Simulation of multi-support depth-varying earthquake ground motions within heterogeneous onshore and offshore sites

This paper presents a novel approach to model and simulate the multi-support depth-varying seismic motions（MDSMs） within heterogeneous offshore and onshore sites.Based on 1 D wave propagation theory,the three-dimensional ground motion transfer functions on the surface or within an offshore or onshore site are derived by considering the effects of seawater and porous soils on the propagation of seismic P waves.Moreover,the depth-varying and spatial variation properties of seismic ground motions are considered in the ground motion simulation.Using the obtained transfer functions at any locations within a site,the offshore or onshore depth-varying seismic motions are stochastically simulated based on the spectral representation method（SRM）.The traditional approaches for simulating spatially varying ground motions are improved and extended to generate MDSMs within multiple offshore and onshore sites.The simulation results show that the PSD functions and coherency losses of the generated MDSMs are compatible with respective target values,which fully validates the effectiveness of the proposed simulation method.The synthesized MDSMs can provide strong support for the precise seismic response prediction and performance-based design of both offshore and onshore large-span engineering structures.

Effects of site conditions on earthquake ground motion and their applications in seismic design in loess region

The Loess Plateau is an earthquake prone region of China, where the effects of loess deposit on ground motion were discovered during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake(Ms8.0) and the 2013 Minxian-Zhangxian earthquake(Ms6.6). The field investigations, observations, and analyses indicated that large number of casualties and tremendous economic losses were caused not only by collapse and damage of houses with poor seismic performance, landslides, but also amplification effects of site conditions, topography and thickness of loess deposit, on ground motion. In this paper, we chose Dazhai Village and Majiagou Village as the typical loess site affected by the two earthquakes for intensity evaluation, borehole exploration, temporary strong motion array, micro tremor survey, and numerical analysis. The aim is to explore the relations between amplification factors and site conditions in terms of topography and thickness of loess deposit. We also developed site amplification factors of ground motion for engineering design consideration at loess sites. The results showed that the amplification effects are more predominant with increase in thickness of loess deposit and slope height. The amplification mayincrease seismic intensity by 1 degree, PGA and predominant period by 2 times, respectively.

Site correction of ground motion in Fujian area

On the basis of the interpretation of the highresolution satellite remote sensing images, in combination with the data of engineering geological exploration and shear-wave velocity testing, the site category-zoning map of FJ area with the scale of 1：200,000 is generated according to the site classification standard of ＂Code for Seismic design of Buildings＂ of China （GB50011 2010）. By the method of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis, we obtain bedrock seismic ground motion parameters of five recurrent periods （50, 200, 500, 1000, and 2500 a） of FJ area. By using the 617 typical soil layer structures of the site classifications in FJ area, we build seismic response models of soil layers and make seismic response analysis, then obtain the statistic sample space of site amplification factors, which possess reasonable distribution and sufficient data. Considering the distribution characteristics of The Quaternary Strata in FJ area, according to the statistic zoning （mountains and coastal areas respectively） and site classifications as well as the level of bedrock importing ground motion, the site magnification-factors of ground motion in FJ area are obtained by classification statistics.

A Study on the Influencing Factors on Ground Motion in a Valley Site

A trapezoid valley site is chosen as a research site,and according to numerical models based on orthogonal design,the factors influencing ground motion in the valley site are studied with two-dimensional finite difference method. The influencing factors are ranked,and then the calculation results are verified by ground motion analysis. The conclusions are as follows:there are four factors that have important effects on ground motion of trapezoid valley sites,but the effects are different as the location of sites changes,the influencing factors rank differently with different site locations; The ranking of the influencing factors is the same for all the sites located within a distance of 40m from the valley's side,among them,the most effective one is the valley slope angle ranks,followed by depth-to-width ratio,overburden thickness,at last the input ground motion intensity.The impact of the factors on surface ground motion is roughly the same in the valley sites within a certain distance to the valley side,and the geometric parameters of the valley terrain play a greater part in influencing ground motion. With the increase of distance away from the valley's side,the ranking of the influencing factors also changes,the rating of slope angle moves backward,the ranking of the input ground motion and overburden thickness move ahead. The effect of valley geometric parameters on ground motions is gradually weakened,but the effect of other two influence factors are gradually increased,similar to cases of a horizontal layered site. Strong motion records in Anning River valley site were analyzed,and the results show that the valley topography has a significant amplification effect on ground motion,and that the numerical results of this paper are credible.

