed regardless of the phase open-circuit(OC)and short-circuit(SC)fault in this paper,which can be applied for both the redundant motor system and fault tolerant motor system.For aerospace multiphase PMSM system,besides external load disturbance and system parameter perturbation,there inevitably exists the electromagnetic torque ripple in fault transient process,which can degrade the system performance and even cause the system instability.To cope with this issue,the electromagnet torque ripple of the multiphase PMSM system in fault transient process is first analyzed.Then,by considering the electromagnet torque fluctuation caused by fault transient as a system uncertainty,a novel adaptive robust speed control scheme is proposed,while the adaptive law is constructed to emulate the total system uncertainty bound,which include the load disturbance,the parameter variation,and the electromagnetic torque fluctuation due to fault transient.The resulting control can ensure the speed control performance even in fault transient process regardless of the uncertainty,in which no prior estimation of the uncertainty bound is required.In addition,the proposed adaptive robust speed control is demonstrated by a six-phase PMSM experimental platform.The novelty of this research is to explore a novel adaptive robust speed control to strengthen the fault tolerance performance of multiphase PMSM system even in fault transient process,which requires no prior estimation of the uncertainty bound.

Single-phase earth fault current distribution between optical fiber composite overhead ground wire and ordinary ground wire in transmission system

It is important for the safety of transmission system to accurately calculate single-phase earth fault current distribution.Features of double sided elimination method were illustrated.Quantitative calculation of single-phase earth fault current distribution and case verification were accomplished by using the loop method.Influences of some factors,such as single-phase earth fault location and ground resistance of poles,on short-circuit current distribution were discussed.Results show that:1) results of the loop method conform to those of double sided elimination method;2) the fault location hardly influences macro-distribution of short-circuit current.However,current near fault location is evidently influenced;and 3) the short-circuit current distribution is not so sensitive to the ground resistance of poles.

Permanent displacement models of earthquake-induced landslides considering near-fault pulse-like ground motions

The permanent displacement of seismic slopes can be regarded as an effective criterion for stability estimation. This paper studied the characteristics of permanent displacements induced by velocity pulse-like ground motions and developed an empirical model to readily evaluate the stability of seismic slopes in a near-fault region. We identified 264 velocity pulse-like ground motions from the Next Generation Attenuation(NGA) database using the latest improved energy-based approach. All selected ground motions were rotated to the orientation of the strongest observed pulse for considering the directivity of the pulse effect, so that the most dangerous condition for slopes was considered. The results show the velocity pulse-like ground motions have a much more significant effect on permanent displacement of slopes than non-pulse-like ground motions. A regression model based on a function of peak ground velocity(PGV), peak ground acceleration(PGA) and critical acceleration(ac), was generated. A significant difference was found by comparing the presented model with classical models from literatures. This model can be used to evaluate the seismic slope stability considering the effects of nearfault pulse-like characteristics.

State-Model Based Time-Domain Diagnosis of Internal Faults for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Wind Application

Upon occurrence of an internal fault on the PMSM （permanent magnet synchronous machine）, the topology of the stator is amended causing structural imbalances due to the change of the connection within the windings. In this work, a state model of internal faults of the PMSM is developed. This model is in the （abc） reference frame. The modeling approach is based on the assumption that each stator phase is replaced by two major and minor sub-windings. This model is used subsequently in the residual generation for diagnosis. The fault indicators are obtained by the projection in parity space and estimated using the Luenberger observer. A scenario of fault inter-turn by the short-circuit occurring between phase （a and b） is validated by simulation.

Centrifuge modeling of buried continuous pipelines subjected to normal faulting

Seismic ground faulting is the greatest hazard for continuous buried pipelines.Over the years,researchers have attempted to understand pipeline behavior mostly via numerical modeling such as the finite element method.The lack of well-documented field case histories of pipeline failure from seismic ground faulting and the cost and complicated facilities needed for full-scale experimental simulation mean that a centrifuge-based method to determine the behavior of pipelines subjected to faulting is best to verify numerical approaches.This paper presents results from three centrifuge tests designed to investigate continuous buried steel pipeline behavior subjected to normal faulting.The experimental setup and procedure are described and the recorded axial and bending strains induced in a pipeline are presented and compared to those obtained via analytical methods.The influence of factors such as faulting offset,burial depth and pipe diameter on the axial and bending strains of pipes and on ground soil failure and pipeline deformation patterns are also investigated.Finally,the tensile rupture of a pipeline due to normal faulting is investigated.