Site dependence of far-source ground motions during the Wenchuan earthquake

This paper aimed to examine the site dependence and evaluate the methods for site analysis of far-source ground motions. This was achieved through the examination of frequency content estimated by different methods based on strong ground motions recorded at twelve far-source stations in Shandong province during the Wenchuan earthquake. The stations were located in sites with soil profiles ranging from code classes Ⅰ to Ⅲ. Approaches used included the Fourier amplitude spectrum （FAS）, the earthquake response spectrum （ERS）, the spectral ratio between the horizontal and the vertical components （H/V）, the spectral ratio between the spectra at the site and at a reference site （SRRS）, and coda wave analysis （CWA）. Results showed that major periods of these ground motions obtained by FAS, ERS and H/V ratio methods were all evidently larger than site dominant periods; the periods were also different from each other and mainly reflected the frequency content of long period components. Prominent periods obtained by the SRRS approach neither illuminated the long period aspect nor efficiently determined site features of the motions. The CWA resulted in a period close to site period for stations with good quality recordings. The results obtained in this study will be useful for the evaluation of far-source effect in constructing seismic design spectra and in selecting methods for ground motion site analysis.

Influence of earthquake ground motion incoherency on multi-support structures

A linear response history analysis method is used to determine the influence of three factors:geometric incoherency,wave-passage,and local site characteristics on the response of lnulti-support structures subjected to differential ground motions.A one-span frame and a reduced model of a 24-span bridge,located in Las Vegas,Nevada are studied,in which the influence of each of the three factors and their combinations are analyzed.It is revealed that the incoherency of earthquake ground motion can have a dramatic influence on structural response by modifying the dynamics response to uniform excitation and inducing pseudo-static response,which does not exist in structures subjected to uniform excitation.The total response when all three sources of ground motion incoherency are included is generally larger than that of uniform excitation.

Study on inelastic displacement ratio spectra for near-fault pulse-type ground motions

In displacement-based seismic design, inelastic displacement ratio spectra （IDRS） are particularly useful for estimating the maximum lateral inelastic displacement demand of a nonlinear SDOF system from the maximum elastic displacement demand of its counterpart linear elastic SDOF system. In this study, the characteristics of IDRS for near-fault pulse-type ground motions are investigated based on a great number of earthquake ground motions. The influence of site conditions, ratio of peak ground velocity （PGV） to peak ground acceleration （PGA）, the PGV, and the maximum incremental velocity （MIV） on IDRS are also evaluated. The results indicate that the effect of near-fault ground motions on IDRS are significant only at periods between 0.2 s - 1.5 s, where the amplification can approach 20%. The PGV/PGA ratio has the most significant influence on IDRS among the parameters considered. It is also found that site conditions only slightly affect the IDRS.

Ground motion record simulation for structural analysis by consideration of spectral acceleration autocorrelation pattern

A novel approach is introduced to generate simulated ground motion records by considering spectral acceleration correlations at multiple periods. Most of the current reliable Ground Motion Record(GMR) simulation procedures use a seismological model including source, path and site characteristics. However, the response spectrum of simulated GMR is somewhat different when compared with the response spectrum based on recorded GMRs. More specifi cally, the correlation between the spectral values at multiple periods is a characteristic of a record which is usually different between simulated and recorded GMRs. As this correlation has a signifi cant infl uence on the structural response, it is needed to investigate the consistency of the simulated ground motions with actual records. This issue has been investigated in this study by incorporating an optimization algorithm within the Boore simulation technique. Eight seismological key parameters were optimized in order to achieve approximately the same correlation coeffi cients and spectral acceleration between two sets of real and simulated records. The results show that the acceleration response spectra of the synthetic ground motions also have good agreement with the real recorded response spectra by implementation of the proposed optimized values.

Mapping of ground motion amplifications for the Fraser River delta in Greater Vancouver, Canada

The Fraser River delta in Greater Vancouver, Canada consists of deep soft deposits of silts and clays, and it is well known that the deep soil deposits can amplify the low frequency contents of ground motions. This study aims to investigate the eff ects of deep soil deposits in the delta on ground motion amplifi cations by using thorough site response simulations that account for the full soil profi les and a suite of recorded ground motions that covers a wide range of intensity levels. Based on both equivalent-linear and nonlinear site response simulations, the eff ects of soil depth (represented by natural period of the soil, TS) on ground motion amplifi cations for various spectral periods are clearly demonstrated. The ground motion amplifi cation maps for various spectral periods and rock ground motion intensity levels are also generated to be used in the regional seismic hazard assessment for infrastructure. It is found that ground motions for long periods are substantially amplifi ed in the center of the delta, while those for short periods are de-amplifi ed when input rock motions are large.