A Seismic Design Method for Subsea Pipelines Against Earthquake Fault Movement

As there are no specific guidelines on design of subsea pipelines crossing active seismic faults, methods for land buried pipelines have been applied to. Taking the large seismic fault movement into account, this paper proposes improved methods for seismic designs of subsea pipelines by comprehensively investigating the real constraining of soil on the pipelines, the interaction processes of soil with the pipeline, the plastic slippage of the soil, and the elastic-plastic properties of the pipeline materials. New formulas are given to calculate the length of transition section and its total elongation. These formulas are more reasonable in mechanism, and more practical for seismic design of subsea pipelines crossing active faults.

Effective anisotropy and coercivity in nanocrystalline single-phase NdFeB permanent magnetic material

The effect of exchange-coupling interaction on the effective anisotropy and its varying tendency in nanocrystalline single-phase NdFeB permanent magnetic material have been investigated. The results show that the exchange-coupling interaction between grains makes the effective anisotropy of material, Keff, decrease with the reduction of grain size. The variation of Keff is basically the same as that of coercivity. The decrease in effective anisotropy is the main reason of the reduction of coercivity for nanocrystalline single-phase NdFeB permanent magnetic material. In order to get high anisotropy and coercivity in nanocrystalline single-phase NdFeB permanent material, the grain size should be larger than 35 nm.

Fault Line Selection Method Considering Grounding Fault Angle for Distribution Network

In the distribution network system with its neutral point grounding via arc suppression coil, when single-phase grounding fault occurred near zero-crossing point of the phase voltage, the inaccuracy of the line selection always existed in existing methods. According to the characteristics that transient current was different between the fault feeder and other faultless feeders, wavelet transformation was performed on data of the transient current within a power frequency cycle after the fault occurred. Based on different fault angles, wavelet energy in corresponding frequency band was chosen to compare. The result was that wavelet energy in fault feeder was the largest of all, and it was larger than sum of those in other faultless feeders, when the bus broke down, the disparity between each wavelet energy was not significant. Fault line could be selected out by the criterion above. The results of MATLAB/simulink simulation experiment indicated that this method had anti-interference capacity and was feasible.

Rule-based Fault Diagnosis of Hall Sensors and Fault-tolerant Control of PMSM

Hall sensor is widely used for estimating rotor phase of permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM). And rotor position is an essential parameter of PMSM control algorithm, hence it is very dangerous if Hall senor faults occur. But there is scarcely any research focusing on fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control of Hall sensor used in PMSM. From this standpoint, the Hall sensor faults which may occur during the PMSM operating are theoretically analyzed. According to the analysis results, the fault diagnosis algorithm of Hall sensor, which is based on three rules, is proposed to classify the fault phenomena accurately. The rotor phase estimation algorithms, based on one or two Hall sensor(s), are initialized to engender the fault-tolerant control algorithm. The fault diagnosis algorithm can detect 60 Hall fault phenomena in total as well as all detections can be fulfilled in 1/138 rotor rotation period. The fault-tolerant control algorithm can achieve a smooth torque production which means the same control effect as normal control mode (with three Hall sensors). Finally, the PMSM bench test verifies the accuracy and rapidity of fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategies. The fault diagnosis algorithm can detect all Hall sensor faults promptly and fault-tolerant control algorithm allows the PMSM to face failure conditions of one or two Hall sensor(s). In addition, the transitions between health-control and fault-tolerant control conditions are smooth without any additional noise and harshness. Proposed algorithms can deal with the Hall sensor faults of PMSM in real applications, and can be provided to realize the fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control of PMSM.

Electromagnetic Performance Prediction for the Symmetrical Dual Three-phase Surface-mounted PMSM under Open-phase Faults Based on Accurate Subdomain Model

The paper presents an accurate analytical subdomain model for predicting the electromagnetic performance in the symmetrical dual three-phase surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM)under open-phase faulty conditions.The model derivations are extended from previous accurate subdomain models accounting for slotting effects.Compared with most conventional subdomain models for traditional three-phase machines with nonoverlapping winding arrangement,the subdomain model proposed in this paper applied for the 24-slot/4-pole dual three-phase machine with symmetrical overlapping winding arrangement.In order to investigate the postfault electromagnetic performance,the reconfigured phase currents and then current density distribution in stator slots under different open-circuit conditions are discussed.According to the developed model and postfault current density distribution,the steady-state electromagnetic performance,such as the electromagnetic torque and unbalanced magnetic force,under open-circuit faulty conditions are obtained.For validation purposes,finite element analysis(FEA)is employed to validate the analytical results.The result indicate that the postfault electromagnet performance can be accurately predicted by the proposed subdomain model,which is in good agreement with FEA results.

A Novel Approach for Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Networks

The following article has been retracted due to special reason of the author. This paper published in Vol.5 No. 2, 2013, has been removed from this site.

A general analytical approach to reach maximum grid support by PMSG-based wind turbines under various grid faults

A novel fault ride-through strategy for wind turbines,based on permanent magnet synchronous generator,has been proposed.The proposed strategy analytically formulates the reference current signals,disregarding grid fault type and utilizes the whole system capacity to inject the reactive current required by grid codes and deliver maximum possible active power to support grid frequency and avoid generation loss.All this has been reached by taking the grid-side converter’s phase current limit into account.The strategy is compatible with different countries’grid codes and prevents pulsating active power injection,in an unbalanced grid condition.Model predictive current controller is applied to handling rapid transients.During faults,the energy storage system maintains DC-link voltage,which causes voltage fluctuations to be eliminated,significantly.A fault ride-through strategy was proposed for PMSG-based wind turbines,neglecting fault characteristics,second,reaching maximum possible grid support in faulty grid conditions,while avoiding over-current and third,considerable reduction in energy storage system size and power rating.Inspiring simulations have been carried out through MATLAB/SIMULINK to validate the feasibility and competency of the proposed fault ride-through method and efficiency of the entire control system.

Visualization for Explanation of Deep Learning-Based Fault Diagnosis Model Using Class Activation Map

Permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)is widely used in various production processes because of its high efficiency,fast reaction time,and high power density.With the continuous promotion of new energy vehicles,timely detection of PMSM faults can significantly reduce the accident rate of new energy vehicles,further enhance consumers’trust in their safety,and thus promote their popularity.Existing fault diagnosis methods based on deep learning can only distinguish different PMSM faults and cannot interpret and analyze them.Convolutional neural networks(CNN)show remarkable accuracy in image data analysis.However,due to the“black box”problem in deep learning models,the diagnostic results regarding providing accurate information to the user are uncertain.This paper proposes a motor fault diagnosis method based on improved deep residual network(ResNet)and gradient-weighted class activation mapping(Grad-CAM)to analyze demagnetization and eccentricity faults of permanent magnet synchronous motors,and the uncertainty limitation of fault diagnosis based on the convolutional neural network is overcome by the visual interpretation method.The improved ResNet is formed by using ResNet9 as the backbone network,replacing the last convolution layer with a atrous spatial pyramid pooling(ASPP),and adding a multi-scale feature fusion module and attention channel mechanism(CAM).The proposed model not only retains the effective extraction of image features by ResNet9 but also enhances the sensitivity field of the network through the hollow convolution pyramid and realizes the feature fusion of the web on different scales through the multi-scale feature fusion module(MSFFM),further improving the diagnostic accuracy of the network on different types of fault features.The diagnostic effect of the network is verified on the selfmade data set,which mainly includes five states:normal(He),25%demagnetization(De25),50%demagnetization(De50),10%static eccentricity(Se10),and 20%static eccentricity(Se20).The number of pictures in the training set is 6000,and the number in the test set is 1500.The average diagnostic accuracy of the improved ResNet on this dataset is 99.00%,which is 1.04%,8.89%,4.58%,and 7.22%higher than that of the multi-column convolutional neural network(MCNN),Bi-directional long short-term memory(Bi-LSTM),deep belief network(DBN),and recurrent neural network(RNN)models,respectively.Finally,gradient activation heat maps were used to globally average pool the final output feature map of the network to obtain feature weights.They were superimposed with the original image to get gradient activation heat maps of different grayscale images.The warmer the tone of the heat map,the greater the impact on the network diagnosis results,and then the demagnetization and eccentricity fault characteristics of the permanent magnet synchronous motor were determined-visual characterization of quantitative analysis.

Method for Fault Diagnosis and Speed Control of PMSM

In the field of fault tolerance estimation,the increasing attention in electrical motors is the fault detection and diagnosis.The tasks performed by these machines are progressively complex and the enhancements are likewise looked for in the field of fault diagnosis.It has now turned out to be essential to diagnose faults at their very inception;as unscheduled machine downtime can upset deadlines and cause heavy financial burden.In this paper,fault diagnosis and speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)is proposed.Elman Neural Network(ENN)is used to diagnose the fault of permanent magnet synchronous motor.Both the fault location and fault severity are considered.In this,eccentricity fault may occur in the motor.To control the speed of the permanent magnet synchronous motor,Dolphin Swarm Optimization(DSO)algorithm is used.The proposed work is simulated by using MATLAB in terms of amplitude,speed and torque.The comparison graph of speed vs.torque obtained by the proposed method gives better result compared to the other existing techniques.The proposed work is also compared with Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)and Elephant Herding Optimization(EHO)algorithm.The proposed usage of Elman Neural Network to detect the fault and the usage of Dolphin Swarm Optimization algorithm to control the speed of the permanent magnet synchronous motor gives better outcome.