远海岛礁与场地地震反应研究现状

本文从岛礁地质构造、岛礁地震反应数值模拟方法和岛礁场地效应等方面总结了海域岛礁地震反应的研究现状,对比并且分析了海域岛礁数值模拟方法中的流固耦合模拟方法、固体边界模拟方法和地震动输入方法;总结了现有海域岛礁地震反应的场地效应相关的研究成果。相关研究表明:海水对岛礁场地的放大系数有明显影响,岛礁表面砂层对水平向地震动加速度峰值放大显著,随着输入地震动峰值的增大,岛礁场地的PGA放大效应趋于减小;海域岛礁场地对中低频段的地震动反应较为显著,加速度峰值放大系数一般介于1.5到4.0之间。为满足岛礁工程的抗震设计,需要进一步解决岛礁工程合理地震动输入、岛礁场地地震反应规律与岛礁工程的设计地震动参数等关键科学问题。

考虑砂土孔压影响的场地土层地震反应时域分析方法

基于动态骨架曲线土体动力本构模型,应用适用于非规则荷载作用下的砂土孔压增长公式,推导出一个适用于砂土场地的动力应力-应变关系式,并提出了一种考虑砂土孔压影响的场地土层地震反应时域分析方法。基于Matlab平台编写了场地土层地震反应计算程序。利用美国加纳山谷岩土台阵的观测数据,对所提出的地震反应时域分析方法进行验证。结果表明:该方法可以较好地模拟含饱和砂土的场地地震反应分析中孔压变化对场地地震动的影响,并得到了与实际观测记录拟合较为良好的孔压曲线,证明了方法的实用性及计算结果的合理性。

含软弱土层场地地震动加速度反应谱特征周期调整方法

在分析场地条件对地震震害影响及国内外关于软弱土层对场地地震反应影响的基础上,采用实际含淤泥质土层场地资料,建立了12个含软弱土层的场地模型,在不同输入地震动水平下进行了场地地震反应一维等效线性化分析,讨论了软弱土层厚度和埋深对场地地震反应的影响。结果表明:随着软弱土层的埋深或厚度的增加,反应谱特征周期逐渐增大;输入地震动峰值增加,反应谱特征周期亦增大。继而依据软弱土层厚度、埋深及输入地震动强度对场地加速度反应谱特征周期的影响特征,提出了含软弱土层场地地震动加速度反应谱特征周期调整方法。

不同场地类别对反应谱特征周期的影响

为探究不同场地类别对反应谱特征周期的影响,建立了包含四种场地类别的180个计算剖面,在现行《建筑抗震设计规范》GB 50011—2010中场地分类的基础上按照土的软硬程度进一步细分,以不同幅值的El Centro地震动作为输入地震动,采用一维等效线性化方法进行土层反应分析,计算得到场地地震动反应谱,规准化得到反应谱特征周期。结果表明:①在同一类别场地中,随着等效剪切波速的增大,特征周期呈减小的趋势;②在同一类别场地中,随着输入地震动强度的增大,特征周期也相应增大;③在不同类别场地中,输入相同的地震动,场地类别从Ⅰ类到Ⅳ类,反应谱特征周期逐渐增大。最后,根据细分后的场地类型给出了其反应谱特征周期建议值,并进行了验证。

1999年中国台湾集集M_(W)7.6地震跨断层场地相对运动

为了获得近断层地震动准确的残余位移信息,提出了一种变步长网格搜索地震动基线校正方法。首先基于1999年我国台湾M_(W)7.6集集地震强震动数据,探讨了近断层地震动的位移特征,然后通过地震动时程初始时刻的校正获得了集集地震多组上、下盘台站之间的相对运动时程数据,分析了分别靠近断层上、下盘场地之间相对运动的位移时程特征。结果显示:近断层地震动的滑冲效应显著,断层的平均滑冲速度可高达1.4 m/s;断层两盘间的相对运动类似于近断层地震动的运动特征,且幅值更大;近断层的残余位移约是断层两盘间最大相对位移的80%.

SV波垂直入射下典型框架结构对地震动影响定性研究

基于三维显-隐式分区算法,结合传递函数,建立了四类不同场地土体模型和三种不同楼层的单体框架结构模型,分析了SV波垂直入射下框架结构对地震动的影响。结果表明:相同框架结构对地震动的影响因场地条件的变化出现显著不同,其影响范围随土体变软逐渐变小,且影响频段也逐渐变窄并向低频移动。同一场地条件下,框架结构对地震动的影响随土体变软变得复杂。Ⅰ类场地条件下,结构对地震动的影响与结构大小成正相关;Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地条件下,其受地震动的频带和土体距基础距离共同影响,在相同频带下,相关性的正负因距离不同而不同;Ⅳ类场地条件下,框架结构对地震动影响没有显著不同。