Research on Inter-turn Short-circuit Fault Diagnosis Method Based on High Frequency Voltage Residual for PMSM

Inter-turn fault is a serious stator winding short-circuit fault of permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM). Once it occurs, it produces a huge short-circuit current that poses a great risk to the safe operation of PMSM. Thus, an inter-turn short-circuit fault(ITSCF) diagnosis method based on high frequency(HF) voltage residual is proposed in this paper with proper HF signal injection. First, the analytical models of PMSM after the ITSCF are deduced. Based on the model, the voltage residual at low frequency(LF) and HF can be obtained. It is revealed that the HF voltage residual has a stronger ITSCF detection capability compared to the LF voltage residual. To obtain optimal fault signature, a 3-phase symmetrical HF voltage is injected into the machine drive system, and the HF voltage residuals are extracted. The fault indicator is defined as the standard deviation of the 3-phase HF voltage residuals. The effectiveness of the proposed ITSCF diagnosis method is verified by experiments on a triple 3-phase PMSM. It is worth noting that no extra hardware equipment is required to implement the proposed method.

基于扰动观测器的五相永磁同步电机开路和短路容错矢量控制

针对反电动势含有3次谐波的五相永磁同步电机(PMSM)开路和短路故障导致转矩脉动大的问题,该文提出一种基于扰动观测器的矢量控制(DOB-FOC)策略。该策略基于降阶正交变换矩阵在同步旋转坐标系上建立PMSM开路故障情况下的基波模型,将3次谐波反电动势、短路电流等作为扰动信号。在此基础上,设计扰动观测器,观测出以上扰动导致的转矩脉动,将其转化为q轴补偿电流前馈到q轴电流指令中,有效地抑制了故障导致的转矩脉动,并且实现了PMSM在开路和短路故障情况下的平稳无扰运行。仿真和实验结果验证了所提容错策略的有效性。

轴径向静态偏心故障下外转子永磁发电机电磁转矩特性分析

对外转子永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心故障下的电磁转矩特性进行了理论解析、仿真计算和实验验证。首先,在考虑齿槽效应影响条件下,引入磁导修正系数ε(θ),推导出轴径向静态偏心前后气隙磁密表达式,并考虑绕组分布情况,构建一种新型的永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心故障下相电流数学模型,在此基础上得到轴径向偏心下电磁转矩解析表达式。其次,通过有限元仿真计算得到外转子永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心下的电磁转矩波动特性。最后,在一台外转子永磁发电机上通过故障模拟实验实例印证了解析分析和仿真计算结果。结果表明:相较于正常情况,径向偏心时,电磁转矩以直流、二倍频、四倍频成分为主,随着偏心程度的加剧,电磁转矩的直流、二倍频、四倍频成分幅值将随着增大;轴向偏心时,电磁转矩谐波成分不变,随着偏心程度的加剧,各谐波成分幅值将随着减小。对外转子永磁发电机气隙偏心故障分析的一个重要补充,对此类问题的现场检测和鉴定具有参考价值。

基于径向气隙磁密和定子电流的永磁同步电机均匀退磁故障诊断研究

该文提出一种基于径向气隙磁密和定子电流的永磁同步电机均匀退磁故障诊断方法。首先,建立电机的d轴等效磁路模型,分析均匀退磁故障后径向气隙磁密的变化规律;然后,获取电机的径向气隙磁密和定子电流信号,对各极下径向气隙磁密幅值进行归一化处理,并绘制雷达图,根据雷达图和比较相同定子电流幅值下健康电机和故障电机的各极下径向气隙磁密幅值的平均值,来诊断均匀退磁故障;利用空载各极下径向气隙磁密幅值的平均值计算故障程度。最后,仿真和实验结果均验证所提均匀退磁故障诊断方法的有效性。

复杂环境新能源汽车永磁电机传感器故障诊断

新能源汽车电机驱动过程中由于电机系统本身噪声、传感器运行特性和各个部件接触不良等因素影响下,永磁电机传感器易处于异常工作状态和故障状态。电动汽车电机运行环境的复杂性导致故障诊断难度也相对较大。于是提出新能源汽车永磁电机传感器故障诊断方法。通过分析永磁电机机械运动方式构建新能源汽车永磁电机数学模型,将上述模型与滑模观测器结合,捕捉任意时刻永磁电机传感器故障状态。基于此,提取传感器故障状态下的特征量,并输入支持向量机中,根据支持向量机输出的分类结果实现新能源汽车永磁电机传感器故障诊断。实验结果表明,针对新能源汽车恒速形式和新能源汽车变速形式,研究方法的诊断结构均与实际情况相符。