考虑地形效应的随机有限断层法地震动模拟研究

为在强地震动模拟计算中实现地震动的地形效应,采用地震动随机模拟中的有限断层法,依据山地中的局部场地条件和地形特征,提出在随机模型中构建局部场地放大项和高频衰减联合的场地效应项表征地形效应的方法,并以位处于张家口典型山地地形的崇礼冬奥会场址区为研究区,结合近场地震构造背景,完成场址区可能面临的强地震动场计算分析。结果表明:①计算得到崇礼场址区潜在最大地震动强度可能会达到210 cm/s 2;②山地模型与平层模型的对比研究得到不考虑地形效应的平层模型会低估地震动特性在山地地形的真实性;③在随机有限断层法中采用相应的局部场地放大系数和高频衰减因子组成的场地联合效应实现地形效应的表达途径是可行的,并且本方法在山体地形效应强度估计的准确性和地震动场计算效率方面具有一定优势。

考虑土体非线性山-谷耦合复杂场地空间相关多点地震动模拟

采用考虑局部场地非线性地震波散射效应的空间相关多点地震动模拟方法,对山-谷耦合场地的地震动进行定量模拟分析。非线性地震波散射效应基于有限元-间接边界元耦合法和等效线性土体模型进行计算。结果表明,山体的存在会增大沉积内的地震动反应,对短周期的地震波的放大效应更为显著,增幅可达50%。相较于单一沉积谷地地形的沉积谷地外部,山-谷耦合场地中山体地震响应有所减小。相比线性模型,考虑土体非线性时,沉积谷地地震动强度较线性时的结果有所降低,反应谱峰值位置也会发生改变,但山体影响更为显著。不同山体形状对谷地影响不同,对于谷地内部分点位影响的差别可达40%。该研究为山-谷耦合场地工程结构抗震设防提供了部分理论依据和计算方法。

饱和复杂场地效应对大跨连续梁桥地震响应影响的研究

我国沿海地区大量大跨桥梁位于饱和复杂场地,此类场地通常存在土饱和特性、起伏地形、上覆水层,其对地震波的散射效应将导致地震动空间变化,然而目前缺乏针对此类场地条件的实测地震记录。针对此问题,本文建立了适用于饱和复杂场地大跨桥梁抗震分析的多点地震动模拟方法。首先,基于边界元法求解饱和复杂场地地震动传递函数;然后采用谱表示法生成空间变化人工地震动加速度时程;最后,以五跨连续梁桥为例,开展大跨桥梁地震响应分析,研究局部场地效应、动水压力效应对大跨连续梁桥地震响应的影响规律。结果表明,饱和复杂场地地震动加速度峰值表现出明显的空间变化特性,多点输入可导致饱和场地中地震动峰值加速度放大2~3倍,进而引起墩顶位移较一致地震作用结果增大95%~110%;动水压力可引起墩顶位移、墩底内力增大34%、29%。饱和复杂场地大跨桥梁抗震分析时忽略场地条件对地震动、桥梁地震响应的影响偏于不安全。

Analytical solution for vertical site response analysis and its validation

Existing studies for site response analysis in geotechnical earthquake engineering have widely concentrated on the horizontal component of the ground motion. However, strong vertical ground motions have been repeatedly observed, resulting in significant vertical compression damage of engineering structures. Furthermore, for the seismic design of critical structures(e.g. large-scale dams and nuclear power plants), the ground motions in all three directions should be considered. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the site response subjected to the vertical component of the ground motion, especially for the seismic design of critical structures. Consequently, in this study, a numerical program for vertical site response analysis is proposed based on the commonly used analytical transfer function method. The proposed program is then validated against well-documented case studies obtained from the Japanese KiK-net(Kiban Kyoshin network) downhole array monitoring system. Results show that the response spectra at the ground surface are well predicted in the low frequency range(<5 Hz), while discrepancies are observed in the high frequency range. However, the high frequency discrepancies do not significantly affect the overall prediction accuracy, as the overall seismic response of geotechnical structures are usually dominated by low frequency vibrations. Furthermore, the limitations in the analysis are also discussed.

Response spectra for nuclear structures on rock sites considering the near-fault directivity effect

Near-fault ground motions, potentially with large amplitude and typical velocity pulses, may significantly impact the performance of a wide range of structures. The current study is aimed at evaluating the safety implications of the near-fault effect on nuclear power plant facilities designed according to the Chinese code. To this end, a set of near- fault ground motions at rock sites with typical forward-directivity effect is examined with special emphasis on several key parameters and response spectra. Spectral comparison of the selected records with the Chinese and other code design spectra was conducted. The bi-normalized response spectra in terms of different comer periods are utilized to derive nuclear design spectra. It is concluded that nuclear design spectra on rock sites derived from typical rupture directivity records are significantly influenced both by the earthquake magnitude and the rupture distance. The nuclear design spectra specified in the code needs to be adjusted to reflect the near-fault directivity effect of large earthquakes.